Detection of a direct carbon dioxide effect in continental river runoff records

Continental runoff has increased through the twentieth century despite more intensive human water consumption. Possible reasons for the increase include: climate change and variability, deforestation, solar dimming, and direct atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) effects on plant transpiration. All of these mechanisms have the potential to affect precipitation and/or evaporation and thereby modify runoff. Here we use a mechanistic land-surface model and optimal fingerprinting statistical techniques to attribute observational runoff changes into contributions due to these factors. The model successfully captures the climate-driven inter-annual runoff variability, but twentieth-century climate alone is insufficient to explain the runoff trends. Instead we find that the trends are consistent with a suppression of plant transpiration due to CO2-induced stomatal closure. This result will affect projections of freshwater availability, and also represents the detection of a direct CO2 effect on the functioning of the terrestrial biosphere.     

Global warming preceded by increasing carbon dioxide concentrations during the last deglaciation

The covariation of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) concentration and temperature in Antarctic ice-core records suggests a close link between CO(2) and climate during the Pleistocene ice ages. The role and relative importance of CO(2) in producing these climate changes remains unclear, however, in part because the ice-core deuterium record reflects local rather than global temperature. Here we construct a record of global surface temperature from 80 proxy records and show that temperature is correlated with and generally lags CO(2) during the last (that is, the most recent) deglaciation. Differences between the respective temperature changes of the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere parallel variations in the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation recorded in marine sediments. These observations, together with transient global climate model simulations, support the conclusion that an antiphased hemispheric temperature response to ocean circulation changes superimposed on globally in-phase warming driven by increasing CO(2) concentrations is an explanation for much of the temperature change at the end of the most recent ice age.     

A 'snowball Earth' climate triggered by continental break-up through changes in runoff

Geological and palaeomagnetic studies indicate that ice sheets may have reached the Equator at the end of the Proterozoic eon, 800 to 550 million years ago, leading to the suggestion of a fully ice-covered 'snowball Earth'. Climate model simulations indicate that such a snowball state for the Earth depends on anomalously low atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, in addition to the Sun being 6 per cent fainter than it is today. However, the mechanisms producing such low carbon dioxide concentrations remain controversial. Here we assess the effect of the palaeogeographic changes preceding the Sturtian glacial period, 750 million years ago, on the long-term evolution of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels using the coupled climate-geochemical model GEOCLIM. In our simulation, the continental break-up of Rodinia leads to an increase in runoff and hence consumption of carbon dioxide through continental weathering that decreases atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations by 1,320 p.p.m. This indicates that tectonic changes could have triggered a progressive transition from a 'greenhouse' to an 'icehouse' climate during the Neoproterozoic era. When we combine these results with the concomitant weathering effect of the voluminous basaltic traps erupted throughout the break-up of Rodinia, our simulation results in a snowball glaciation.     

A 300-million-year record of atmospheric carbon dioxide from fossil plant cuticles

To understand better the link between atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate over geological time, records of past CO2 are reconstructed from geochemical proxies. Although these records have provided us with a broad picture of CO2 variation throughout the Phanerozoic eon (the past 544 Myr), inconsistencies and gaps remain that still need to be resolved. Here I present a continuous 300-Myr record of stomatal abundance from fossil leaves of four genera of plants that are closely related to the present-day Ginkgo tree. Using the known relationship between leaf stomatal abundance and growing season CO2 concentrations, I reconstruct past atmospheric CO2 concentrations. For the past 300 Myr, only two intervals of low CO2 (<1,000 p.p.m.v.) are inferred, both of which coincide with known ice ages in Neogene (1-8 Myr) and early Permian (275-290 Myr) times. But for most of the Mesozoic era (65-250 Myr), CO2 levels were high (1,000-2,000 p.p.m.v.), with transient excursions to even higher CO2 (>2,000 p.p.m.v.) concentrations. These results are consistent with some reconstructions of past CO2 (refs 1, 2) and palaeotemperature records, but suggest that CO2 reconstructions based on carbon isotope proxies may be compromised by episodic outbursts of isotopically light methane. These results support the role of water vapour, methane and CO2 in greenhouse climate warming over the past 300 Myr.     

注液态CO_2采油井筒热力分析

目前CO2已经被用作有效的驱油剂,CO2到达井底时的热力状态对驱油效果有较大影响.针对影响井底CO2压力和温度的因素,根据液态CO2在竖直井筒中的热量传递原理和流体流动理论,在Ramey建立的物理模型基础上,建立了液态CO2井筒流动与传热数学模型,通过求解实例,得到井筒内液态CO2温度和压力的分布规律以及各因素对井底CO2参数的影响.结果表明:井筒内CO2的温度和压力随井深的增加而近似成线性增加;当注入速率增大时,气液分界面加深;井底温度随入口流量的增加而降低,而受入口温度的影响较小;井底压力随井口注入压力的增加而成比例增加,随着流量的增加呈先增后减的趋势;环空介质采用清水比空气的导热效果好.     

二氧化碳向碳酸二甲酯的选择催化转化

报道了从CO2和甲醇为原料直接合成碳酸二甲酯的研究进展。表明使用有机金属催化剂、耦合反应过程、超临界反应条件、产物的原位分离是实现CO2向碳酸二甲酯选择催化转化的重要方向。     

二氧化碳腐蚀研究进展

论述了碳钢和低合金钢的CO2腐蚀研究进展,着重讨论了CO2腐蚀机理及其影响因素,分析了CO2腐蚀的研究方向与发展趋势.CO2腐蚀影响因素主要包括环境因素、物理因素和冶金因素三类,CO2腐蚀研究的热点将集中在H2S、碳氢化合物相、缓蚀剂和醋酸等对CO2腐蚀的影响及CO2腐蚀预测等方面.     

Net carbon dioxide losses of northern ecosystems in response to autumn warming

The carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems is particularly sensitive to climatic changes in autumn and spring, with spring and autumn temperatures over northern latitudes having risen by about 1.1 degrees C and 0.8 degrees C, respectively, over the past two decades. A simultaneous greening trend has also been observed, characterized by a longer growing season and greater photosynthetic activity. These observations have led to speculation that spring and autumn warming could enhance carbon sequestration and extend the period of net carbon uptake in the future. Here we analyse interannual variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration data and ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes. We find that atmospheric records from the past 20 years show a trend towards an earlier autumn-to-winter carbon dioxide build-up, suggesting a shorter net carbon uptake period. This trend cannot be explained by changes in atmospheric transport alone and, together with the ecosystem flux data, suggest increasing carbon losses in autumn. We use a process-based terrestrial biosphere model and satellite vegetation greenness index observations to investigate further the observed seasonal response of northern ecosystems to autumnal warming. We find that both photosynthesis and respiration increase during autumn warming, but the increase in respiration is greater. In contrast, warming increases photosynthesis more than respiration in spring. Our simulations and observations indicate that northern terrestrial ecosystems may currently lose carbon dioxide in response to autumn warming, with a sensitivity of about 0.2 PgC degrees C(-1), offsetting 90% of the increased carbon dioxide uptake during spring. If future autumn warming occurs at a faster rate than in spring, the ability of northern ecosystems to sequester carbon may be diminished earlier than previously suggested.     

合成多胺类离子液体对CO2与CO的吸收特性研究

为了研究离子液体对高炉煤气中CO_2与CO的吸收特性,本文在冰水浴下合成了以四乙烯五胺提供阳离子,4种有机酸(甲酸、乙酸、丙酸和乳酸)提供阴离子的4种多胺类离子液体,红外光谱表征结果显示,合成物系是具有目标结构的离子液体。常温常压下,对CO_2吸收的对比实验表明质量分数为50%的四乙烯五胺甲酸盐水溶液吸收效果最好,对CO_2摩尔吸收量达到1.22 mol,同时温度的升高不利于四乙烯五胺甲酸盐离子液体对CO_2的吸收。合成多胺类离子液体水溶液对CO、N_2无吸收作用。在对模拟的CO-CO_2混合气体吸收实验中,多胺类离子液体对CO_2具有选择吸收作用。其中四乙烯五胺甲酸盐离子液体对CO_2摩尔吸收量最高,能够达到0.51 mol。     

CO2与O3浓度升高对入侵植物牛膝菊叶片形态特征的影响

利用开顶式气室(OTC)研究了大气CO2与O3浓度升高对入侵植物牛膝菊(Gali-nsona parviflora)叶片形态特征的影响.结果表明,在高浓度CO2(700 μmol/mol)和高浓度O3(80 nmol/mol)处理条件下,牛膝菊的比叶面积、叶形指数、平均单叶叶面积、叶片长度、宽度和周长均有减少的趋势,其中比叶面积、平均单叶叶面积、叶片长度、周长减小差异非常显著(P≤0.01);比叶重均增加,差异非常显著(P≤0.01);叶片长与宽的比值在高浓度CO2处理下有增加的趋势,在高浓度O2处理下有减小的趋势,但差异均不显著;叶片长度与叶片宽度、周长、面积之间的异速生长类型符合y=aXk模型.牛膝菊叶片的气孔面积、周长、宽度和长度与对照相比,在高浓度CO2处理下,均有增加的趋势且差异显著(O.010.05)外,其余差异均非常显著(P≤O.01).CO2与O3浓度增加对牛膝菊气孔参数影响不大.在高浓度CO2,O3及对照处理条件下,气孔密度的变异系数比气孔指数的变异系数大.     

Glacial/interglacial variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide

Twenty years ago, measurements on ice cores showed that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was lower during ice ages than it is today. As yet, there is no broadly accepted explanation for this difference. Current investigations focus on the ocean's 'biological pump', the sequestration of carbon in the ocean interior by the rain of organic carbon out of the surface ocean, and its effect on the burial of calcium carbonate in marine sediments. Some researchers surmise that the whole-ocean reservoir of algal nutrients was larger during glacial times, strengthening the biological pump at low latitudes, where these nutrients are currently limiting. Others propose that the biological pump was more efficient during glacial times because of more complete utilization of nutrients at high latitudes, where much of the nutrient supply currently goes unused. We present a version of the latter hypothesis that focuses on the open ocean surrounding Antarctica, involving both the biology and physics of that region.     

Warming experiments underpredict plant phenological responses to climate change

Warming experiments are increasingly relied on to estimate plant responses to global climate change. For experiments to provide meaningful predictions of future responses, they should reflect the empirical record of responses to temperature variability and recent warming, including advances in the timing of flowering and leafing. We compared phenology (the timing of recurring life history events) in observational studies and warming experiments spanning four continents and 1,634 plant species using a common measure of temperature sensitivity (change in days per degree Celsius). We show that warming experiments underpredict advances in the timing of flowering and leafing by 8.5-fold and 4.0-fold, respectively, compared with long-term observations. For species that were common to both study types, the experimental results did not match the observational data in sign or magnitude. The observational data also showed that species that flower earliest in the spring have the highest temperature sensitivities, but this trend was not reflected in the experimental data. These significant mismatches seem to be unrelated to the study length or to the degree of manipulated warming in experiments. The discrepancy between experiments and observations, however, could arise from complex interactions among multiple drivers in the observational data, or it could arise from remediable artefacts in the experiments that result in lower irradiance and drier soils, thus dampening the phenological responses to manipulated warming. Our results introduce uncertainty into ecosystem models that are informed solely by experiments and suggest that responses to climate change that are predicted using such models should be re-evaluated.     

SC-CO2氛围中制备双金属负载型催化剂的催化性能

在SC-CO2氛围中利用其在碳纳米管中较高的扩散性能,以Ni/CNTs为催化剂主体并分别添加了锌、钼、钴、铜、镧等金属元素,制备双金属催化剂.SC-CO2可将金属粒子带入碳纳米管内腔以提高金属在载体表面的分散度,从而提高催化剂的催化性能.考察了不同添加剂对反应的影响.试验证明,含有添加剂的反应体系具有更高的催化活性和选择性.     

Increased marine production of N2O due to intensifying anoxia on the Indian continental shelf

Eutrophication of surface waters and hypoxia in bottom waters has been increasing in many coastal areas, leading to very large depletions of marine life in the affected regions. These areas of high surface productivity and low bottom-water oxygen concentration are caused by increasing runoff of nutrients from land. Although the local ecological and socio-economic effects have received much attention, the potential contribution of increasing hypoxia to global-change phenomena is unknown. Here we report the intensification of one of the largest low-oxygen zones in the ocean, which develops naturally over the western Indian continental shelf during late summer and autumn. We also report the highest accumulations yet observed of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in open coastal waters. Increased N2O production is probably caused by the addition of anthropogenic nitrate and its subsequent denitrification, which is favoured by hypoxic conditions. We suggest that a global expansion of hypoxic zones may lead to an increase in marine production and emission of N2O, which, as a potent greenhouse gas, could contribute significantly to the accumulation of radiatively active trace gases in the atmosphere.     

移动质量作用下桥梁响应的精细积分

高效地计算移动质量过桥问题是解决车桥振动分析、优化、控制等一系列问题的基础.针对常规的数值方法(例如Newmark方法)在求解上述问题时存在的缺陷提出了3种精细积分格式.它们在每一个时间步内不但允许移动质量空间的连续移动,而且比较真实地模拟了由路面不平和桥梁竖向位移所产生的移动质量惯性力.与Newmark方法计算结果的比较表明,灵活地应用不同形式的精细积分格式可以使这类基本问题的分析精度和计算效率有很大的提高.     

超临界CO2流体在高分子领域的应用研究

简要介绍SC-CO2的特殊性质,阐述了国内外对SC-CO2流体技术的研究,着重论述了该技术在高分子科学和加工、合成纤维染色、制革工业等几个方面的应用,对此技术的应用前景进行了展望,并对需要解决的问题进行了讨论.