城市水体对热岛的消减效应——以南京市为例

以南京市为研究对象,利用2013年8月11日的Landsat8TIRS热红外数据,基于大气校正法反演地表温度;结合土地利用现状数据,定性分析南京市热岛的空间分布;利用缓冲区分析、剖面分析,定量分析河流、湖泊等城市水体在周边不同范围内对城市热岛的消减作用.结果表明:利用大气校正法可准确反演出南京市地表温度空间分布;南京市热岛主要出现在人口密集、工业发达地区;城市水体在300m范围内可以显著消减城市热岛现象,地表温度由水体向周围递增;城市河流比湖泊对城市热岛的消减效果更显著.     

夏冬季城市公园与城市热岛/冷岛空间关系研究

以福州市主城区为研究区,以4景夏、冬季Landsat 8影像和基于网络爬取的福州城市公园POI数据为主要数据源,采用单窗算法反演福州市主城区的地表温度,以均值-标准差法确定城市热岛和冷岛的边界,并基于缓冲区分析、相关性分析等技术手段探究福州市主城区夏、冬季公园与城市热岛/冷岛之间的关系.研究结果表明:(1)夏季和冬季研究区内城市热岛/冷岛的空间分布特征大致相似;(2)公园的面积和距离与城市热岛/冷岛的分布有较强的相关性,当公园缓冲区距离为500 m时,公园的面积和距离与地温的相关性最强;(3)随着公园缓冲区距离的增加,城市冷岛的面积逐渐上升,当公园缓冲区距离达到500 m时,面积变化趋于平缓;而城市热岛的面积逐渐上升且速率较大.本研究可为缓解城市热岛效应,合理规划公园数量提供科学决策参考.     

城市热岛研究进展

概述了城市热岛研究方法的进展.地面观测方法的资料易于获取,积累时间长,但空间代表性不足;遥感监测方法具有实时直观,覆盖范围广的优点,但城市地表的异常复杂及地表城市热岛与大气热岛的本质差异,使其进展缓慢;边界层数值模式模拟是最具物理意义的方法,但模型本身和城市边界层的特殊复杂以及验证的困难均影响了它的精度及广泛应用.因此,必须在充分了解3种方法的研究进展基础上,相互结合,取长补短,才能进一步推进城市热岛的研究.     

一种城市热岛强度的计算方法——以合肥市为例

城市热岛是指城市化过程中城区高空以及近地面大气温度高于城区以外郊区的现象。城市热岛强度是城市热场分布的重要表达手段,目前,对专门研究城市热岛强度的计算方法讨论较少。本文利用Landsat5数据,基于遥感相关理论,以合肥市为例,反演出城市地表亮温,同时引入城市形态分维理论,使用改进的半径法对合肥市的城市热场状况进行研究,发现亮温的水平分布在城市建成区与非城市建成区间有突变现象,并以此分析城市热力场的空间分布,得到热岛强度计算公式,从而得出城市热岛强度的表达方式。在城市热岛强度计算过程中,着重考虑了城市热场分布特征,克服了在研究城市热岛时寻找郊区气温值的困惑,这对于城市热岛强度的表达研究具有一定的指导意义。     

基于DTR的城市热岛强度指数构建与应用——以福州市为例

城市热岛强度是城市热岛研究和应用中的一个重要度量指标,但其定量计算一直是一难点.由于中国城市发展基本现状与气象设施条件的制约,目前常用的基于气象站的城乡温差计算法,较难准确客观地计算中国城市的热岛强度.当前卫星热红外数据反演的地表温度已广泛应用于城市热岛的研究中,因此,本文根据温度日较差(DTR)变化趋势分析,通过地表温度遥感影像的剖面数据,构建了基于DTR的城市热岛强度指数(UHII_(DTR)),并将其应用于福州市1989~2013年间的城市热岛强度计算,以定量评价城市热岛强度变化情况.研究表明,新建立的UHII_(DTR)可以客观、准确地反映出福州的城市热岛变化.福州市在1989~2013年间UHII_(DTR)逐渐下降,从1989年的5.22℃下降至2013年的3.01℃,城市热岛效应不断加剧.从UHII_(DTR)的年际变化趋势来看,福州未来的热岛现象仍将进一步加剧.     

围绕城市绿化 开展重点攻关

北京市园林局园林科技工作在市科委的大力支持下,围绕城市绿化的宏观问题,开履了重点的攻关,取得了一批重要成果。一、“城市园林绿化对缓解城市热岛效应的研究”的阶段性成果为城市绿化规划提供了科学依据目前北京城市热岛状况相当严重,影响北京的生态环境质量,项目通过对北京城市热岛效应及与城市绿化相互关系的系统研究,客观、准确地分析了北京城市热岛的分布、强度及影响范围,评价了城市热岛对城市环境及城市居民生活、工作及健康的影响,以大量的测定和数据分析为基础,分析了城市绿化缓解热岛效应     

城市热岛与热量平衡

奥克曾用热量平衡方程解释城市热岛.但该方程忽略了植物光能富集和分解在城市热岛形成中的作用,本文弥补了此一不足.提出了绿色植物将光能转化为潜能.城市燃烧干物质将潜能转化为热能.这是城市热岛形成的重要原因之一.     

广州城市热岛分析

本文认为,广州城市热岛是多因素综合作用的结果.城市规模的发展是广州城市热岛产生的基础,市、郊区下垫面热力性质的差异是广州城市热岛形成和强度变化的重要原因.     

城市热岛现象与建筑节能

简述了城市热岛现象的原因及常用的建筑节能方法,分析了城市热岛现象与建筑能耗间相互促进的关系:城市热岛现象导致建筑能耗增加,建筑能源消耗又可促进热岛现象。指出运用建筑节能技术减少建筑中不可再生能源消耗,同时把太阳辐射能转换为可利用能源和生物能,削弱城市热岛现象,进一步实现建筑节能。     

京津冀城市群热岛强度时空变化及对比研究

作为城市气候的典型特征之一,城市热岛不仅影响着城市局域及区域气候,而且对城市居民生活舒适度以及能源消耗等也有明显的负面作用,城市热岛研究对于气候变化以及指导城市规划具有重要的理论和实践意义。研究利用1958—2015年长时间序列气象数据,包括最高温度、最低温度和平均温度等3个温度指标,对京津冀地区4个典型城市(北京、天津、张家口和唐山)的热岛强度变化趋势及其影响因素进行对比分析和研究。结果显示,研究时段内,除了北京冬季平均温度下降之外,其他3个城市的夏季和冬季的平均温度均呈现明显上升趋势,而城市热岛强度均呈现不同程度的上升趋势,且冬季明显高于夏季。通过对比研究发现,研究区内,张家口热岛强度最高,北京次之,唐山最低。研究表明,时间上城市热岛强度变化趋势与城市化水平相关,空间上城市热岛强度则受城市背景如地理位置、区域气候等影响。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the