基于表面等离子体增强的聚合物太阳能电池研究

为有效地提高聚合物电池器件的光吸收和电荷收集, 进而提高整体器件效率, 采用氧化钼(MoO₃)/银纳米粒子(Ag NPs)/氧化钼作为复合阳极缓冲层, 制备了反型聚合物太阳能电池, 并研究了在缓冲层中加入金属纳米颗粒对器件性能的影响。实验结果表明, 在MoO₃缓冲层中加入1 nm的Ag时, 器件的短路电流密度和光电转换效率都得到了提高, 短路电流密度从9.54 mA/cm²增加到12.83 mA/cm², 效率从2.14%提高到3.23%。Ag纳米颗粒的表面等离子体共振作用, 有效地提高了器件的光吸收和电荷收集, 提高了整体器件效率。     

无镉ZnO缓冲层的柔性CZTSSe太阳电池

针对铜锌锡硫硒（CZTSSe）薄膜太阳电池中CdS缓冲层带隙较小造成光损耗和Cd元素的毒性问题,提出无镉环保型CZTSSe太阳电池,分别采用溅射法和旋涂法来制备ZnO薄膜以替代CdS缓冲层.薄膜形貌表征及器件性能测试表明,相比旋涂法,溅射法制备的ZnO的薄膜质量及其CZTSSe器件性能明显更好,器件的光电转换效率（PCE）从1.0%提升到4.5%.同时,相比于CdS（E_g=2.4 eV）, ZnO具有更大的带隙（E_g=3.3 eV）,去除CdS膜层后,薄膜和器件在蓝光区具有更高的透光率和更好的光吸收.该设计为制备柔性CZTSSe太阳电池提供了一种新策略.     

基于ZnO缓冲层的有机太阳能电池数值分析

氧化锌(ZnO)材料具有良好导电性、光透性和稳定性,在光电器件中具有重要用途.利用AMPS-1D探究ZnO作为缓冲层对有机太阳能电池性能的影响.研究发现:添加ZnO缓冲层的有机太阳能电池开路电压、光电转化效率等性能有显著的提高; 电子-空穴产生率和空穴电流密度随着ZnO薄膜厚度增加而减小,而电荷态密度和电子电流密度随着ZnO薄膜厚度增加而增大.     

图案化氧化锌在能源器件中的应用

ZnO作为一种典型的直接带隙宽禁带半导体材料极具开发潜力和应用价值.随着图案化技术的不断发展优化,ZnO纳米棒阵列的精确可控制备逐步得到实现.本文综述了利用激光限域技术制备图案化ZnO纳米棒阵列的方法,并详述了其在太阳能电池和光电化学电池中的应用.激光干涉法制备的ZnO纳米阵列比表面积大且具有直线传输的优势,运用于光伏器件和电化学电池中增加了光吸收同时利于载流子传输,器件性能显著提高.图案化ZnO纳米棒阵列具有可控的三维空间结构,广泛应用关于各类能源器件中,具有极大的研究和应用价值.     

量子点敏化太阳能电池ZnO光阳极的制备及性能

先用水热法合成ZnO颗粒, 再用溶胶 凝胶法将ZnO颗粒制备成量子点敏化太阳能电池光阳极, 并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)、 紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)和光电流密度 电压曲线分析不同厚度的六方纤锌矿型ZnO光阳极对量子点敏化太阳能电池性能的影响. 结果表明, 增加量子点的吸附面积可使ZnO光阳极的UV-Vis谱吸收带边红移, 进而提升太阳能电池的光电转换效率.     

量子点敏化太阳能电池ZnO光阳极的制备及性能

先用水热法合成ZnO颗粒, 再用溶胶 凝胶法将ZnO颗粒制备成量子点敏化太阳能电池光阳极, 并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)、 紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)和光电流密度 电压曲线分析不同厚度的六方纤锌矿型ZnO光阳极对量子点敏化太阳能电池性能的影响. 结果表明, 增加量子点的吸附面积可使ZnO光阳极的UV-Vis谱吸收带边红移, 进而提升太阳能电池的光电转换效率.     

活性层混合溶剂的选择对高分子太阳能电池性能的影响

高分子有机太阳能电池因为其简单的制作工艺和轻便稳定的特性而引起人们的广泛研究。控制活性层的形貌对于提高有机太阳能电池的光电性能有着至关重要的意义。使用两种不同的混合溶剂(氯仿/1,8-二碘代辛烷和氯苯/1,8-二碘代辛烷)来制备PTB7-Th:PC_(70)BM活性层。发现使用氯苯/1,8-二碘代辛烷能使活性层获得更好的相分离效果,从而有利于光的吸收和电荷的分离。相对于氯仿/1,8-二碘代辛烷,使用氯苯/1,8-二碘代辛烷的太阳能电池的光电转化效率从7.21%大幅提高到了8.86%。这主要来自短路电流密度(从15.1 mA/cm~(-2)提高至16.7 mA/cm~2)和填充因子(从61.2%提高至66.3%)的提高。结果表明使用氯苯/1,8-二碘代辛烷作为混合溶剂有利于制备高性能的基于PTB7-Th:PC_(70)BM的有机太阳能电池。     

浴铜灵在提高反式钙钛矿太阳能电池性能的研究

近年来,基于CH_3NH_3PbX_3(X=Cl,Br,I)结构的钙钛矿太阳能电池由于其简单的制作工艺和较高的光电转化效率而吸引了大量的研究。在反式钙钛矿电池活性层中使用浴铜灵(BCP)来提高电池光电性能。使用溶液法旋涂BCP有效地把Ag电极的功函从原来的-4.23 e V降低到了-4.12 e V,改善了电子的传输和Ag电极收集电子的效率。从而提高了反式钙钛矿电池的短路电流密度和填充因子。光电转化效率由10.3%提高到12.6%。使用BCP的钙钛矿电池的稳定性也有约10%的提高。结果证明,使用BCP有利于提升反式钙钛矿电池的性能,对实现这类太阳能电池的商业化应用起到推动作用。     

WO3 nanoflakes decorated with CuO clusters for enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting

The low quantum efficiency arising from poor charges transfer and insufficient light absorption is one of the critical challenges toward achieving highly efficient water splitting in photoelectrochemical cells. Three dimensions(3D) structures and heterojunctions have received intensive research interests recent years due to their excellent ability to separate photo-generated charges as well as the enhanced light harvesting property. Herein,3 D Cu O/WO_3 structure was fabricated through a facile solvothermal method followed by chemical bath deposition. The loading of Cu O clusters on WO_3 nanoflake arrays results in a much improved photocurrent density compared with that of pristine WO_3 nanoflake arrays, which reaches 1.8 m A/cm2 at 1.23 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement demonstrates that the improved performance of Cu O/WO_3 electrode is attributed to the accelerated charge transfer kinetics as a result of the desirable band alignment in Cu O/WO_3 heterojunction. This work demonstrates a facile strategy to construct superior WO_3 electrode, which will ultimately allow for efficient storage of solar energy into hydrogen.     

用背反射提高染料敏化太阳电池光吸收的研究

介绍了一种提高染料敏化太阳电池光吸收的背反射结构,以解决染料在长波范围吸光能力差的缺点。用P25纳米TiO2粉和水热法两种不同工艺制备了电池。透过光谱测试表明,两种工艺制备的电池对长波范围的光都没有充分利用,水热法制备的电池更透明。太阳模拟器测试结果表明,用银反光膜作为电池的背反射结构,增加了染料对长波范围内的光吸收,显著提高了电池的光电转换效率。P25粉工艺制备的电池效率提高了11.4%,水热法工艺制备的电池效率提高了22%。     

ZnO/Cs2CO3双电子传输层有机太阳能电池

有机太阳能电池的异质结界面是影响其性能的一个重要因素.以氧化锌/碳酸铯作为双电子传输层,改善电子传输层与活性层的界面接触并提高电子传输能力.利用溶胶-凝胶法制备OSCs器件,通过优化的双电子传输层,使基于PTB7-Th:PC₇₁BM的OSCs器件的最高效率达到了8.08%,其相较于ZnO电子传输层器件提高了10.68%.实验表明,由于ZnO/Cs₂CO₃ ETLs具有最佳的表面形貌和光吸收,其填充因子、短路电流密度和电子迁移率都显著提升.这种ZnO/Cs₂CO₃双电子传输层为OSCs性能改善提供了新的思路.     

双重优化对基于P3HT:PCBM有机太阳能电池效率的提高

有效提高太阳能电池对光的吸收效率是提高太阳能电池能量转换效率的重要因素.在以poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT)为电子给体材料,[6,6]-phenyl C60-butyric acid methyl eater(PCBM)为电子受体材料的有机太阳能电池中,Poly-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)与活性层之间插入不同厚度的P3HT层,并在P3HT层最佳厚度的基础上,进一步在活性层中掺杂不同比例的Ag纳米粒子,双重优化了电池器件.当插入45 nm的P3HT层及掺杂质量比为5%的Ag纳米粒子时活性层薄膜的形貌及内部结构得到了改善,电池对光的吸收,及外量子效率得到了显著地提高,并出现红移现象.在25°C,光强为100 mW/cm2的条件下测量其短路电流密度JSC为11.21 mA/cm2,能量转化效率PCE为3.79%.     

Coaxial silicon nanowires as solar cells and nanoelectronic power sources

Solar cells are attractive candidates for clean and renewable power; with miniaturization, they might also serve as integrated power sources for nanoelectronic systems. The use of nanostructures or nanostructured materials represents a general approach to reduce both cost and size and to improve efficiency in photovoltaics. Nanoparticles, nanorods and nanowires have been used to improve charge collection efficiency in polymer-blend and dye-sensitized solar cells, to demonstrate carrier multiplication, and to enable low-temperature processing of photovoltaic devices. Moreover, recent theoretical studies have indicated that coaxial nanowire structures could improve carrier collection and overall efficiency with respect to single-crystal bulk semiconductors of the same materials. However, solar cells based on hybrid nanoarchitectures suffer from relatively low efficiencies and poor stabilities. In addition, previous studies have not yet addressed their use as photovoltaic power elements in nanoelectronics. Here we report the realization of p-type/intrinsic/n-type (p-i-n) coaxial silicon nanowire solar cells. Under one solar equivalent (1-sun) illumination, the p-i-n silicon nanowire elements yield a maximum power output of up to 200 pW per nanowire device and an apparent energy conversion efficiency of up to 3.4 per cent, with stable and improved efficiencies achievable at high-flux illuminations. Furthermore, we show that individual and interconnected silicon nanowire photovoltaic elements can serve as robust power sources to drive functional nanoelectronic sensors and logic gates. These coaxial silicon nanowire photovoltaic elements provide a new nanoscale test bed for studies of photoinduced energy/charge transport and artificial photosynthesis, and might find general usage as elements for powering ultralow-power electronics and diverse nanosystems.     

A photovoltaic device structure based on internal electron emission

There has been an active search for cost-effective photovoltaic devices since the development of the first solar cells in the 1950s (refs 1-3). In conventional solid-state solar cells, electron-hole pairs are created by light absorption in a semiconductor, with charge separation and collection accomplished under the influence of electric fields within the semiconductor. Here we report a multilayer photovoltaic device structure in which photon absorption instead occurs in photoreceptors deposited on the surface of an ultrathin metal-semiconductor junction Schottky diode. Photoexcited electrons are transferred to the metal and travel ballistically to--and over--the Schottky barrier, so providing the photocurrent output. Low-energy (approximately 1 eV) electrons have surprisingly long ballistic path lengths in noble metals, allowing a large fraction of the electrons to be collected. Unlike conventional cells, the semiconductor in this device serves only for majority charge transport and separation. Devices fabricated using a fluorescein photoreceptor on an Au/TiO2/Ti multilayer structure had typical open-circuit photovoltages of 600-800 mV and short-circuit photocurrents of 10-18 micro A cm(-2) under 100 mW cm(-2) visible band illumination: the internal quantum efficiency (electrons measured per photon absorbed) was 10 per cent. This alternative approach to photovoltaic energy conversion might provide the basis for durable low-cost solar cells using a variety of materials.     

太阳能电池的光学管理基本理念

活性层吸光能力和载流子传输能力之间的折衷是制约太阳能电池效率提升和成本降低的重要因素之一.特别是随着太阳能电池的薄膜化发展趋势,活性层吸光能力不足所导致的光学损失显得越来越重要.而光学管理技术能够有目的地调控入射光谱,在太阳能电池中获得可控的光场传输和能量分布,在实现光吸收增强的同时还保持了活性层优秀的电学传输性能,正是克服这一折衷的有效工具.本文从光线光学、传统波动光学和纳米光子学的视角详细阐述了典型陷光结构的光约束和增强机制,展望了光学管理技术的发展趋势.     

Cu-Cd共掺杂ZnO电子结构与光学性质的第一性原理计算与分析

基于密度泛函理论系统下的第一性原理,对纯ZnO,Cd掺杂ZnO,Cu掺杂ZnO,Cu-Cd共掺杂以及Cu-2Cd共掺杂ZnO五个超晶胞模型分别进行几何结构优化;计算和分析了各体系的晶胞结构,能带结构,态密度以及光学性质方面的介电函数虚部,吸收率和反射率.研究结果表明:Cu,Cd单掺杂可提高ZnO的载流子浓度,改善ZnO的导电性;但Cu和Cd共掺杂ZnO时,体系的E更低,状态更加稳定.光学性质方面:Cd掺杂时,紫外区边发生红移,吸收系数略增大;当Cu单掺以及Cu和Cd共掺杂ZnO,体系在可见光和紫外波段吸收系数明显增大,使得ZnO光催化性能提升;结合Cu和Cd单掺杂的特性,说明当Cu和Cd共掺杂ZnO时,控制Cd的掺杂浓度,半导体会产生不同的透光率,因此控制Cu-Cd的比率来掺杂ZnO可用于制作不同效率的光透性器件.     

ZnO microsheet modified TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> nanoparticle composite films for dye-sensitized solar cells

Randomly oriented ZnO microsheets were successfully self-assembled on TiO₂ nanoparticle (TN) film to act as the scattering layer via a cathodic electrodeposition process. The light scattering properties of ZnO microsheets were studied by UV-Vis spectrometer in the 400–800 nm wavelength range. It was found that ZnO microsheets exhibited excellent ability to scatter the incident light for ZnO microsheet-TiO₂ nanoparticle (ZT) composite films. The results showed that dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) fabricated with ZT composite films showed higher short-circuit density (J_sc) and conversion efficiency than TN-based DSSCs, due to the light scattering properties of ZnO microsheets.     

在电子传输层中掺杂二氧化钛纳米粒子来提高反式钙钛矿太阳电池的效率

基于CH3NH3PbX3 (X=Cl, Br, or I)材料的钙钛矿太阳电池由于其简单的制作工艺和较高的光电转化效率在近年来吸引了大量的研究。该文报道了在电子传输层（PCBM层）中掺杂二氧化钛纳米粒子从而提高了反式结构钙钛矿太阳电池的性能。通过掺杂二氧化钛纳米粒子,使电子传输层的能级和钙钛矿层的能级更加匹配,从而改善了电子的传输和收集并抑制了正负电荷复合,提高了钙钛矿太阳电池的短路电流密度和填充因子。光电转化效率从原来的12.1%提高到了13.5%。我们的结果表明,在PCBM层掺杂二氧化钛纳米粒子是一种简单有效的提高钙钛矿太阳电池的性能的方法。     

Silicon dots films deposited by spin-coating as a generated carrier addition layer of third generation photovoltaics

In this work, silicon ink composing of silicon powder and zinc oxide solution was formulated and spin-coated on quartz and n/p-Si substrates followed by drying the films under atmosphere at the temperature of 550°C. The results showed that this top-addition layer could be the highly promising layer for photo-generating carriers in third-generation photovoltaics to enhance blue-light absorption. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to study the presence of silicon and zinc oxide nano-crystallites. The thin films consisting of different energy bandgap of Si nanocrystals(～100 nm) with narrow bandgap and spherical Zn O:Bi nanocrystal(～20 nm) with wider bandgap could be obtained from the evidence of bandgap enlargement. The band gaps of the thin films were tunable by adjusting silicon dots density in Zn O:Bi film. Energy upshift of light absorption edge depended on the silicon dots density was observed in the range 1.6–3.3 eV related band gap enlargement by Tauc plot. Under illumination, a high photocurrent gain of the thin film comprised of low Si dots density coated on a quartz substrate was about 10~3 times higher compared with its dark current. This result is agreeably explained in terms of its lower superficial trap states at the interface between silicon and zinc oxide matrix. The composite layer can be applied to a third-generation solar cell with the efficiency 1.50% higher than that with a typical crystalline-Si solar cell.     

有机太阳能电池的研究进展

回顾了近五年有机太阳能电池在电池材料和器件性能方面的研究进展．在材料方面,合成具有低带隙的化合物,使之与太阳光谱有更好的匹配,以提高对太阳光的吸收范围;在器件方面,通过使用异质结和纳米结构,使之在增加光吸收的同时保证激子的分离与有效迁移．有机聚合物太阳能电池是有机太阳能电池的发展方向,设计并合成具有低带宽和低HOMO能级的D—A型聚合物是提高其理论光能转化效率的关键．通过改进与提高电池的制作技术,充分挖掘新材料的潜力,将获得较大光能转换效率的有机太阳能电池．