帕金森病的非运动症状——疲劳

帕金森病一直被认为是以运动障碍为主的疾病，近年来其非运动症状越来越备受关注。本文仅就帕金森病中的疲劳这一个非运动症状的定义、流行病学、影响因素、评价量表和治疗做一综述。     

外延晶体硅薄膜太阳电池的量子效率和特性研究

为了澄清限制所制备的颗粒硅带上的晶体硅薄膜太阳电池效率的主要因素,对制备在颗粒硅带、经区熔(ZMR)后的颗粒硅带和单晶硅衬底上的外延晶体硅薄膜太阳电池进行了QE和Suns-Voc研究.结果表明,颗粒硅带上沉积的外延层的表面有一定的粗糙度,它不但增加了电池表面的漫反射,也使氮化硅减反射膜的结构变得疏松,最终影响了减反射膜的陷光效果;沉积在颗粒硅带上的硅活性层的晶体质量也较差,较重的晶界复合限制了少子扩散长度,使得制备在颗粒硅带上的硅薄膜太阳电池在长波方向上的光谱响应明显变坏.所制备的晶体硅薄膜太阳电池的暗特性参数值均不理想,电池性能尤其受到过高的暗饱和电流I02值和过低的并联电阻Rsh值的严重影响.高的I02值是由于结区硅活性层较差的晶体质量所导致的严重的晶界复合造成的,低的Rsh值被归结为电池经激光切割后未经钝化的裸露的PN结及电池边缘的漏电造成的.     

microRNA-451对人结肠癌细胞SW620裸鼠皮下种植瘤生长的抑制作用及机制探讨

目的 探讨microRNA-451(miR-451)对人结肠癌细胞系SW620裸鼠皮下种植瘤生长的影响,并探讨其可能机制.方法 18只裸鼠随机分为3组,实验组(SW-620-451组)、阴性对照组(SW-620-NC)、空白对照组(SW-620组),每组6只,分别皮下接种转染miRNA-451 agomir的SW620细胞、转染了阴性片段agomir Negative Control(NC)的SW620细胞和不经处理的结肠癌SW620细胞,并每周两次于瘤体内分别注射miRNA-451 agomir、miRNA-451 agomir NC片段及生理盐水.比较各组裸鼠皮下形成瘤体的大小并计算抑瘤率,接种四周后处死裸鼠取组织,用免疫组化法和Western-blot法定性定量分析和比较肿瘤相关基因c-myc的表达.结果 各组裸鼠皮下接种肿瘤细胞6天后均有瘤体形成,成瘤率100％,实验组(SW-620-451组)瘤体生长速度明显低于其他两组(p＜0.05)；时间终点为第30天时,实验组(SW-620-451组)裸鼠皮下种植瘤的体积为(0.95±0.13)cm3,阴性对照组(SW-620-NC组)为(2.25±0.50) cm3,空白对照组(SW-620组)为(2.46±0.59)cm3;实验组(SW-620-451组)瘤体体积显著小于其他两组体积(p＜0.05)；实验组(SW-620-451组)瘤体质量为(1.15±0.13)g,明显低于SW-620-NC组(2.59±0.46)g及SW-620组(2.76±0.44)g(p ＜0.05).实验组种植瘤中c-myc的表达量较另外两组下降(p＜0.05).结论 转染miR-451后可以抑制结肠癌细胞SW620裸鼠皮下移植瘤的生长,其机制可能与下调c-myc表达有关.     

外延晶体硅薄膜太阳电池的量子效率和特性研究

为了澄清限制所制备的颗粒硅带上的晶体硅薄膜太阳电池效率的主要因素, 对制备在颗粒硅带、经区熔(ZMR)后的颗粒硅带和单晶硅衬底上的外延晶体硅薄膜太阳电池进行了QE和Suns-Voc研究. 结果表明, 颗粒硅带上沉积的外延层的表面有一定的粗糙度, 它不但增加了电池表面的漫反射, 也使氮化硅减反射膜的结构变得疏松, 最终影响了减反射膜的陷光效果; 沉积在颗粒硅带上的硅活性层的晶体质量也较差, 较重的晶界复合限制了少子扩散长度, 使得制备在颗粒硅带上的硅薄膜太阳电池在长波方向上的光谱响应明显变坏. 所制备的晶体硅薄膜太阳电池的暗特性参数值均不理想, 电池性能尤其受到过高的暗饱和电流102值和过低的并联电阻Rsh值的严重影响. 高的I02值是由于结区硅活性层较差的晶体质量所导致的严重的晶界复合造成的, 低的Rsh值被归结为电池经激光切割后未经钝化的裸露的PN结及电池边缘的漏电造成的.     

疏水性固体酸Zr(SO4)2·4H2O/AC催化合成柠檬酸三乙酯

将Zr(SO4)2·4H2O(ZS)负栽在活性炭(AC)上制备疏水性固体酸ZS/AC催化剂,用于催化合成柠檬酸三乙酯.探讨了各影响因素对柠檬酸三乙酯收率的影响.结果表明,当四水硫酸锆的负载量为30%、催化剂处理温度为110℃、催化剂用量为柠檬酸质量的4%、酸醇摩尔比为1:5.5、100℃反应5 h时,产物收率可达97.6%.催化剂重复使用四次后产率仍保持在93%以上,且易分离,不污染环境.     

外延晶体硅薄膜太阳电池的器件模拟及性能优化的研究

由于晶体硅薄膜太阳电池兼有晶体硅太阳电池高效、性能稳定和薄膜电池低成本的优点,是最有可能取代现有晶体硅太阳电池技术的下一代薄膜电池技术.本文利用PC1D软件对外延晶体硅薄膜太阳电池进行了器件模拟.为了使模拟更接近真实的情况,我们采用了更符合实际情况的器件结构和参数设置.在此基础上,全面系统地研究了背表面场（back surface field,BSF）层、基区和发射区参数、晶体硅活性层电学质量、电池表面钝化情况、电池内部复合情况和pn结漏电情况等对外延晶体硅薄膜太阳电池光电性能的影响.在影响外延晶体硅薄膜太阳电池效率的众多因素中,辨认出对电池效率影响幅度最大的3个参数依次是基区少子扩散长度、二极管暗饱和电流和正表面复合速度.通过模拟还发现,基区不是越厚越好,基区厚度的选择必须要考虑基区少子扩散长度的值.当基区少子扩散长度较小时,基区的最佳厚度应小于或等于基区少子扩散长度;当基区少子扩散长度较大时,基区少子扩散长度应至少是最佳基区厚度的2倍.此外,本文不但对模拟结果的现象进行了描述,还深化解释了其变化的物理机制.由于外延晶体硅薄膜太阳电池在器件结构上与晶体硅太阳电池具有很大的相似性,所以本文的结论在某种程度上对晶体硅太阳电池特别是当下研究最热门的薄硅片太阳电池也是适用的.     

Fe改性HZSM-5分子筛催化剂的表征及其MTP(甲醇制丙烯)反应活性研究

采用离子交换法制备了一系列不同铁含量的HZSM-5分子筛催化荆,利用正交实验法摸索了硝酸铁的浓度C、离子交换的温度T、交换的次数三个因素对离子交换效果的影响,并对其进行了ICP、XRD、BET比表面积、孔径、NH3-TPD等方面的表征.结果表明,铁在HZSM-5分子筛表面的存在形态与它的含量有关.含量较低时,主要以无定形高分散态的形式存在;含量较高时,生成结晶态的Fe2O3.Fe改性后的ZSM-5分子筛酸量降低.在固定床微型反应器上的评价结果显示,Fe在分子筛上的含量为2.534%时,其丙烯和烯烃的选择性迭最大值,烯烃选择性为39%,寿命超过48小时.     

64层螺旋CT血管成像对肠系膜上动脉活体形态的显示及临床应用

目的探讨64层螺旋cT血管成像（CTA）对肠系膜上动脉（SMA）活体形态的显示及临床应用价值。方法对80例临床疑有腹部、盆腔疾病的患者行64层螺旋CTA扫描，然后利用容积再现（VR）、多平面重建（MPR）、最大密度投影（MIP）、反向MIP（I—MIP）和薄层MIP（TS．MIP）等技术进行后处理。80例患者分为正常组（30例）和异常组（50例）两组，对正常组采用多种重建技术显示SMA各级分支，并测量SMA的直径，观察SMA起始段的走行；在MPR像上测量SMA与腹主动脉（AA）的夹角（An），在左肾静脉（LRV）平面测量SMA至AA的距离（M），在左侧肾门旁测量LRV最大前后径（A），在SMA与AA问测量LRV最小前后径（B）。对异常组采用多种重建技术显示SMA，分析SMA特点。结果VR、MIP、I-MIP像均可显示正常组SMA整体解剖形态，TS-MIP对小分支显示优于其他重建技术。不同重建方式对SMA直径的测量无显著差异（F=0．71，P〉0．05）。SMA起始段走行方向为右下走行90％，前下走行占6．7％，左下走行占3．3％。An平均为（61．06±22．79）°。M平均为（14．62±4．00）mm，A平均为（9．16±1．91）mm，B平均为（6．00±2．01）mm，A与B比值〉2者占20．0％，〉3者占3．3％。异常组中有5例小肠先天性旋转不良及2例小肠扭转，SMA轴位像主要表现“回旋征”，VR表现为“螺旋征”；1例SMA分支栓塞；消化道肿瘤19例，其中8例供血动脉为SMA分支；回盲部动静脉畸形1例；余22例肝脏、泌尿生殖系统病变SMA无明显异常。结论64层螺旋CTA能很好地显示SMA的活体形态特征，具有重要的临床应用价值。     

Aspirin: recent developments

Aspirin exerts anti-thrombotic action by acetylating and inactivating cyclooxygenase-1, preventing the production of thromboxane A ₂ in platelets. Through this inhibition of platelet function, aspirin is considered as a preventative of ischemic diseases such as coronary and cerebral infarction. However, many studies have revealed that aspirin has other beneficial actions in addition to its anti-platelet activity. For example, aspirin may confer some benefit against colorectal cancer. Here, we discuss the involvement of inflammation in atherosclerosis and how aspirin exerts its beneficial actions in atherosclerotic diseases and cancer. Received 30 September 2007; received after revision 31 October 2007; accepted 6 November 2007     

Colitis-associated neoplasia: molecular basis and clinical translation

Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are both associated with an increased risk of inflammation-associated colorectal carcinoma. Colitis-associated cancer (CAC) is one of the most important causes for morbidity and mortality in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Colitis-associated neoplasia distinctly differs from sporadic colorectal cancer in its biology and the underlying mechanisms. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms of CAC and summarizes the most important genetic alterations and signaling pathways involved in inflammatory carcinogenesis. Then, clinical translation is evaluated by discussing new endoscopic techniques and their contribution to surveillance and early detection of CAC. Last, we briefly address different types of concepts for prevention (i.e., anti-inflammatory therapeutics) and treatment (i.e., surgical intervention) of CAC and give an outlook on this important aspect of IBD.     

人结直肠癌细胞系的成球培养方法及转移侵袭能力研究

目的探索人结直肠癌细胞系形成肿瘤细胞球的培养方法及球体内间质化标志物的表达检测。方法结直肠癌细胞系SW480、SW620、LOVO、HT29及HCT116在添加了不同细胞生长因子的无血清培养基（SFM）中悬浮培养，传代更新，诱导分化。免疫荧光技术和RT-PCR分别检测细胞球中间质化标志物N—cadherin及Vimentin的表迭情况。结果5种细胞系均能在特制的SFM中形成细胞球，并稳定的传代增殖。在用血清诱导分化后，又重新贴壁生长，且与亲代细胞保持一致的细胞形态。细胞球中间质化标志物N—cadherin、Vimentin表达均上调。结论结直肠癌细胞系在低黏附及添加了细胞生长因子R—Spondin 1、Noggin的无血清环境中更容易形成悬浮生长的肿瘤细胞球，细胞球细胞比亲代细胞更具有转移侵袭能力。     

“Agreement” in the IPCC Confidence measure

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has, in its most recent Assessment Report (AR5), articulated guidelines for evaluating and communicating uncertainty that include a qualitative scale of confidence. We examine one factor included in that scale: the “degree of agreement.” Some discussions of the degree of agreement in AR5 suggest that the IPCC is employing a consensus-oriented social epistemology. We consider the application of the degree of agreement factor in practice in AR5. Our findings, though based on a limited examination, suggest that agreement attributions do not so much track the overall consensus among investigators as the degree to which relevant research findings substantively converge in offering support for IPCC claims. We articulate a principle guiding confidence attributions in AR5 that centers not on consensus but on the notion of support. In concluding, we tentatively suggest a pluralist approach to the notion of support.     

eIF4E和 VEGF C在大肠癌中的表达及其意义

目的探讨大肠癌组织中真核细胞翻译起始因子4E(eIF4E)和血管内皮生长因子 C(VEGF C)的表达及意义.方法应用免疫组织化学技术检测46例大肠癌及20例正常大肠组织中 eIF4E和 VEGF C的表达,同时结合患者的临床病理资料进行分析.结果46例大肠癌组织中的 elF4E和 VEGF C的表达阳性率分别为91.3和76.1%.而正常大肠组织中 elF4E和 VEGF C的表达阳性率分别为10%和20%.eIF4E和 VEGF的表达都与大肠癌患者性别、年龄、肿瘤病理分化程度无明显相关,但与肿瘤浸润深度、临床分期、有无淋巴结转移有关(P<0.05);两者的表达具有正相关(r=0.347,P<0.05).结论 eIF4E和 VEGF C与大肠癌的发生发展密切相关,可作为判断大肠癌侵袭转移及预后的重要指标     

Epigenetics: a link between addiction and social environment

The detrimental effects of drug abuse are apparently not limited to individuals but may also impact the vulnerability of their progenies to develop addictive behaviours. Epigenetic signatures, early life experience and environmental factors, converge to influence gene expression patterns in addiction phenotypes and consequently may serve as mediators of behavioural trait transmission between generations. The majority of studies investigating the role of epigenetics in addiction do not consider the influence of social interactions. This shortcoming in current experimental approaches necessitates developing social models that reflect the addictive behaviour in a free-living social environment. Furthermore, this review also reports on the advancement of interventions for drug addiction and takes into account the emerging roles of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors in the etiology of drug addiction and that HDAC may be a potential therapeutic target at nucleosomal level to improve treatment outcomes.     

Molecular pathways driving disease-specific alterations of intestinal epithelial cells

Due to the fact that chronic inflammation as well as tumorigenesis in the gut is crucially impacted by the fate of intestinal epithelial cells, our article provides a comprehensive overview of the composition, function, regulation and homeostasis of the gut epithelium. In particular, we focus on those aspects which were found to be altered in the context of inflammatory bowel diseases or colorectal cancer and also discuss potential molecular targets for a disease-specific therapeutic intervention.     

Plasma lipid-bound sialic acid alterations in neoplastic diseases

Plasma lipid-bound sialic acid (LSA) was assayed in normal volunteers, patients with non-malignant diseases, and a variety of cancer patients. Mean plasma LSA in 50 normal volunteers, 16 patients with non-malignant diseases, 54 breast cancer, 17 lung cancer, 15 colon cancer, 7 ovarian cancer, 5 prostate cancer, 4 leukemia, 4 gastrointestinal, 3 thyroid cancer, 3 pancreas cancer and 2 adrenal cancer patients were 17.7, 23.2, 58, 85, 56.7, 46.2, 56.7, 53.3, 31.1, 33.2 and 119.5 mg/dl, respectively. None of the normal volunteers had elevated plasma LSA values. Plasma LSA level was not significantly different in male and female volunteers. Two out of 114 different cancer patients had plasma LSA levels within normal range exhibiting 98.2% sensitivity of the assay. Plasma LSA, which is relatively simple to assay, may be used as a tumor marker in wide variety of neoplastic diseases.     

Plasma lipid-bound sialic acid alterations in neoplastic diseases

Summary Plasma lipid-bound sialic acid (LSA) was assayed in normal volunteers, patients with non-malignant diseases, and a variety of cancer patients. Mean plasma LSA in 50 normal volunteers, 16 patients with non-malignant diseases, 54 breast cancer, 17 lung cancer, 15 colon cancer, 7 ovarian cancer, 5 prostate cancer, 4 leukemia, 4 gastrointestinal, 3 thyroid cancer, 3 pancreas cancer and 2 adrenal cancer patients were 17.7, 23.2, 58, 85, 56.7, 46.2, 56.7, 53.3, 31.1, 33.2 and 119.5 mg/dl, respectively. None of the normal volunteers had elevated plasma LSA values. Plasma LSA level was not significantly different in male and female volunteers. Two patients with rheumatic arthritis had LSA values slightly elevated over the mean + 2 SD for the normal volunteers. Two out of 114 different cancer patients had plasma LSA levels within normal range exhibiting 98.2% sensitivity of the assay. Plasma LSA, which is relatively simple to assay, may be used as a tumor marker in wide variety of neoplastic diseases.