错配修复基因hMSH2在肺癌组织中的表达及意义

目的研究人类错配修复基因hMSH2在肺癌组织中的表达及意义.方法运用免疫组织化学SP法对56例肺癌组织中hMSH2的表达进行检测;统计学处理采用2检验或Fisher's精确概率法.结果56例肺癌组织中有16例hMSH2表达阳性(28.6%),分化程度越低阳性率越低(P<0.01);有淋巴结转移者hMSH2阳性率低于无淋巴结转移者(P<0.05);不同病理组织学类型之间hMSH2表达无显著差异(P>0.05).结论hMSH2基因的缺陷可能参与了肺癌的发生发展过程并与分化程度及有否淋巴结转移有关.     

Lysyl oxidase is essential for hypoxia-induced metastasis

Metastasis is a multistep process responsible for most cancer deaths, and it can be influenced by both the immediate microenvironment (cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions) and the extended tumour microenvironment (for example vascularization). Hypoxia (low oxygen) is clinically associated with metastasis and poor patient outcome, although the underlying processes remain unclear. Microarray studies have shown the expression of lysyl oxidase (LOX) to be elevated in hypoxic human tumour cells. Paradoxically, LOX expression is associated with both tumour suppression and tumour progression, and its role in tumorigenesis seems dependent on cellular location, cell type and transformation status. Here we show that LOX expression is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and is associated with hypoxia in human breast and head and neck tumours. Patients with high LOX-expressing tumours have poor distant metastasis-free and overall survivals. Inhibition of LOX eliminates metastasis in mice with orthotopically grown breast cancer tumours. Mechanistically, secreted LOX is responsible for the invasive properties of hypoxic human cancer cells through focal adhesion kinase activity and cell to matrix adhesion. Furthermore, LOX may be required to create a niche permissive for metastatic growth. Our findings indicate that LOX is essential for hypoxia-induced metastasis and is a good therapeutic target for preventing and treating metastases.     

Involvement of chemokine receptors in breast cancer metastasis

Breast cancer is characterized by a distinct metastatic pattern involving the regional lymph nodes, bone marrow, lung and liver. Tumour cell migration and metastasis share many similarities with leukocyte trafficking, which is critically regulated by chemokines and their receptors. Here we report that the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR7 are highly expressed in human breast cancer cells, malignant breast tumours and metastases. Their respective ligands CXCL12/SDF-1alpha and CCL21/6Ckine exhibit peak levels of expression in organs representing the first destinations of breast cancer metastasis. In breast cancer cells, signalling through CXCR4 or CCR7 mediates actin polymerization and pseudopodia formation, and subsequently induces chemotactic and invasive responses. In vivo, neutralizing the interactions of CXCL12/CXCR4 significantly impairs metastasis of breast cancer cells to regional lymph nodes and lung. Malignant melanoma, which has a similar metastatic pattern as breast cancer but also a high incidence of skin metastases, shows high expression levels of CCR10 in addition to CXCR4 and CCR7. Our findings indicate that chemokines and their receptors have a critical role in determining the metastatic destination of tumour cells.     

High Accuracy Gene Signature for Chemosensitivity Prediction in Breast Cancer

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer patients with large tumor size is a necessary treatment.After this treatment patients who achieve a pathologic Complete Response(p CR) usually have a favorable prognosis than those without. Therefore, p CR is now considered as the best prognosticator for patients with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. However, not all patients can benefit from this treatment. As a result, we need to find a way to predict what kind of patients can induce p CR. Various gene signatures of chemosensitivity in breast cancer have been identified, from which such predictors can be built. Nevertheless, many of them have their prediction accuracy around 80%. As such, identifying gene signatures that could be employed to build high accuracy predictors is a prerequisite for their clinical tests and applications. Furthermore, to elucidate the importance of each individual gene in a signature is another pressing need before such signature could be tested in clinical settings. In this study, Genetic Algorithm(GA) and Sparse Logistic Regression(SLR) along with t-test were employed to identify one signature. It had 28 probe sets selected by GA from the top 65 probe sets that were highly overexpressed between p CR and Residual Disease(RD) and was used to build an SLR predictor of p CR(SLR-28). This predictor tested on a training set(n = 81) and validation set(n = 52) had very precise predictions measured by accuracy,specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value with their corresponding P value all zero. Furthermore, this predictor discovered 12 important genes in the 28 probe set signature. Our findings also demonstrated that the most discriminative genes measured by SLR as a group selected by GA were not necessarily those with the smallest P values by t-test as individual genes, highlighting the ability of GA to capture the interacting genes in p CR prediction as multivariate techniques. Our gene signature produced superior performance over a signature found in one previous study with prediction accuracy 92% vs 76%, demonstrating the potential of GA and SLR in identifying robust gene signatures in chemo response prediction in breast cancer.     

乳腺癌中Fas抗原与C-erbB-2表达及其意义

目的检测乳腺癌中Fas抗原与C-erbB-2表达,探讨两者的相关性及与临床病理参数的关系.方法应用免疫组化SP法检测51例乳腺癌组织中Fas抗原与C-erbB-2表达,结果进行统计学分析.结果Fas抗原阳性率为56.9%,C-erbB-2阳性率为60.8%.结论Fas抗原与乳腺癌组织学分级、淋巴结转移呈负相关;C-erbB-2与组织学分级、淋巴结转移呈正相关;Fas抗原、C-erbB-2检测对判断乳腺癌预后、淋巴结转移有重要意义.     

透明质酸结合蛋白和CD44s与乳腺浸润性微小乳头状癌高淋巴结转移的关系

目的：探讨透明质酸结合蛋白（HABP）和CD44s在乳腺浸润性微小乳头状癌（IMPC）的表达特征及与其高淋巴结转移的相互关系.方法：采用免疫组化染色方法检测21例IMPC及13例假性IMPC（Pseudo-IMPC）中HABP和CD44s的表达.结果：HABP在16例（76%）IMPC的癌细胞团与间质相接的外侧面以及间质细胞均高表达,而仅在3例（23%）Pseudo-IMPC中癌细胞膜或间质细胞弱表达,两组间差异明显（P=0.0042）.CD44s在15例（70%）IMPC中癌细胞连接面高表达,在8例（62%）Pseudo-IMPC中癌细胞膜全周表达阳性.此外,临床数据表明有18例IMPC及5例Pseudo-IMPC表现出淋巴结转移,且两组间差异显著（P=0.0078）.结论：HABP及CD44s的特殊表达作为两个重要的危险因子促进了IMPC的淋巴结转移.     

缺乏核素示踪的早期乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检方法临床研究

目的探讨应用亚甲蓝单示踪剂行缺乏核素示踪的早期乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检(SLNB)的临床经验.方法收集行全乳切除手术或保乳手术的早期乳腺癌患者109例(0期12例,Ⅰ期27例,ⅡA期28例,ⅡB期10例)为研究对象,所有患者通过临床和影像学检查评估腋窝淋巴结阴性状态,对其行亚甲蓝示踪前哨淋巴结活检(SLNB)、非前哨淋巴结活检(Non-SLNB)和腋窝淋巴结清扫(ALND)的患者资料进行分析,所有前哨淋巴结(SLN)、非前哨淋巴结(Non-SLN)和腋窝淋巴结(ALN)均行病理学和免疫组化检查.结果 SLN检出率、假阴性率、准确性、阴性预测值分别为97.24%,6.9%,98.1%,97.5%.病理N分期的SLN检出率间比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05).结论应用亚甲蓝单示踪法行SLNB能准确预测缺乏核素示踪的早期乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结状态,本研究入组的病例提示前哨淋巴结的检出率和准确率与乳腺癌的N分期相关.     

乳腺癌四个分子亚型与腋窝淋巴结转移的相关性研究

目的探讨乳腺癌四个分子亚型与腋窝淋巴结转移的相关性.方法选取乳腺癌患者264例,根据雌激素受体、孕激素受体、表皮生长因子受体2(Her-2)的表达,将其分为Luminal A型、Luminal B型、HER-2过表达型、Triple-negative型四个分子亚型,比较不同分子亚型之间腋窝淋巴结转移率的差异,并对影响腋窝淋巴结转移的相关因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析.结果 HER-2过表达型腋窝淋巴结转移率最高,其次为Luminal B型,不同分子亚型乳腺癌的腋窝淋巴结转移率之间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05).年龄和月经状态在腋窝淋巴结转移率之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05),浸润性小叶癌和导管癌较其他病理类型乳腺癌的淋巴结转移率明显增高;肿瘤直径大于5 cm后,淋巴结转移率明显增加,差异均具有显著统计学意义(P0.01).多因素回归分析显示:肿瘤大小、是否为Luminal A型、是否为浸润性导管癌、浸润性小叶癌为腋窝淋巴结转移的独立危险因素.结论 HER-2过表达型和Luminal B型乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移率较高;肿瘤大小、分子分型、病理类型为影响腋窝淋巴结转移的独立危险因素.     

乳腺癌组织中C-erbB-2、p53、ER、PR的表达与预后因素的关系

目的：探讨乳腺癌组织中雌激素受体（ER）、孕激素受体（PR）、c-erbB-2、p53癌基因表达及其与淋巴结转移、临床分期的关系．方法：采用免疫组织化学技术S-P法检测80例乳腺癌组织中c-erbB-2、p53、ER、PR的表达．结果：c-erbB-2、p53、ER、PR的阳性率分别为：48．75％（39／80）、56．25％（45／80）、52．5％（42／80）、58．75％（47／80）;c-erbB-2、p53在ER、PR均阳性组的表达低于二者均阴性组的表达（P〈0．05）;c-erbB-2、p53在淋巴结转移组中表达高于淋巴结未转移组的表达（P〈0．05）;ER与PR的表达呈显著相关性,与临床分期及组织学类型无关．结论：c-erbB-2、p53、ER、PR与乳腺癌的发生发展有关,是指导内分泌治疗的重要指标,有利于客观评估乳腺癌的生物学行为,判定预后．     

腋窝淋巴结转移对浸润性乳腺癌预后的影响

目的:腋窝淋巴结(ALN)转移数目是影响浸润性乳腺癌预后最重要的因素,本研究明确淋巴结转移(LNM)数目与无瘤生存期的关系,并将其作为判断乳腺癌预后的标志。方法:180例行全乳+ALN I、II平面解剖术病例,摘取全数LN作连续6张切片,由病理切片报告浸润癌最大径。并根据PN和PT结果,选择化疗和(或)内分泌治疗方案。记录乳腺癌患者的年龄、肿瘤大小、ALN检查数、转移数。分别用t检验、χ2检验进行统计学分析。按Kaplan-Meier方法计算生存率,并对其进行Log-rank检验。结果:180例中,95例有ALNM,ALNM发生率为53%。其中N085例;N152例;N220例;N323例。ALNM数随肿瘤大小增加而升高。总的5年无瘤生存率88%,无ALNM者,5年无瘤生存率为99%;一旦出现ALNM,5年无瘤生存率则降至79%(P<0.01)。结论:腋窝淋巴结状况是乳腺癌重要的预后因素。淋巴结转移数目、孕激素受体是判断预后的指标。切除淋巴结数应超过10枚,以便准确N分期。     

Metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes peptide ligand of a G-protein-coupled receptor

Metastasis is a major cause of death in cancer patients and involves a multistep process including detachment of cancer cells from a primary cancer, invasion of surrounding tissue, spread through circulation, re-invasion and proliferation in distant organs. KiSS-1 is a human metastasis suppressor gene, that suppresses metastases of human melanomas and breast carcinomas without affecting tumorigenicity. However, its gene product and functional mechanisms have not been elucidated. Here we show that KiSS-1 (refs 1, 4) encodes a carboxy-terminally amidated peptide with 54 amino-acid residues, which we have isolated from human placenta as the endogenous ligand of an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor (hOT7T175) and have named 'metastin'. Metastin inhibits chemotaxis and invasion of hOT7T175-transfected CHO cells in vitro and attenuates pulmonary metastasis of hOT7T175-transfected B16-BL6 melanomas in vivo. The results suggest possible mechanisms of action for KiSS-1 and a potential new therapeutic approach.     

Distant metastasis occurs late during the genetic evolution of pancreatic cancer

Metastasis, the dissemination and growth of neoplastic cells in an organ distinct from that in which they originated, is the most common cause of death in cancer patients. This is particularly true for pancreatic cancers, where most patients are diagnosed with metastatic disease and few show a sustained response to chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Whether the dismal prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer compared to patients with other types of cancer is a result of late diagnosis or early dissemination of disease to distant organs is not known. Here we rely on data generated by sequencing the genomes of seven pancreatic cancer metastases to evaluate the clonal relationships among primary and metastatic cancers. We find that clonal populations that give rise to distant metastases are represented within the primary carcinoma, but these clones are genetically evolved from the original parental, non-metastatic clone. Thus, genetic heterogeneity of metastases reflects that within the primary carcinoma. A quantitative analysis of the timing of the genetic evolution of pancreatic cancer was performed, indicating at least a decade between the occurrence of the initiating mutation and the birth of the parental, non-metastatic founder cell. At least five more years are required for the acquisition of metastatic ability and patients die an average of two years thereafter. These data provide novel insights into the genetic features underlying pancreatic cancer progression and define a broad time window of opportunity for early detection to prevent deaths from metastatic disease.     

新疆维、汉民族乳腺癌中P53和Ki-67蛋白表达及其意义

用免疫组化Envision法检测125例维、汉民族乳腺癌中P53及Ki-67蛋白的表达。结果表明，P53及Ki-67蛋白在乳腺癌中的阳性表达率明显高于非癌组织；且在浸润性导管癌中P53和Ki-67蛋白阳性表达与分级、转移呈正相关，与民族无关。随组织学分级增高，P53及Ki-67阳性表达增高。淋巴结转移者P53及Ki-67蛋白阳性表达明显高于无淋巴结转移者。提示P53和Ki-67蛋白阳性表达可能在乳腺良性病变恶性转化及乳腺癌的发生中具有重要作用，有可能成为临床预测预后的重要指标之一。     

Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, is clinically heterogeneous: 40% of patients respond well to current therapy and have prolonged survival, whereas the remainder succumb to the disease. We proposed that this variability in natural history reflects unrecognized molecular heterogeneity in the tumours. Using DNA microarrays, we have conducted a systematic characterization of gene expression in B-cell malignancies. Here we show that there is diversity in gene expression among the tumours of DLBCL patients, apparently reflecting the variation in tumour proliferation rate, host response and differentiation state of the tumour. We identified two molecularly distinct forms of DLBCL which had gene expression patterns indicative of different stages of B-cell differentiation. One type expressed genes characteristic of germinal centre B cells ('germinal centre B-like DLBCL'); the second type expressed genes normally induced during in vitro activation of peripheral blood B cells ('activated B-like DLBCL'). Patients with germinal centre B-like DLBCL had a significantly better overall survival than those with activated B-like DLBCL. The molecular classification of tumours on the basis of gene expression can thus identify previously undetected and clinically significant subtypes of cancer.     

CCL2 recruits inflammatory monocytes to facilitate breast-tumour metastasis

Macrophages, which are abundant in the tumour microenvironment, enhance malignancy. At metastatic sites, a distinct population of metastasis-associated macrophages promotes the extravasation, seeding and persistent growth of tumour cells. Here we define the origin of these macrophages by showing that Gr1-positive inflammatory monocytes are preferentially recruited to pulmonary metastases but not to primary mammary tumours in mice. This process also occurs for human inflammatory monocytes in pulmonary metastases of human breast cancer cells. The recruitment of these inflammatory monocytes, which express CCR2 (the receptor for chemokine CCL2), as well as the subsequent recruitment of metastasis-associated macrophages and their interaction with metastasizing tumour cells, is dependent on CCL2 synthesized by both the tumour and the stroma. Inhibition of CCL2-CCR2 signalling blocks the recruitment of inflammatory monocytes, inhibits metastasis in vivo and prolongs the survival of tumour-bearing mice. Depletion of tumour-cell-derived CCL2 also inhibits metastatic seeding. Inflammatory monocytes promote the extravasation of tumour cells in a process that requires monocyte-derived vascular endothelial growth factor. CCL2 expression and macrophage infiltration are correlated with poor prognosis and metastatic disease in human breast cancer. Our data provide the mechanistic link between these two clinical associations and indicate new therapeutic targets for treating metastatic breast cancer.