Q:病毒有呼吸作用吗?病毒在入侵宿主时所需能量从何而来,入侵宿主前所需能量又从何而来?

<正>A:病毒是RNA或DNA外面包裹着一层蛋白质外壳的颗粒,本身并不能通过呼吸作用产生能量。病毒在宿主体外是没有生命的,也不需要能量,但保持感染活性,入侵宿主后才能繁殖,表现为生命现象。要知道入侵宿主时是否需要宿主提供能量,先要了解入侵的过程。首先是吸附(attachment)。病毒外壳的某些蛋白能与宿主     

具有垂直传播传染病模型的动力学分析

构建一个具有垂直传播的宿主 寄生虫传染病模型, 先通过Jacobi矩阵和Bendixson Dulac理论分析模型的局部稳定性和全局稳定性, 然后给出模型的基本再生数， 最后通过数值模拟对所得结果进行验证. 结果表明, 垂直传播的寄生虫可降低宿主的密度, 但不会导致宿主种群灭绝.     

创伤弧菌触发吞噬细胞细胞骨架重排和诱导细胞凋亡的研究进展

创伤弧菌(Vibrio vulnificus,V.vulnificus)感染是一种少见而又致命性的重要疾病.由于起病急、死亡率高,创伤弧菌感染的有效预防和治疗受到严峻的挑战,促使人们对创伤弧菌的致病机制进行更为深入地研究.吞噬细胞在机体抗感染免疫中起着重要的作用.由于感染后触发宿主吞噬细胞骨架改变及诱导其凋亡是多种病原菌入侵的机制之一,与疾病的发生、发展和结局有着密切关系.本文就创伤弧菌感染后,触发吞噬细胞细胞骨架改变及诱导细胞凋亡的研究进展作一综述.     

温州海区长蛇鲻寄生线虫幼虫的分布模式

作者对温州海区常见30多种经济鱼类作为中间宿主感染寄生虫的情况进行了调查,结果表明15．2％的被检鱼类寄生单殖吸虫,而63．6％的被检鱼类有线虫寄生,文中着重对不同体长组长蛇鲻体内寄生线虫的状况进行研究,随着宿主体长的增长,其感染强度和平均密度有逐渐增加的趋势,宿主体内寄生率及密度占绝对优势的Anisakis simplex幼虫和Contracaecumsp,幼虫在宿主体内的频率分布,表明多数宿主不感染或只感染少量的线虫幼虫,少数宿主感染线虫幼虫数量较大,线虫幼虫在宿主种群的分布格局类型均为聚集分布。     

长白山林区中国林蛙体内寄生虫感染情况调查

通过解剖镜检分析了长白山地区中国林蛙寄生虫的感染情况.结果表明:长白山林区中国林蛙寄生虫为线虫3种(Rhabdia bufonis、Cosmocercella sp、Oswaldocru sp)、吸虫3种(Rowsbiella tineri、Pelystoma integerimrn、Pelystoma ocellatrm),分别隶属5科5属;其主要感染肺线虫Rhabdia bufonis和肠道寄生虫Oswaldocru sp,感染率和感染强度分别为56.66%、4.87和67.33%、9.25;不同种类寄生虫在长白山林区林蛙体内分布有一定规律,不同种类寄生在适宜自身的生态环境中,表现出寄生部位及感染寄生虫的专一性;长白山林区林蛙寄生虫的感染率和强度随年龄增加而增大,不同地点中国林蛙的寄生虫感染率及感染强度普遍较高,不同地点不同种类寄生虫的感染率及强度存在差异;雌、雄林蛙体内寄生虫感染情况差异不显著(P>0.05).     

自主性与社会性——科学的两个维度和两种属性

自主性与社会性是从两种视角考察科学而形成的对科学两种属性的概括,与此相关,也有对两种属性何者更为根本的不同观点.但作为理解科学的两个维度,自主性与社会性又相互依存、相互影响,共同存在于科学机体中,因此,与之相应的两种观点也是相互补充、相互矫正的.统合两维视角、协调两种不同观点对于维护科学的自主性和正视科学的社会性、协调科学自主发展与外部控制具有重要意义.     

刚刺颚口线虫流行病学调查及其幼虫对灵长类的易感性

本文报告了刚刺颚口线虫 Gnathostoma hispidum 第一、二中间宿主和转续宿主共 38种。首次证明狲猴 Macaca mulatta可充当本虫的第二中间宿主和转续宿主。用刚刺颚?线虫晚第三期幼虫经皮肤穿刺感染小白鼠和家猫均获得阳性。5种哺乳动物和4种鸟类(其中家禽2种)用同上幼虫人工感染亦获成功。流行学调查和动物实验表明本虫和棘颚口线虫G.spinigerum 的生物学和流行学特性十分相似,同样能感染人体,是人兽共患的重要寄生虫。     

实验动物的微生物及寄生虫净化

净化是指使限定动物群体中某些（一种、多种或全部）微生物和∕或寄生虫被清除的一种针对动物机体的微生物和∕或寄生虫的控制方法。     

河南省马铁菊头蝠肠道寄生线虫的研究

对河南省7个产地马铁菊头蝠(Rhinolophus ferrumequinum)的肠道线虫进行了调查,发现寄生线虫2种:比勒陀利亚圆钩线虫(Strongylacantha pretoriensis Ortlepp,1932)和齿蝠夜圆线虫(Nycteridostrongylus uncicollis Baylis,1930),分属于2个属.前者为我国新记录种,在宿主肠道中的感染率为72.60%,感染强度为1～12条;后者虽不是新记录种,但马铁菊头蝠是其新宿主,肠道内的感染率和感染强度均较低.比勒陀利亚圆钩线虫和齿蝠夜圆线虫也是河南省蝙蝠寄生虫的新记录.     

害获灭（Ivomec）驱除犬体部分内,外寄生虫疗效观察

从市场购回土种犬２０只，通过寄生虫常规检查，确诊为分别自然感染了犬钩虫、蛔虫、绦虫和体表寄生虫．根据犬所感染寄生虫的种类，分成５个组，用不同剂量的害获灭（Ｉｖｏｍｅｃ）进行疗效试验，筛选出适宜于驱除犬体内部分线虫和体表寄生虫混合感染或单纯性体表寄生虫感染的有效剂量——１０００μｇ／ｋｇ．并用于临床治疗，共治愈病犬１７００只，驱虫（杀）率均达１００％．     

The effect of migration on local adaptation in a coevolving host-parasite system

Antagonistic coevolution between hosts and parasites in spatially structured populations can result in local adaptation of parasites; that is, the greater infectivity of local parasites than foreign parasites on local hosts. Such parasite specialization on local hosts has implications for human health and agriculture. By contrast with classic single-species population-genetic models, theory indicates that parasite migration between subpopulations might increase parasite local adaptation, as long as migration does not completely homogenize populations. To test this hypothesis we developed a system-specific mathematical model and then coevolved replicate populations of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens and a parasitic bacteriophage with parasite only, with host only or with no migration. Here we show that patterns of local adaptation have considerable temporal and spatial variation and that, in the absence of migration, parasites tend to be locally maladapted. However, in accord with our model, parasite migration results in parasite local adaptation, but host migration alone has no significant effect.     

Parasite adaptation to locally common host genotypes

According to the Red Queen hypothesis--which states that interactions among species (such as hosts and parasites) lead to constant natural selection for adaptation and counter-adaptation--the disproportionate evolutionary success of parasites on common host genotypes leads to correlated selection for sexual reproduction and local adaptation by the parasite population. Here we determined whether local adaptation is due to disproportionate infection of common host genotypes, and, if so, whether infection of common host genotypes is due to commonness per se, or some other aspect of these genotypes. In a reciprocal cross-inoculation experiment parasites occupying the same geographical area (sympatric) infected locally common host genotypes significantly more often than rare host genotypes, whereas parasites occupying separate geographical areas (allopatric) showed no such significant difference. A mixed source of parasites (containing F1 hybrids) also showed no difference in infection between rare and common host genotypes. These results show that local adaptation results from parasite tracking of locally common host genotypes, and, as such, a necessary condition of the Red Queen hypothesis is met.     

包头地区鱼类寄生虫调查研究

报道了包头地区鱼类寄生虫29种，隶属12目15科16属，重点记述了对养殖鱼类危害较大的8种鱼类寄生虫病，对今后鱼病的防治提供了依据和建议。     

The third component of complement (C3) is responsible for the intracellular survival of Leishmania major

Leishmania are obligate intracellular parasites of mononuclear phagocytes. We and others have shown that the promastigote form of all species of leishmania activates complement from non-immune serum and that this activation can result in parasite lysis. This work, as well as earlier in vivo studies, suggested that complement is an important component of host defence against leishmaniasis. We now present evidence that parasite complement fixation, in addition to increasing parasite phagocytosis, is required for the intracellular survival of leishmania in macrophages. We specifically show a strong correlation between parasite C3 fixation and intracellular survival. We attribute this survival, in part, to a decrease in the magnitude of the macrophage respiratory burst which is triggered by complement-coated, as opposed to uncoated, parasites.     

Introduced species and their missing parasites

Damage caused by introduced species results from the high population densities and large body sizes that they attain in their new location. Escape from the effects of natural enemies is a frequent explanation given for the success of introduced species. Because some parasites can reduce host density and decrease body size, an invader that leaves parasites behind and encounters few new parasites can experience a demographic release and become a pest. To test whether introduced species are less parasitized, we have compared the parasites of exotic species in their native and introduced ranges, using 26 host species of molluscs, crustaceans, fishes, birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles. Here we report that the number of parasite species found in native populations is twice that found in exotic populations. In addition, introduced populations are less heavily parasitized (in terms of percentage infected) than are native populations. Reduced parasitization of introduced species has several causes, including reduced probability of the introduction of parasites with exotic species (or early extinction after host establishment), absence of other required hosts in the new location, and the host-specific limitations of native parasites adapting to new hosts.     

Malaria. Cooperative silencing elements in var genes

Each Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite carries about 50 var genes from a diverse family that encode variable adhesion proteins on the infected red blood cells of the host, but individual parasites single out just one var gene for expression and silence all the others. Here we show that this silencing is established during the DNA-synthesis phase (S phase) of the cell cycle and that it depends on the cooperative interaction between two elements in separate control regions of each var gene (the 5'-flanking region and the intron). This finding should help to clarify the mechanisms by which parasites coordinate the silencing and activation of var genes that are responsible for antigenic variation in malaria.     

普氏野马寄生虫的监测

文章主要介绍了圈养与放归的普氏野马进行寄生虫驱虫和监测的状况,对寄生虫的种类进行了鉴定,并分析了寄生虫感染现状及提出相应的防治对策。     

Frequent ectopic recombination of virulence factor genes in telomeric chromosome clusters of P. falciparum

Persistent and recurrent infections by Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites result from the ability of the parasite to undergo antigenic variation and evade host immune attack. P. falciparum parasites generate high levels of variability in gene families that comprise virulence determinants of cytoadherence and antigenic variation, such as the var genes. These genes encode the major variable parasite protein (PfEMP-1), and are expressed in a mutually exclusive manner at the surface of the erythrocyte infected by P. falciparum. Here we identify a mechanism by which var gene sequences undergo recombination at frequencies much higher than those expected from homologous crossover events alone. These recombination events occur between subtelomeric regions of heterologous chromosomes, which associate in clusters near the nuclear periphery in asexual blood-stage parasites or in bouquet-like configurations near one pole of the elongated nuclei in sexual parasite forms. We propose that the alignment of var genes in heterologous chromosomes facilitates gene conversion and promotes the diversity of antigenic and adhesive phenotypes. The association of virulence factors with a specific nuclear subcompartment may also have implications for variation during mitotic recombination in asexual blood stages.