Der Einfluss der «Lorentz-Kontraktion» der Erde auf den Gang der Quarzuhren. II

Summary In addition to his paper², which contains the yearly curves 1948, 1949, 1950 of relative corrections of Quarzclocks on northern and southern stations, the author gives here the four new curves for 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954 with the results of the observations in Greenwich, Potsdam and Buenos Aires (geod. and naval.). The theoretical statement that the curves at southern stations must agree with the reflexes of those on northern stations has now still better foundations than before and thus the existence of the «Lorentz-contraction» is still more clearly proved.     

Zur reproduzierbarkeit der Rf in der Dünnschicht-Chromatographie

Summary Conditions are discussed which influence Rf¹ on thinlayer chromatograms, and directions are given to guarantee good reproducibility. Variance of Rf on thinlayer chromatograms is of the same order of magnitude as on paper chromatograms.

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Der Ausdruck Rf-Wert ist bei häufiger Wiederholung umständlich. Wir gebrauchen an seiner Stelle: das Rf (Singular), die Rf (Plural).

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Die Mittel zur Durchführung dieser Arbeit verdanken wir Arbeitsbeschaffungskrediten des Bundes (M.B.) sowie einer Studienbeihilfe vom Land Baden-Württemberg (A.N.).     

Das Prinzip der Äthylogie in der organischen Chemie

Summary The concept of ethylogy is introduced to correlate reactions of compounds of the typea-C-X and those of their ethyloguesa-C-C-C-X,a being a group capable of electron donation andX an electron-accepting leaving group.Besides normal substitution and elimination ofX ina-C -C -C -X, the latter type of compound may undergo cleavage of the C -C bond. This fragmentation produces an olefin in addition to the products also derivable from the simpler compounda-C-X. A number of such fragmentation reactions are reviewed.In the case of-halo amines, there are indications that, depending on structure and stereochemistry, fragmentation can occur by a one-step or two-step process. It is considered likely that the duality and merging of mechanism encountered in simple systemsa-C-X will also prevail in the fragmentation of their ethylogues.     

Über die Funktion der Lorenzinischen Ampullen der Selachier

Summary The afferent impulses from the ampullae ofLorenzini ofScyllium show, both in the intact animal and in the isolated preparation, a steady discharge at constant temperature with a frequency reaching a maximum at an average of 20° and decreasing continuously at higher and lower temperatures. The discharge stops between 5° and 30° on the average. Rapid cooling causes a temporary rise in frequency, while rapid warming causes a temporary drop in frequency. While the ampullae are not sensitive to a mechanical stimulus, they react definitely to a change in temperature of 0.05°C. The ampullae thus behave like the cold receptors of the homoiotherms.     

Experimenteller Nachweis der autochthonen Automatie der Lymphgefässe

Summary It is shown that the peristaltic activity of the isolated mesenterial-lymph vessels of mammals (Cavia porcellus L.) is provoked by two different stimuli:1. by extension (internal pressure of the vessel: 2–25 cm H₂O); 2. by temperature (biokinetic Temperature-Space of 23°; between 22–45°C).Based on these experiments, the autochthonous automaticy of the lymph vessels has been proved.

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Meiner Assistentin, FrauDora Rathenow-Mercier, danke ich für hervorragende Mitarbeit, der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft für die apparative Unterstützung.     

Benützung der oszillographischen Polarographie in der Mikrobiologie

Summary Oscillographic polarography with alternating current was used for following the course of utilisation and metabolism of some amino acids, purine and pyrimidine bases, similarly as their nucleosides and nucleotides in the washed suspensions of resting cells and in growing cultures ofEscherichia coli. The Polaroscope P-524 was used with mercury dropping electrode. The method was described for the oscillopolarographic investigation of activity of some bacterial enzymes, as for example: asparaginase, some nucleodesaminases and enzymes involved in the cleavage of nucleosides.     

Über die Zytologie der Parthenogenese und der Geschlechtsbestimmung bei der GallmückeOligarces paradoxus Mein

Summary InOligarces paradoxus, the chromosomal behaviour was compared during pedogenetic development of and . The -egg undergoes a single non-reductional maturation division, the -egg shows two divisions which result in reduced nuclei. After maturation in the -egg, the number of chromosomes is restored by endomitosis. The nuclei of germ-line cells contain a high number of chromosomes (: 74\2-82; : at least 58) in both sexes. In somatic nuclei, the number is diminished by elimination to 10 in , to 5 in .     

Über die Abhängigkeit der photodynamischen Wirkung von der Intensität der UV.-Bestrahlung

Summary (1) The relation between photodynamic effect and intensity of ultra-violet radiation was investigated by means of the lethal-curve of yeast cells treated with benzpyrene as photosensibilizer.(2) If the dosis of radiation ist kept constant, the resulting photodynamic effect decreases rapidly with diminishing intensity.

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Teilergebnisse der Dissertation.     

Die Wirkung der Nukleinsäuren auf die Bakterienphagozytose der Leukozyten

Summary Sodium ribonucleinate and sodium desoxyribonucleinate increasesin vitro the phagocytosis of surviving rat's leucocytes. The average figure for the effect is greater than the limits of error, even in dilutions of 1:100,000. In dilutions of 1:10,000, the action is more striking, the results being 33% and 29% respectively above the control value.     

Die thermodynamischen Grössen der Aktivierung der Phosphationenaufnahme durch Gerstenwurzeln

Summary From experiments on the uptake of phosphorus by excised barley roots, the temperature function of the rate-constant of this uptake reaction was determined and the enthalpy, free enthalpy and entropy of activation were calculated.     

Zur Abhängigkeit der Aktivierungsenergie der Gewebsatmung bei Säugetieren von der Körpergrösse

Summary (1) The activation energy of the liver respiration in an interval of temperature between 17.5 and 37.5°C was determined in mice, rats, and guinea pigs. (2) A systematic decrease with increasing body size was observed.     

Der Einfluss der Befruchtung mit Spermagemisch auf die Ribonukleinsäure während der embryonalen Entwicklung der Regenbogenforelle

Résumé La fécondation des ufs de la truite avec du sperme mélangé influence la quantité d'acide ribonucléique au cours de la gastrulation. L'augmentation de l'acide ribonucléique est accompagnée d'une réduction de la mortalité des embryons. L'uf non fécondé ne contient pas d'acide ribonucléique chimiquement déterminable. Cet acide est synthétisé au cours du développement à partir de la fécondation des ufs. Il n'est pas certain que la fécondation avec du sperme mélangé trouble la synthèse de l'acide thymonucléique pendant la mitose.     

Heterologe Transplantation von Tumoren bei Vorbehandlung der Empfängertiere mit Gewebe der Spendertiere während der Embryonalzeit

Summary Rats were treated during embryonic life with mouse tissue. When these rats had reached a weight of 50 g they were implanted with the Crocker sarcoma S 180 of the mouse. These heterologous tumors grew to a large size but not indefinitely.

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Die Arbeit wurde mit Hilfe des Schweizerischen Nationalfonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung durchgeführt.     

Aufhebung der Thermothyrin-A-Sekretion der Schilddrüse durch Fütterung mit Methylthiouracil

Summary G. Mansfeld demonstrated that in the serum of overheated animals a substance (thermothyrine A) is present which, injected into normal animals, decreases O₂-consumption. Serum of thyroidectomized animals has no effect.Dogs and rabbits were treated daily with 0.10 g per kg methylthiouracil during 4 weeks, and were than subjected for 5 hours to a temperature of 34–35° C which raised their body temperature by 0.5–1.5° C. 2.5 cm³ of serum obtained at the end of the 5 hours period failed to reduce O₂-consumption of normal rats, while sera of untreated dogs and rabbits produced after similar exposure to high temperature a fall of O₂-consumption by 14–48%. It is therefore evident that methylthiouracil not only inhibits the formation of thyroxine but of thermothyrine A as well.The fact that thermothyrine A contains no iodine proves conclusively that the action of thiouracil compounds cannot be exclusively an inhibition of iodinization.     

Abschwächung der Noradrenalin-Wirkung auf die isolierte Aorta bei Hemmung der Monoaminoxydase

Summary Twenty hours after pretreatment of rabbits with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor N₂-isopropyl-isonicotinic acid hydrazide (IIH) the norepinephrine induced contraction of the isolated aorta was significantly reduced; the 5-hydroxytryptamine sensitivity could not be changed significantly. Isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH), a weak monoamine oxidase inhibitor, had no significant effect on the norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine sensitivity of the aorta.     

Die Beeinflussbarkeit der Tiegelschen Kontraktur durch Änderungen der extracellulären Calciumkonzentration

Summary 1. The occurrence of Tiegel's contractures in phasic and tonic muscles is significantly influenced by the extracellular calcium concentration. 2. Muscles of both types show only small and short aftercontractures after preceding treatment with calciumfree Ringer's solution and become refractory to repeated stimuli while in the relaxed state. 3. Muscles of both types, however, which have been pretreated with calcium-rich Ringer's solution, show strong and long-lasting after-contractures and become refractory to repeated stimuli while in a state of maximal contracture. 4. The possible explanations for this different behaviour are briefly discussed and it is assumed that calcium ions have several sites of action within the muscle cell.     

Über einen möglichen Weg der Biosynthese der Carotinoide beiMucor hiemalis

Summary Our experiments up to now lead us to the hypothesis, that the biosynthesis of carotenoids may be started on acetyl-coenzyme A. The condensation of two molecules of acetyl-coenzyme A leads to acetoacetyl-coenzyme A which can be regarded as the precursor of-methylcrotonic acid. For a long time the latter compound was postulated as the precursor of the natural isoprene derivatives. The participation of the citric acid cycle in the biosynthesis of carotenoids is discussed.     

Der qualitative und quantitative Nachweis der «fixen Luft» (1756), ein Wendepunkt in der Geschichte der Chemie und Biologie

Summary Reference is made to a treatise published in 1756 byJoseph Black (1728–1799), which was the first work to contain conclusive evidence of a gas bound to solid bodies; and in this connection the historical significance of the earliest studies on carbon dioxide is emphasised. Attention is drawn in particular to a subject about which little has hitherto been known,i.e., the use whichBlack and his contemporaries (notablyDavid Macbride) made of this discovery by applying it to animal and human physiology.

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Eine ausführlichere Würdigung dieses geschichtlichen Sachverhalts erscheint in Gesnerus (Schweiz)1956, Heft 3/4.     

Über einen Cortison-äquivalenten Katalysator der Autoxydation der Linolsäurein vitro

Summary Acetophenone derivatives with a cortisone-like side chain have been investigated for their catalytic effect on the autoxydation of linolenic acid.-Hydroxy-acetophenone and the substituted-hydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyacetophenone are the substances with the simplest structure having a catalytic effect quantitatively and qualitatively similar to that of cortisone.The significance of substituents in the ring for the catalytic activity of the side chain is discussed.     

Beitrag zur Klärung der Ursachen der Anreicherung von Caesium-137 im Organismus

Ohne Zusammenfassung