Melt nucleating and the three-dimension steady model of the temperature fluctuation with convection

A three-dimensional steady model of temperature fluctuation with melt convection is studied. It is proved that there exists a unique and stable solution in the model and the solution is expressed in a Fourier series form. It theoretically confirms the mechanism of melt nucleating: as long as the convection with transverse directions exists, the melt temperature on the front of the solidliquid interface would be not only periodical along the direction which is perpendicular to the direction of crystal growth, but also oscillatory and exponential decay along the direction of crystal growth; this oscillatory property, i.e. temperature fluctuation, leads to local supercooling, accelerates local temperature fluctuation and then results in a large number of nuclei.     

Preparation of CuCr alloys by thermit-reduction electromagnetic stirring

The influences of the additive CaF₂, different molds, mold pre-heating temperature, electromagnetic stirring, and alloying elements on CuCr have been investigated respectively during the preparation of CuCr alloys by thermit-reduction electromagnetic stirring. The results indicate that the reasonable reactant mass ratio of CuO: Cr₂O₃:Al is 100:140:160; CaF₂ can reduce the solidification point of slags to improve the metal separating efficiency from slags; the crystal particles become thinner because of the high cooling velocity in the metal mold; while casting in the graphite mold, the casting properties of CuCr improve with the increase of pre-heating temperature; the compact alloys are prepared at 500℃; electromagnetic stirring can prevent the growth of dendrite crystal into refine crystal particles, as well as homogenize Cu and Cr to improve the CuCr properties; the optimal stirring time is 7 min; when the alloying elements Ni and Co are added to the reactants, elements Cu and Cr can distribute evenly but the crystal particles become thick.     

Designing for Long Campaign Life Blast Furnace (2)—The Simulation of Temperature Field of Lining and Cooling Apparatus

Through the numerical modeling of temperature field for Blast Furnace (BF) lining and stave coolers, it can tell designers how to design a cooler which the hot surface temperature is less than its critical temperature under very high heat flux. Applying low heat resistance lining and staves cooler to BF is good for a layer of slag skull frozen on the hot surface of cooling stave. As long as the slag skull can stand, the furnace wall is stable and the heat loss of furnace does not increase. This is the basic principle for designing long campaignship BF.     

Selectivity of Crystal Growth Direction in Layered Double Hydroxides

Investigation of selectivity of crystal growth direction in layered double hydroxides is helpful to control their particle sizes in different directions. Mg-AI layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were synthesized using a coprecipitation method. The influences of aging temperature, aging time, and Mg/AI molar ratio on the crystal structure, the LDHs particle size, and the selectivity of crystal growth in different directions wereinvestigated. The results show that the size of the crystallites in the a direction is larger than that in the c direction for all experimental conditions, indicating faster crystal growth in the a direction than in the c direction. The crystallite sizes in the a and c directions both increase with decreasing Mg/AI molar ratio but with less difference between the sizes in the two directions. Therefore, the crystal growth rate in the c direction increases more than that in the a direction as the Mg/AI molar ratio decreases. The influence of the aging time, aging temperature, and Mg/AI molar ratio on the selectivity of the crystal growth direction can be used to prepare LDHs with selected sizes in the a and c directions.     

Temperature Control and Simulation of TemperatureAltitude Test System

The temperatureAltitude Test System (TATS) supplies various testing environments. The traditional PID method controls the temperature in TATS TemperaturePressure Cabin (TPC) over a long adjusting time and with a large overshoot. In order to solve this problem simply, a temperature control strategy with temperature difference corresponding factors is presented through a dynamic analysis and modeling of TPC temperature change. The TPC temperature descending process is simulated, and the results show that this control strategy can allot the proportion of PID heating controller and PID cooling controller in the whole control process and TPC temperature can be controlled at a set point quickly and effectively.     

Effect of 6H-SiC crystal growth shapes on thermo-elastic stress in the growing crystal

The effect of 6H-SiC crystal growth shapes on the thermo-elastic stress distribution in the growing crystal was systematically investigated by using a finite element method. The thermo-elastic stress distribution in the crystal with a flat growth shape was more homogeneous than that in the crystals with concave and convex growth shapes, and the value of thermo-elasticity in the crystal with a flat growth shape was also smaller than that in the two other types of crystals. The maximum values of thermo-elastic stress appeared at interfaces between the crystal and the graphite lid. If the lid was of the same properties as 6H-SiC, the thermo-elastic stress would decrease in two orders of magnitude. Thus, to grow 6H-SiC single crystals of high quality, a transition layer of SiC formed by deposition or reaction is suggested; meanwhile the thermal field in the growth chamber should be adjusted to maintain the crystals with flat growth shapes.     

Some properties of Young measure solutions for a class of nonlinear diffusion equations

This paper is concerned with the first initial-boundary value problem of a class of singular diffusion equations with the flux sublinear growth and the potential without convexity, in which the properties of Young measure solutions are discussed, and the uniqueness, stability are proved, and the asymptotic behaviors of solutions and their energy as the time goes to infinity are investigated.     

Crystal structures and magnetic properties of cyano-bridged 4f-3d complexes

The most recent research progress in the fields of the crystal structure and magnetochemistry for rare earth-transition metal cyano-bridged complexes is reviewed in detail. The emphasis is put on the introduction to the research achievements of our group in this field, including all the types of complexes with different crystal structures in these systems such as dinuclear, trinuclear, one-dimensional chain and hydrogen-bonded network ion-pairs. At the same time a few examples of rare earth-transition metal molecular-based magnets have been found to exhibit excellent magnetochemical properties, such as the long-range magnetic ordering, the higher critical temperature Tc and the stronger coercive force. These results will be expected to promote the research development in this field.     

晶化后冷却方式诱导形成不同结构的微孔材料(英文)

An interesting result with the products of crystallization being dominated by the cooling rate has been raised in the crystallization of ethylenediamine (EDA)-directed cobalt phosphates and 1,2-diaminopropane (PDA) -directed zinc phosphates. To explore the reason and mechanism behind this phenomenon,these two systems were crystallized under different temperatures from 1 to 6 d followed by fast cooling (in 10 min) or slow cooling (in 3 h) route, respectively. The results showed that, within a certain range ofcrystallization time, slow cooling rate would result in a framework transformation. Further investigation indicates that this transformation is lower-temperature-preferable in EDA-CoPO4 system, and the slow cooling process give the system a period of time to carry out the transformation under lower temperature. However, in PDA-ZnPO4 system, a higher-temperature-preferable transformation has been found, and further study on SAPO-CHA presents a similar result, which is in consistent with general transformation conditions of most crystals, which protrudes the uniqueness of EDA-directed crystallization of cobalt phosphates systems.     

Solvent-assisted polymer micro-molding

The micro-molding technology has played an important role in fabrication of polymer micro-patterns and development of functional devices. In such a process, suitable solvent can swell or dissolve the polymer films to decrease their glass transition temperature （Tg） and viscosity and thereby improve flowing ability. Consequently, it is easy to obtain the 2D and 3D patterns with high fidelity by the solvent-assisted micro-molding. Compared with the high temperature molding, this technology overcomes some shortcomings such as shrinking after cooling, degradation at high temperature, difficulty in processing some functional materials having high Tg, etc. It can be applied to making patterns not only on polymer monolayers but also on polyelectrolyte multilayers. Moreover, the compressioninduced patterns on the multilayers are chemically homogenous but physically heterogeneous. In this review, the controlling factors on the pattern quality are also discussed, including materials of the mold, solvent, pressure, temperature and pattern density.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of X80 HTP Pipeline Steel Produced by Steckel Mill

The demand for energy becomes a bottleneck in development of China. Economically delivering natural gas and oil through pipeline is an urgent problem to be solved. In the present work, X80 pipeline steel with high toughness and thickness 21.0 mm was produced through HTP （ High Temperature Processing） by Steckel mill rolling. And the microstructure and mechanical properties of the X80 pipeline steel, which produced by different processing parameters such as reheating temperature of slabs, resume temperature, finishing temperature, accelerated cooling exit temperature and cooling rate, were analyzed. The results show that finishing temperature of 800 - 820℃ and cooling rate above 20℃/s are necessary to obtain fine and uniform acicular ferrite with high solute niobium in XS0 pipeline steel.     

Superconductivity in MgB2

In January of 2001 the superconductivity of the compound MgB2 with a critical temperature Tc of up to 39 K was discovered. This Tc is the highest in all intermetallic compound and alloy superconductors. MgB2 has a simple structure and its manufacturing capital cost is lower, therefore it could become a practical superconductor in the future. The recent progress is reviewed here which covers the progress in electronic structure, high Tc mechanism, superconducting parameters (Debye temperature, specific heat coefficient of electron, critical fields, coherent length, penetration depth, energy gap, critical current and relaxation rate of flux). Moreover the issue on power transmission is discussed.     

Chinese Science Bulletin

COVER Geochronology is the key to understand the temporal and spacial evolution of geological bodies and their related geodynamics.With the development of the instruments and analytical technique,the single mineral in situ U-Pb dating has been a dominant trend of the U-Pb chronology development.Titanite (CaTiSiO 5) is one of the common accessory minerals in igneous,metamorphic and sedimentary rocks.It commonly has relatively high U contents (10 100 μg/g) that hold in its crystal lattice and relatively high U-Pb closure temperature of 650 700℃,making it an attractive phase as a     

Research progress in ZnO single-crystal: growth,scientific understanding,and device applications

Zinc oxide, a wide band-gap semiconductor, has shown extensive potential applications in high-efficiency semiconductor photoelectronic devices, semiconductor photocatalysis, and diluted magnetic semiconductors. Due to the undisputed lattice integrity, ZnO single crystals are essential for the fabrication of high-quality ZnO-based photoelectronic devices, and also believed to be ideal research subjects for understanding the underlying mechanisms of semiconductor photocatalysis and diluted magnetic semiconductors. This review, which is organized in two main parts, introduces the recent progress in growth, basic characterization, and device development of ZnO single crystals, and some related works in our group. The first part begins from the growth of ZnO single crystal, and summarizes the fundamental and applied investigations based on ZnO single crystals. These works are composed of the fabrication of homoepitaxial ZnO-based photoelectronic devices, the research on the photocatalysis mechanism, and dilute magnetic mechanism. The second part describes the fabrication of highly thermostable n-type ZnO with high mobility and high electron concentration through intentional doping. More importantly, in this part, a conceptual approach for fabricating highly thermostable p-type ZnO materials with high mobility through an integrated three-step treatment is proposed on the basis of the preliminary research.     

Growth and microstructure of AlN whiskers and dendrites

AlN whiskers or dendrites were synthesized with asublimation-recrystallization method by using Al, AlN powders and some additives as raw materials.Whiskers with different sizes that featured high purity and good crystallinity were obtained by controlling temperature and gas supersaturation in the reaction container. The whiskers were described as long and straight single crystals of approximately 1-30 μm in diameter by the centimeter range in length. However, AlN dendrites were about 1mm in diameter by 0.5cm in length,and showed an obviously preferential growth orientation, i.e., perpendicular to[2111] and[1011] planes. It is concluded that the whiskers or dendrites grow via the vapor-solidmechanism.     

Crystallogeny fundamentals of the cholesterol gallstone

The nucleation mechanism and crystal growth process of the cholesterol gallstone are studied and a systematic theory expounded by crystallogeny is proposed. Normal feed and stone-forming feed were used to raise guinea pigs in the control and stone-causing groups respectively. The state and transformation of liquid crystal vesicles, the appearance of crystal nuclei, and the formation of microcrystal grains were observed under a polarizing microscope during the experimental period. It was found that the liquid crystal vesicles in the bile of the control group were small, scattered, and always existed as single forms, and no shaped gallstone crystals were formed. While in the stone-causing group, liquid crystal vesicles grew to larger ones, and then aggregated to form large liquid crystal cells. Solid crystal growth along the edge of these liquid crystal cells formed microcrystal grains. These demonstrated that bile liquid crystal vesicles form the basic nuclei of cholesterol gallstone. Heterogeneous nucleation is the common process in the formation of crystal nuclei and crystal growth.     

Crystallogeny fundamentals of the cholesterol gallstone

The nucleation mechanism and crystal growth process of the cholesterol gallstone are studied and a systematic theory expounded by crystallogeny is proposed. Normal feed and stone-forming feed were used to raise guinea pigs in the control and stone-causing groups respectively. The state and transformation of liquid crystal vesicles, the appearance of crystal nuclei, and the formation of microcrystal grains were observed under a polarizing microscope during the experimental period. It was found that the liquid crystal vesicles in the bile of the control group were small, scattered, and always existed as single forms, and no shaped gallstone crystals were formed. While in the stone-causing group, liquid crystal vesicles grew to larger ones, and then aggregated to form large liquid crystal cells. Solid crystal growth along the edge of these liquid crystal cells formed microcrystal grains. These demonstrated that bile liquid crystal vesicles form the basic nuclei of cholesterol gallstone. Heterogeneous nucleation is the common process in the formation of crystal nuclei and crystal growth.     

Study on the HPHT synthetic diamond crystal from Fe-C（H） system and its significance

Investigations of crystal habit, micro-topographic imaging, micro-composition and micro-structural analysis of HPHT synthetic diamonds from the Fe-C（H） system indicate that most of them have an octahedral habit. The crystals grow mainly layer-to-layer from center to periphery. HPHT synthetic diamond is smaller in size than natural diamond because it only goes through nucleation and growth in the early stage. In the middle and late stages, due to the coalescence of diamond grains related to differences of surface energy, the growth of HPHT synthetic diamond is limited. The active energy （E） of transforming single nitrogen into a nitrogen-pair is lowered and the time of transforming single nitrogen into a nitrOgen-pair is shortened because of the existence of hydrogen. Therefore, aggregate nitrogen （A-centers） may exist in synthetic diamond from HPHT and explosive detonation processes. It needs further discussion on a worldwide view that the time of natural diamond formation extracted from nitrogen aggregation is some hundred million years. Consideration of the way in which surface energy influences the growth of diamond can help to understand some of the remaining issues （e.g. growth mechanism, etc.） in the HPHT synthetic process and effectively explain the formation of natural diamond in terms of HPHT thermodynamic theory. Especially, it is important to pay more attention to the influence of hydrogen on surface energy in that hydrogen may be a ＂bridge＂ for explaining the formation of HPHT synthetic and natural diamond.     

Multi-scale simulation of single crystal hollow turbine blade manufactured by liquid metal cooling process

Liquid metal cooling(LMC) process as a powerful directional solidification(DS) technique is prospectively used to manufacture single crystal(SC) turbine blades. An understanding of the temperature distribution and microstructure evolution in LMC process is required in order to improve the properties of the blades. For this reason, a multi-scale model coupling with the temperature field, grain growth and solute diffusion was established. The temperature distribution and mushy zone evolution of the hollow blade was simulated and discussed.According to the simulation results, the mushy zone might be convex and ahead of the ceramic beads at a lower withdrawal rate, while it will be concave and laggard at a higher withdrawal rate, and a uniform and horizontal mushy zone will be formed at a medium withdrawal rate. Grain growth of the blade at different withdrawal rates was also investigated. Single crystal structures were all selected out at three different withdrawal rates.Moreover, mis-orientation of the grains at 8 mm/min reached ～30°, while it was ～5° and ～15° at 10 mm/min and 12 mm/min, respectively. The model for predicting dendritic morphology was verified by corresponding experiment. Large scale for 2D dendritic distribution in the whole sections was investigated by experiment and simulation, and they presented a well agreement with each other.