引入生态修复技术的太湖流域生态补偿方案

针对生物膜法、活性污泥法等适用于点源污染治理的技术无法有效解决面源污染的问题,引入生态修复技术,选取美人蕉作为修复植物,构建了太湖流域污染治理生态补偿模型。并以2005年太湖流域COD削减为例进行分析,结果显示:通过生态补偿方案激励太湖流域苏浙沪各地区合作治污可降低流域治理成本约5%,引入生态修复技术可进一步降低合作治污成本约12%;引入生态修复技术后,为促进苏浙沪各地区合作治污,提升整个流域的治理效率,应建立流域地区间生态补偿机制,太湖流域实证研究确定了地区之间的补偿标准:浙江省对江苏省、上海市的COD生态补偿价格为6648.30元/吨、8164.21元/吨。     

基于GIS的汽车尾气污染扩散仿真

在常用的高斯扩散模型基础上，简化了一些参数取值并考虑了在交叉口等处的特殊情况，建立了汽车尾气扩散模型；再将模型和地理信息系统技术相结合，建立起《广州市汽车尾气污染扩散仿真系统》模拟软件。用户在软件界面上确定选取点后，该软件即通过内部模型库和数据库进行分析、计算并在界面上形象、简捷地表示出汽车尾气污染扩散对该点的影响状况。本文简介了系统原理及其实现，并将模拟结果与实测数据进行了比较，显示两者具有良好相关度。     

ArcGIS在城市交通污染分析中的应用

介绍了A rcG IS在城市交通污染分析中的作用,并根据机动车尾气排放模型和扩散模型,构建了基于A rcG IS的城市交通大气污染分析系统框架,最后指出了A rcG IS在城市环境污染监测和管理体系中的重要地位。     

污染控制成本模型与求解方法

分析了工业生产造成环境污染的主要方式 ,在此基础上建立相应的污染控制成本模型 ;通过该数学模式研究了控制污染的非线性逼近理论求解方法 ,探讨了成本最优问题。最后给出了一个算例。     

养殖污染最优配置的博弈分析

单个养殖户的最佳污染水平处于边际环境损害成本等于边际污染控制成本的均衡点处.多个养殖户的最佳污染水平处于各自的边际污染控制成本的均衡点处.在没有政府或第三方介入的情况下,制定一个强制性协议对于实现污染控制的纳什均衡是非常必要的.     

大庆市龙凤乡三永村渔场水质污染现状及对鱼类的…

通过大庆油田输油管路漏油污染龙凤乡三永村渔场水质研究，对渔场水质、浮游生物和鱼类进行分析评价，选用地表水综合污染指数模式进行水质污染现状评价，结果表明该渔场水质综合评价属严重污染。     

电镀行业污染最小化方案选择知识库系统

本文对电镀行业污染最小化技术选择的知识库系统进行开发，在建立知识的数据库的基础上，采用ＩＤ３的算法作为知识库的推理规则来提取知识，选择污染最小化方案，并成功地者了实例分析。     

基于跨期间排污权交易的厂商污染治理成本控制策略

把厂商的污染治理投资区分为概念性污染治理投资和操作性污染治理投资,并以概念性污染治理投资率、操作性污染治理投资率和排污权交易量为决策变量,以厂商的累积污染削减量、排污权存储量和排污率为状态变量,以计划期内的总污染治理成本为目标函数,建立了一个跨期间排污权交易条件下的厂商污染治理投资动态控制模型.分析了概念性污染治理投资、操作性污染治理投资和排污权交易量对厂商累积污染削减量、排污权存储量和排污率的动态影响,给出了动态最优的概念性污染治理投资策略、操作性污染治理投资策略和最优的排污权交易量策略.     

P2P文件共享防污染系统设计与仿真

文件污染是当前P2P文件共享系统普遍存在的问题,极大的降低了系统的可用性。提出基于文件对象的污染传播模型,利用向量空间相似度赋予投票权重,使用horting图方法解决数据稀疏性问题,采用自适应的信誉阈值判断文件可信性,建立了基于对象信誉的P2P文件共享防污染系统。仿真实验表明,系统具有很高的识别精确度,能够很好的抑制污染文件在网络中的传播。     

寡头垄断市场中的排污权交易分析

排污权交易作为一项防止和治理环境污染的制度,已在全球范围引起了高度的重视。建立了寡头垄断市场中的排污权交易博弈模型,分析了不同污染治理能力和污染治理成本厂商的纳什均衡及其获得的收益,讨论了古诺无限次重复博弈模型中厂商实现较高效率的均衡条件。     

A Conceptual Framework Based on Maturana’s Ontology of the Observer to Explore the Checkland’s Soft Systems Methodology

This paper explores Checkland’s Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) through the lenses of a theoretical framework that incorporates key concepts from Maturana’s Ontology of the Observer (OoO) with the view of complementing Checkland’s SSM application process. We outline and examine paradigmatic compatibility between: Checkland’s ontological position (reality is problematic/chaotic) together with his interpretivist epistemology (multiple perceptions enrich the ever-changing reality); and Maturana’s OoO (we are immersed in the praxis of living in an ontological multi-universe). We argue that OoO resonates with key SSM theoretical underpinnings. After establishing compatibility between these two influential systems thinkers, we advance a conceptual framework in which Checkland’s SSM learning process is re-visited through a the framework grounded on Maturana’s OoO. The proposed framework illustrates how key ideas drawn from Maturana’s OoO can shed light into the way in which some of the main SSM devices (i.e.: Root definitions, Conceptual model) are used in the SSM process. By doing that, SSM is enriched and becomes more flexible as the stakeholders involved are placed within the domain of constitutive ontologies from which, a deeper dialogue can be promoted in a domain of coexistence in mutual acceptance. We argue that this is a suitable way to have more flexible and holistic views for a SSM intervention in particular to promote the learning process and debating proposed changes amongst the stakeholders involved. The proposed framework, when applied, may enhance the power of SSM learning process and when adopted can have substantial implications to complement the SSM process.

     

Facilitation of Collaborative Management: Reflections From Practice

Collaborative management of natural resources requires that multiple stakeholders come together to negotiate agreements. Who is a stakeholder, what is the boundary and the definition of an issue, and who has legitimacy to convene are interrelated, systemic questions. To address this challenge, this paper provides a conceptual framework with nine Contextual Dimensions. A workshop on collaborative and conflict management of the fishery in Chile, designed and facilitated by the authors, serves as a case study where multiple stakeholders came together to vision desirable futures and explored organizational linkages that could accommodate the different agendas. The workshop is analyzed through a conceptual framework and some conclusions are drawn on the value of experiential learning and on the importance of the iterative consultations that must precede such collaborative management events.Member of the International Support Group (www.isglink.org), a community of practice dedicated to facilitating collaborative learning for natural resource management.     

Revisiting the similar process to engineer the contemporary systems

This paper addresses the present-day context of Systems Engineering, revisiting and setting up an updated framework for the SIMILAR process in order to use it to engineer the contemporary systems. The contemporary world is crowded of large interdisciplinary complex systems made of other systems, personnel, hardware, software, information, processes, and facilities. An integrated holistic approach is crucial to develop these systems and take proper account of their multifaceted nature and numerous interrelationships. As the system’s complexity and extent grow, the number of parties involved (stakeholders and shareholders) usually also raises, bringing to the interaction a considerable amount of points of view, skills, responsibilities, and interests. The Systems Engineering approach aims to tackle the complex and interdisciplinary whole of those socio-technical systems, providing the means to enable their successful realization. Its exploitation in our modern world is assuming an increasing relevance noticeable by emergent standards, academic papers, international conferences, and post-graduate programmes in the field. This work aims to provide “the picture” of modern Systems Engineering, and to update the context of the SIMILAR process model in order to use this renewed framework to engineer the challenging contemporary systems. The emerging trends in the field are also pointed-out with particular reference to the Model-Based Systems Engineering approach.     

A Systemic Framework to Develop Sustainable Engineering Solutions in Rural Communities in Colombia

In several rural areas in Colombia there is a serious lack of water quality supply. Thereby the problematic situation is understood as complex one that involves stakeholders with pluralistic interests, multiple variables and requires the development of sustainable and suitable solutions. In order to address this issue, this paper proposes an integration of engineering design framework (CDIO) with a systemic approach. Particularly the approach emphasizes on systemic elements such as autonomy, systems within systems, cooperation between stakeholders and cause effect relations; it also proposes a previous observing phase for engineering design framework. Thus the proposed systemic framework aims to generate projects that improve living conditions in rural communities and promote the production of knowledge between the stakeholders to ensure sustainability in the long term. To illustrate the proposal, this work contains a case study that discusses a project carried out by a research team—Ingenieros Sin Fronteras Colombia—in a rural district near to Colombia’s capital. The experience, which involved and benefited 16 families in the community, provided strong evidence to support the proposed framework. The paper concludes with a discussion about the replication of this proposal in other contexts.     

Computer Simulation Within Action Research: A Promising Combination for Improving Healthcare Delivery?

Action research (AR) is increasingly being used to study the improvement of healthcare delivery. Ensuring that all the stakeholders in the AR are willing to take action, however, can be difficult. Especially in healthcare contexts, action plans may challenge the autonomy of the healthcare professionals and the positions of the different stakeholder groups. Does the use of computer simulation techniques within the AR promote action taking by all the stakeholders? We performed an AR experiment with computer simulation in a university hospital’s emergency department in the Netherlands. A simulation model was designed that replicated the actual healthcare delivery process in the study setting. Together with representatives from the medical and nursing staff and department management, we used the model to discuss improvement actions. The team designed an improvement scenario that fundamentally rearranged the task division between the physicians and the nurses. The promising projections in the simulation model motivated the team to try the scenario in reality. The implementation was successful, although it generated much concerns and discussion. The new task division successfully improved patient length of stay (LOS) in the ED. The results achieved by the single team turned out to have lasting effects on the other stakeholders in the ED. Our AR experiment with computer simulation promoted action taking by all the stakeholders. Computer simulation within AR is a promising combination for improving healthcare delivery.     

An Analytical Framework of Social Learning Facilitated by Participatory Methods

Social learning among different stakeholders is often a goal in problem solving contexts such as environmental management. Participatory methods (e.g., group model-building and role playing games) are frequently assumed to stimulate social learning. Yet understanding if and why this assumption is justified is quite limited. Difficulties arise from the complexity and context-dependence of processes influencing social learning. Furthermore, continuing discussion of the exact meaning and theoretical basis of social learning result in a limited capacity to assess and evaluate whether social learning has occurred. In this paper we introduce an analytical framework to develop an in depth understanding of essential processes underlying social learning facilitated by participatory methods. Concepts from different fields of science are discussed and integrated, including resource management, small group research and learning research. The individual and group perspectives are brought together via mental models and emergent roles. We added the direction of learning, being either convergent or divergent, to be able to explore if and when personal views on a problem converge into a shared understanding of a problem. The analysis of convergence and divergence of learning is facilitated through the use of the mental model concept. Methods for measurement of proposed indicators for social learning are also discussed. The framework developed provides a conceptual basis for the analysis of social learning facilitated by participatory methods and an operationalization for application in empirical research.     

Participatory Model Construction and Model Use in Natural Resource Management: a Framework for Reflection

In this article we propose a framework which can assist analysts in their reflection on the requirements for a participatory modelling exercise in natural resource management. Firstly, we distinguish different types of formal models which may be developed, ranging from models that focus on (bio)physical mechanisms to models which also include the actors involved in the utilisation of the resource and the social mechanisms that co-determine actor behaviour. Secondly, we consider what different modes of stakeholder participation entail for model construction and use. Finally, we propose six different purposes for a modelling exercise (clarify arguments and values, research and analyse, design and recommend, provide strategic advice, mediate, and democratise), and highlight conditions that affect the appropriateness of stakeholder participation for each purpose. The framework does not provide a straightforward recipe for the selection of participatory modelling methods, but we expect that the systematic reflection it affords will help analysts to make appropriate choices while designing a modelling exercise.     

Bridging the Gap Between the Theory and Practices of Stakeholder Participation in Integrated Vulnerability Assessments of Climate Change

In the international climate regime, integrated vulnerability assessments have become the most prominent method of investigating the potential effects of climate change. Vulnerability assessments typically operate on a local to regional level, where it is most likely to inform subsequent decision making. To cope with the inherent complexity of the climate change problem, the corresponding uncertainties and the aim of producing useful and actionable knowledge various degrees of stakeholder participation have become a critical part of participatory integrated vulnerability assessments. The present study relies upon Fiorino’s (Sci Technol Hum Values 15(2):226–243, 1990) heuristic distinctions between the normative, instrumental and substantive rationales of participation, and it investigates two internationally renowned case studies to demonstrate the consequences of the design and conduct of participatory processes. An analysis of the interplay of the purposes and practices of stakeholder integration points to four fundamental challenges of participatory integrated assessments: knowledge integration, interest convergence, causality and representation. At the end two exit options are discussed, which aim to overcome some obstacles of using the concept of participation in the assessment efforts. This paper therefore goes beyond the typical analyses of ways to better organize and steer the process of stakeholder participation and wants to make a contribution to improve future integrated vulnerability assessments of climate change.     

The design of an epistemology for the management discipline which resolves dilemmas among ethical and other imperatives

We outline an epistemology to resolve dilemmas among conflicting imperatives which arise in management situations involving action programs which are “useful” economically and technically but which, at the same time, must satisfy, among others, aesthetic, ethical, and legal requirements. These “situations” occur in problem domains such as management science, environmental management, conservation management (the science devoted to the protection and preservation of our cultural and historical heritage), urban planning, government administration, and the like. Basically, these actions programs are designed to “improve the state of the real world” and take into account the inevitable conflicts and tradeoffs which inhibit maximization of objectives. In the end, the epistemological framework which is proposed leads to the formulation of a methodology to reconcile the economic, scientific, political, legal, ethical, epistemological, and aesthetic imperatives, in the context of a strategic and pragmatic framework.     

Toward Fostering Systems Learning in Organizational Contexts

This article explores the ways in which the process of systems learning can be nurtured in organizational contexts. I posit that in order to mobilize systems learning at the individual, group, and organizational levels, an integrated, holistic approach must be pursued. It is suggested that the challenge of not only teaching the systems thinking concepts but also using their actual applications in practice is more than just an issue of pedagogical improvement. The cultural and material issues integral to the use of systems thinking must be taken into consideration as well. I argue that our efforts to improve our pedagogical practices to foster systems learning in organizational contexts can benefit from the social constructivist perspective, which represents a system of ideas about learning. The qualities of systems pedagogy resided in social constructivism are proposed as a framework to think with in designing the meaningful systems learning activities. This article also discusses how to create the cultural and material environments in which the process of systems learning can be nurtured.