Great progress in study on aerosol and its impact on the global environment

The transport from atmosphere is a more important pathway than that from rivers for certain elements and compounds in the remote ocean. The desert and those arid/semi-arid areas in the northwest of China and the Loess Plateau are the sources of those aerosols over the Pacific. Atmospheric iron is the limiting factor of the productivity in certain ocean regions. The dust storms must now be seen as repeated sources of pollution elements as well as soil elements to the East China Sea and, farther out, to the North Pacific Ocean and even to the USA. The long-range transport of aerosols, especially the dust storm, from China and the positive feedbacks of iron coupled with sulfur in atmosphere might be one of the important mechanisms that would affect the primary productivity in the Pacific and/or the global climate change and deserve to be further studied. It can be seen clearly that the dust storms would affect not only the health of human beings and the local or regional climate, but also the global climate change that has been the focus of environmental study internationally.     

2002年兰州市春季大气气溶胶特征分析

利用2002年兰州地区春季背景大气、沙尘天气状况下大气气溶胶的实测资料,得到了不同天气状况下大气气溶胶(TSP)的质量浓度和飘尘(PM10)的粒径分布,着重分析了不同天气状况下大气气溶胶的分布规律及其物理特征.研究发现:TSP中细粒子质量浓度沙尘暴期间比非沙尘暴期间相对减少;背景大气条件下,飘尘对人体健康影响比较严重.     

Weather and climate on Mars.

Imagine a planet very much like the Earth, with similar size, rotation rate and inclination of rotation axis, possessing an atmosphere and a solid surface, but lacking oceans and dense clouds of liquid water. We might expect such a desert planet to be dominated by large variations in day-night and winter-summer weather. Dust storms would be common. Observations and simulations of martian climate confirm these expectations and provide a wealth of detail that can help resolve problems of climate evolution.     

Territorial Features of Atmospheric Environment in Beijing and Impact of Dust-storm

1Introduction　TheenvironmentproblemsontheEarthcanbeclassifiedasthreekinds ,whicharecalledasthelocalenvironment,terri torialenvironmentandglobalenvironmentproblems ,respec tively .Nowthekindsofanthropogenicactivityhaveledtotheseriousterritorialenvironmentproblemsallovertheworld .Recently ,theterritorialenvironmentproblemsinChinahavebeengraduallyrecognized .　Nowalthoughtheseparateseriouspollutionshavebeende creasedbyremovingandcontrollingthestrongpollutionsources ,theterritorialpollutionprobl…     

Internal structure of a cold dark molecular cloud inferred from the extinction of background starlight

Stars and planets form within dark molecular clouds, but little is understood about the internal structure of these clouds, and consequently about the initial conditions that give rise to star and planet formation. The clouds are primarily composed of molecular hydrogen, which is virtually inaccessible to direct observation. But the clouds also contain dust, which is well mixed with the gas and which has well understood effects on the transmission of light. Here we use sensitive near-infrared measurements of the light from background stars as it is absorbed and scattered by trace amounts of dust to probe the internal structure of the dark cloud Barnard 68 with unprecedented detail. We find the cloud's density structure to be very well described by the equations for a pressure-confined, self-gravitating isothermal sphere that is critically stable according to the Bonnor-Ebert criteria. As a result we can precisely specify the physical conditions inside a dark cloud on the verge of collapse to form a star.     

毛乌素沙地上空沙尘暴的前向轨迹及其影响范围

基于气象数据、MODIS遥感影像数据和NCEP再分析资料, 利用HYSPLIT模型模拟2000—2019年毛乌素沙地上空不同海拔高度(500, 1000和1500 m)各季节沙尘暴的前向轨迹, 并与遥感影像识别出的沙尘信息进行比较, 识别毛乌素沙地沙尘暴的影响范围。结果显示: 1) 在过去的20年中, 共有143个沙尘暴月和387个沙尘暴日, 并且 2004 年以来, 毛乌素沙地发生沙尘暴的频率逐渐降低; 2) 季节性气候条件对毛乌素沙地沙尘暴的移动路径有很大的影响, 春季沙尘暴发生频率较高, 秋季发生频率最低; 3) 受毛乌素沙地沙尘暴影响的国内地区主要包括陕西省北部、山西省北部、河北省北部和中部、山东省北部和中部、北京市、天津市、内蒙古自治区东部以及东北三省, 国外受影响的地区有朝鲜、日本北部以及俄罗斯与我国交界处, 受影响的海域有渤海、黄海北部和日本海西北部。遥感影像与HYSPLIT模型的比较提供了一种对沙尘运输、扩散和沉积过程进行验证和加深了解的有效工具, 研究结果可以为防灾减灾决策及沙源地治理提供科学的参考依据。     

Study and case simulation of a regional dust model coupled with a nonhydrostatic dynamics model

A new regional dust model suitable for simulation and forecasting of dust storms over northern China was described. The dust model was developed by coupling the mesoscale dynamics model MM5 (the Fifth-Generation NCAR/Penn State Mesoscale Model) with a set of mass conservation equations for the particles. The model includes all the atmospheric physical processes of dust storms including occurrence, lifting, transport, and dry and wet deposition. It considers the parameterization of dry and wet deposition, the dust size distribution and microphysical processes in detail. The dust flux from the surface is parameterized based on the friction velocity, which is provided by the mesoscale nonhydrostatic dynamics model, which takes account of the vegetation coverage, land use, soil category, and soil moisture. This new dust model is used to simulate the dust storm that occurred on 19--21 March, 2002 in North China. The results show that there is high dust concentration and its movement is consistent with the surface weather record and satellite monitoring images of the observed dust storm. The simulated dust concentration coincides with the observation data of the particulate concentration of PM10 (dust particles smallerthan 10 μm in diameter). The new numerical model also successfully simulates the formation and migration of the dust storm of 6-8 April, 2002 in North China.     

尘埃等离子体的引力非稳定性与凝聚效应

从尘埃等离子体的基本方程出发，采用非平衡态动力学方法，研究了尘埃粒子的引力（重力）对尘埃等离子体宏观动力学的影响，具体分析了产生凝聚效应的条件及其相关性质。结果表明，尘埃等离子体中存在一种由引力非稳定性产生的凝聚效应，从而导致局域密度增大。这种效应可能与星际介质分子云及原始恒星的形成有关，也同样会影响在实验室中等离子体加工的质量。     

全球变暖背景下内蒙古地区沙尘暴频次变化的预估

构建一个基于BP神经网络的统计模型, 利用CMIP5模式中历史情景和未来情景的预估数据, 重建1860—2100年内蒙古地区春季沙尘暴频次(分辨率达到日尺度)序列。在此基础上, 研究内蒙古地区沙尘暴未来长期变化特征。结果表明, 在未来情景RCP2.6 和RCP8.5中, 与历史时期(1860—2005年)相比, 内蒙古地区沙尘暴频次持续减少; 影响范围较大的沙尘暴事件占比也持续减少; 在增温更多的RCP8.5情景中, 沙尘暴的减少更加显著; 春季沙尘暴的季节性锁相特征(4月沙尘暴频次达到峰值)不随全球变暖而变化。     

Typical severe dust storms in northern China during 1954 —2002

Based on China抯 available daily observation data from 681 national meteorological stations from 1954 to 2002, a time series of typical severe dust storms in northern China is constructed in terms of the weather process, and the temporal and spatial distribution, and their evolution ten-dency is analyzed. The results indicate that there were 223 relatively typical severe dust storms in northern China from 1954 to 2002, among which the event on April 10—12, 1979 had the largest affected area. Closely associated with the geographical distribution of deserts, sandy lands and the tracks of strong cold air outbreaks, severe dust storms mainly occurred in the Tarim Basin, the eastern part of Northwest China and the northern part of North China. The season with the most frequent severe dust storms was spring, in which the frequency accounts for 82.5% in the whole year, while the least occurrence was in summer and autumn. Dur-ing the past 49 years, the highest frequency of severe dust storms occurred in the 1950s and the lowest was in the 1990s with a general descending tendency, but during 2000—2002 the occurrence was relatively increasing. On the average, the duration of severe dust storms was shortest in the 1990s, about 0.5—1 h shorter than that in the other 4 decades.     

塔中石油基地沙尘天气的变化趋势及影响因素

通过对塔中石油基地1997-2005年浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴的季节变化和年际变化分析,表明;塔中沙尘天气多出现在春、夏两个季节。塔中沙尘天气近9a总的趋势是整体平稳,变化幅度不大,沙尘暴的日数减少,浮尘和扬沙日数有所增加。沙尘天气与气温、降水、蒸发量、季风等气象要索有一定的关系,同时也受到人类活动的影响。     

Dust direct radiative effects on the earth-atmosphere system over east Asia: Early spring cooling and late spring warming

Focusing on three dust storms occurring in spring 2001,we developed a detailed aerosol parameterization scheme and integrated it in a radiative transfer model to characterize possible impacts of solar altitude angle on dust direct radiative effects over China desert regions and the North Pacific,using actual daily solar altitude angles.Increasing solar altitude angle from early spring (or winter) to late spring (or summer) leads to increase of positive clear sky radiative forcing,and decrease of negative radiative forcing due to dust aerosols at the top of the atmosphere.Because solar altitude angle increases from early to late spring,dust-clear sky radiative forcing may change from negative to positive at the top of atmosphere,showing a change from cooling to heating of the earth-atmosphere system over high-albedo deserts and nearby regions.Over low-albedo ocean negative clear sky radiative forcing by dust may decrease,suggesting a change from strong to weak cooling on the earth-atmosphere system.The impacts of solar altitude angle on cloudy sky radiative forcing due to dust are similar to those of clear sky.Impacts of low cloud on dust radiative forcing are the same as increasing surface albedo.This causes the transition of dust cooling effects into heating effects over deserts to occur earlier,and causes decrease of negative radiative forcing over the ocean and even cause a change from weak negative radiative forcing to weak positive forcing over local areas.Even in the same East Asian desert regions and nearby areas,the strength and sign of the radiative forcings depend on storm dates and thus solar altitude angle.The nearer to early spring (or winter) a dust storm occurs,the easier it leads to negative radiative forcing at the top of atmosphere,which indicates cooling effects on the earth-atmosphere system.In contrast,the nearer to late spring (or summer) a dust storm occurs,the easier it leads to positive radiative forcing at the top of atmosphere,showing heating effects.Over East Asian deserts and nearby regions,dust layers may be regarded as cooling sources in early spring (winter) and warming sources in late spring (summer).     

Dusty cloud radiative forcing derived from satellite data for middle latitude regions of East Asia

The dusty cloud radiative forcing over the middle latitude regions of East Asia was estimated by using the 2-year (July 2002?June 2004) data of collocated clouds and the Earth’s radiant energy system (CERES) scanner and moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) from Aqua Edition 1B SSF (single scanner footprint). The dusty cloud is defined as the cloud in dust storm environment or dust contaminated clouds. For clouds growing in the presence of dust, the instantaneous short-wave (SW) forcing at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) is about -275.7 W/m² for cloud over dust (COD) region. The clouds developing in no-dust cloud (CLD) regions yield the most negative short-wave (SW) forcing (-311.0 W/m²), which is about 12.8% stronger than those in COD regions. For long-wave (LW) radiative forcing, the no-dust cloud (CLD) is around 102.8 W/m², which is 20% less than the LW forcing from COD regions. The instantaneous TOA net radiative forcing for the CLD region is about -208.2 W/m², which is 42.1% larger than the values of COD regions. The existence of dust aerosols under clouds significantly reduces the cooling effect of clouds.     

粉尘云最小点火能数学模型

以在实验基础上获得的电火花等效计算数据为能量输入,并按照粉尘云的点火机理建立了完整的粉尘云最小点火能数学模型.通过模型计算,研究了粉尘粒径、粉尘质量浓度、湍流度、火花能量密度及火花放电时间对最小点火能的影响.计算结果与实验测量结果基本一致.通过将模型计算与实验测量相结合将使粉尘云最小点火能的确定更准确、合理.     

天山北麓一例黑风暴天气的成因

利用常规观测资料、地面气象自记记录和静止气象卫星云图资料对1998-04-18由南支冷锋爆发性发展生成的干飑线触发的天山北麓黑风暴天气过程进行了分析。结果表明：强沙尘暴和黑风暴过境时风、压、温、湿在短时间内出现突变,跃变幅度黑风暴远大于强沙尘暴,黑风暴嵌于强沙尘暴时变化幅度比强沙尘暴弱。沙尘壁具有等温性,水平厚度4～9km。影响黑风暴的天气因素中,地面大风形成主要源于冷锋的加强和锋后强冷平流,高空急流的加强及其形成的次级环流使高空动量有效下传到地面则是另一个重要原因。混合层是有利于黑风暴在干旱环境形成的大气层结特征,这次过程深厚混合层的形成是深厚干对流和黑风暴产生的主要原因,而它的形成则是长时间地面加热的结果。     

沙漠表面电磁散射的矩量法研究

采用一维指数型分布粗糙面模型和Monte Carlo方法模拟实际的沙漠表面,利用土壤介电常数的四成分模型计算沙土的介电常数,运用矩量法研究了沙漠表面的电磁散射特性,数值计算得出了沙漠表面电磁散射系数随散射角和入射波频率的变化曲线,讨论了电磁散射系数随沙漠土壤湿度、沙漠表面高度起伏均方根、相关长度、入射波频率的变化关系,数值计算结果表明,沙土湿度、沙漠表面高度起伏均方根、相关长度、入射波频率对沙漠表面电磁散射系数的影响是比较复杂的.     

The central dusty torus in the active nucleus of NGC 1068

Active galactic nuclei (AGNs) display many energetic phenomena--broad emission lines, X-rays, relativistic jets, radio lobes--originating from matter falling onto a supermassive black hole. It is widely accepted that orientation effects play a major role in explaining the observational appearance of AGNs. Seen from certain directions, circum-nuclear dust clouds would block our view of the central powerhouse. Indirect evidence suggests that the dust clouds form a parsec-sized torus-shaped distribution. This explanation, however, remains unproved, as even the largest telescopes have not been able to resolve the dust structures. Here we report interferometric mid-infrared observations that spatially resolve these structures in the galaxy NGC 1068. The observations reveal warm (320 K) dust in a structure 2.1 parsec thick and 3.4 parsec in diameter, surrounding a smaller hot structure. As such a configuration of dust clouds would collapse in a time much shorter than the active phase of the AGN, this observation requires a continual input of kinetic energy to the cloud system from a source coexistent with the AGN.     

色度分析在沙尘气溶胶成分分析中的应用

摘要：运用色度分析的方法分析不同月份降尘的组成．计算结果与通过元素分析方法的较一致，说明这种方法用于分析降尘的成分是可行的．与元素分析方法相比较，这一方法的优点在于能够计算不同月份降尘的组成，而元素分析法只能计算整体值．计算结果显示：兰州市冬季(11～2月)大气降尘以污染物为主要成分，所占比例为77．78％．这一期间污染物的沉降量占全年的57．5％．兰州市沙尘暴影响最为严重的时期为春季的3，4月份，其这一期间的沙尘降尘量占到了全年沙尘沉降量的48．9％，在当月降尘中沙尘所占比例分别为67．7％和71．7％．     

地球磁层中粒子投掷角扩散特性

研究了地球磁层中粒子投掷角扩散过程，分析了强扩散、弱扩散和一般扩散等特性．计算结果表明，在强扩散过程中，粒子填满整个损失锤区域；而对于弱扩散过程，损失锤区域粒子数很少．此结果可解释带电粒子在地球磁暴时，由于投掷角扩散而向大气层发生沉降的观测现象．     

煤尘云最低引燃温度实验研究

 利用HY16429 粉尘云引燃温度实验装置,测定不同煤种不同粒径煤尘云的最低引燃温度,研究挥发分和煤尘粒径2 种因素对煤尘云最低引燃温度的综合影响。结果表明,同一煤种煤尘云最低引燃温度随粒径的减小而降低;当煤尘粒径≥250 μm 时煤尘云出现火星的温度受挥发分含量的影响较小,且不同煤种出现火星的最低温度相近;煤尘粒径较小时煤尘云最低引燃温度随挥发分含量的增大而降低。