区域定量风险评价方法及其在城市重大危险源安全规划中的应用

介绍了区域定量风险评价的基本原理和评价指标，建立了基于网格差分的风险计算模型，给出了定量风险评价的程序，开发了个人风险的计算软件，提出了区域定量风险评价方法，并在某油气库区风险评价与安全规划中实际应用。通过分析计算，给出了该区域的个人风险等值线分布图和社会风险（F-N）曲线。结果表明，由于该地区液化石油气储量大，事故后果严重，且库区离居民区较近，周边企业较多，人口密集，使得个人风险和社会风险均超出了推荐标准的要求。该方法为进行城市重大危险源的安全规划提供了基础理论和技术方法，对进行城市土地使用及其他灾害领     

三高气田重大钻完井事故定量风险评价研究

针对我国三高(高压、高产、高含硫)气田勘探开发的安全性丞待解决的严峻形势和风险定量评价(QRA)研究的落后状况,进行了三高气田的QRA实例研究。该项研究分析了三高气田钻完井事故的机理及原因,建立了钻完井事故的事故树概率模型并完成了概率计算,通过基于钻完井事故后果的环境风洞物理模拟实验和三维数值模拟定量确定了空间硫化氢浓度值,在此基础上进行了事故的个人风险及社会风险评价,这种风险定量评价方法将对国内外同类油气田安全开发实践有一定的指导意义。     

防爆墙降低天然气长输管道风险的量化研究

对天然气长输管道的风险分析大多忽视了减缓性安全措施对事故后果的削减作用.文中提出一种将防爆墙降低事故后果严重度的效果量化地计入天然气长输管道定量风险分析中的方法.首先定义防爆墙对天然气长输管道爆炸冲击波超压的削减率及计算公式,并利用能量等效原理修正事故参数值,最后分析管道周边敏感目标区域在建立防爆墙后承受风险水平的降低程度.案例分析表明:修建防爆墙后,脆弱目标区域内冲击波超压的平均削减率约为50.05%;个人风险、社会风险水平均降低至可以接受水平.建立的安全措施在定量风险评价中的量化表征方法,可以为保障天然气长输管道周边敏感场所的安全设施建设提供技术参考.     

基于QRA的安全规划方法在某油库的应用

本文通过叙述了定量风险分析的程序、内容、指标和评价标准,并采用此方法的QRA软件对某油库计算了个人和社会的风险水平。油罐区的个人风险结果表明,该油罐区的风险线没有超出厂区的范围,说明该油库内外防护目标的个人风险是可接受的。社会风险结果表明,该油库没有产生社会风险曲线,处于可接受区,满足社会风险标准。出现此现象的原因既与库区自身的储量、围堰大小有关,也与周围人口分布情况有关。该方法的应用和国家法规规定的风险可接受标准的结合,不仅对油库周边防护目标安全规划具有指导意义,对重大危险源的新建选址,其他重大危险源的改、扩建以及周边土地开发利用均有重要参考价值。     

普光高含硫气田长效环空保护液的研究与应用

针对高含硫气井环空特殊的腐蚀环境,结合普光气田油、套管管材使用情况,通过大量性能评价实验,开发出一套以复合有机酸盐为基液,添加高抗硫缓蚀剂、除硫剂、除氧剂、杀菌剂等添加剂的适应于高含硫气田的长效环空保护液体系.该体系密度在1.03～1.40 g/m3间可调,具有稳定性强、配伍性佳、杀菌效果好、耐高温、抗污染、防硫化氢、可回收利用等特点.目前该产品已用于普光气田多口气井生产,油、套管管材缓蚀率达到95%以上,表明该体系可完全满足普光高含硫气井长期安全生产,同时该产品的成功应用也为我国同类气田开发中的防腐工作提供了有益的借鉴.     

浅层气场址工程处理方法探讨

在海洋油气开发中,浅层气是一种常见的灾害性地质现象。文中提出了通过孔压静力触探(PCPT)和孔压消散试验(PDT)来测量含气层中的超孔隙压力,定量地评价浅层气对基础稳定性的影响程度,并提出安装减压井的方法降低浅层气地层压力及含气量,该方法既可增加地基土的稳定性又可避免钻井过程中浅层气井喷事故的发生,达到了减轻作业风险、降低成本的目的。     

基于贝叶斯方法的高含硫井口气液分离器动态风险分析

传统的定量风险分析方法不能有效利用井口分离器的运行状态数据进行动态风险分析,从而导致评估结果易于偏离实际。构建事件树模型模拟分离器异常事件的发展过程,然后基于贝叶斯方法利用事故先兆数据动态分析分离器安全屏障的失效概率和异常事件后果发生概率,并采用模糊损失率的方法量化事故后果造成的损失,进而完成对分离器的动态风险分析。结果表明,新提出的基于贝叶斯方法的高含硫井口气液分离器动态风险分析方法克服了传统风险评价方法的不足,可动态评估事故发生概率,并可动态反映分离器的风险变化,能够为高含硫井口气液分离器等相关设备的风险分析与控制提供参考。     

深水油气开采安全风险评估与管控研究进展

深水油气领域是未来中国能源发展的主战场,加大深水油气勘探开发力度是建设海洋强国和保障国家能源安全的有效途径,但严苛复杂的海洋环境和工艺条件是深水油气开发必须面对的现实挑战。为此针对深水油气开采的主要作业场景,系统开展钻井和生产过程中井喷、泄漏、燃爆等重大事故的风险评估、风险演化、后果评估及事故防控研究,定量评估深水钻井作业及井控工艺过程风险,提出钻井作业事故连锁风险演化方法,建立钻井及井控作业关键屏障可靠性评估模型,同时针对深水油气开采工艺事故风险,基于机器学习算法和数据驱动模型,形成考虑多场景、多参数的普适性事故风险评价方法和数字化防控体系。可为深水油气开采工程风险评估和防控提供良好的理论基础和技术支撑。     

区域定量风险评价方法在民用爆炸物品生产企业中的应用

 为合理规划民用爆炸物品生产企业的危险源,明确企业对所在区域的影响,总结并完善了区域定量风险评价指标,建立了风险计算模型,给出了个人风险和社会风险的可接受标准,并对某民用爆炸物品生产企业进行了安全评估。通过分析计算,得到了该企业的个人风险等值线图和社会风险图。结果表明,该企业的个人风险和社会风险均未超过推荐标准的可接受风险水平,说明区域定量风险评价方法在民用爆炸物品生产企业的安全评价中具有应用价值,对民用爆炸物品生产企业的规划选址与总图布置具有一定的指导意义。     

石油天然气管道外部安全防护距离研究

在石油天然气管道普查资料统计分析的基础上,结合国外油气管道事故资料及典型事故案例,对包括水下穿越段等石油天然气管道的各种影响因素及影响程度进行分析研究,确定不同事故场景的发生概率,建立石油天然气管道及水下穿越段管道的风险分析方法,研究提出适用于我国的石油天然气管道定量风险评估方法,定量计算不同事故场景中事故后果的严重程度。研究管道周边的脆弱目标的风险可接受基准值,结合定量风险评估方法,提出石油天然气管道外部安全防护距离设定标准。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.