间接式冰浆制取过程冰层生长的动力学特性

为研究间接式冰浆制取过程中冰层生长的动力学特性,建立冰层生长控制模型,对间接式冰浆制取过程中冰层生长速率与冰层厚度变化及其影响因素进行数值模拟研究。通过乙二醇溶液冰浆生成实验与模拟结果的比较,验证模型的有效性,并运用该模型分析添加剂种类、添加剂质量分数和流速等因素对冰层厚度变化的影响。研究结果表明:与乙二醇溶液相比,相同质量分数的氯化钠具有更强的抑制冰层生长的作用;添加同一种添加剂时,添加剂质量分数越大,抑制冰层生长能力越强;溶液流速越大,越有利于抑制壁面冰层过快增长。通过冰层生长的动力学特性分析,可为间接式冰浆制取冰层厚度控制与预防冰堵提供理论参考。     

基于空气、冰和水电阻特性差异进行河冰冰厚检测方法的研究

针对内蒙额尔古纳河试验现场环境温度低于-26℃时,无法用已知的冰情检测理论知识判断空气和冰的分界面这一问题,在实验室环境下对室温～-55℃温度范围内的空气、冰和水的电阻特性进行了模拟实验和分析研究.试验结果表明:通过改变系统的电路参数,确定了新的空气和冰的电阻特性理论阈值,据此可判断出空气和冰的分界面,进而计算出冰层厚度值.这一结果可以为基于空气、冰和水的电阻特性差异检测原理设计的冰层厚度传感器关键参数值的确定提供了理论依据.     

双参数冰厚传感器的设计与研制

为了解决单一参数冰厚传感器在测量中出现的漂移和误判现象,利用空气、冰与水的物理特性差异的原理,改进了传感器结构,通过同时采集冰内的双参数进行比对分析,可以更加准确的对冰层厚度进行测量和判断。经大量实验证明,本传感器对冰厚检测可行并测量准确。     

电容感应式冰厚检测系统的冰厚判别方法研究

电容感应式冰厚检测系统每次采样的数据中,由于野值或奇异值的存在,使得冰层厚度的判断出现较大误差,为了提高判断精度,采用分段平均值法和奇异谱法的数据处理降噪方法,对冰层厚度传感器采集到的多组抽样数据进行了处理。经过对处理结果的对比分析,发现奇异谱法降噪处理后的效果更好,很好的滤除了野值和奇异值,提高了冰层厚度的判断精度。     

基于MSP430和CPLD的冰层厚度检测系统设计

基于空气、冰与水的物理特性差异对冰层厚度进行检测是近几年提出的一种新的冰厚检测理论与方法,其关键技术之一是新型冰层厚度传感器的设计与制作.新仪器以MSP430单片机作为数据处理核心,采用CPLD对单片机I/O口进行扩展,研制出了具有极低功耗和结构一体化等特点的新型冰层厚度传感器.     

数字温度传感器DSl8820在冰情测报系统中的应用

提出了一种利用冰与水的温度特性差异来区分冰,水分界面进行接触式检测的新的冰层厚度检测思路。选用美国DALI．AS公司的单总线数字温度传感器DSl8820来实现温度的检测,运用DSl8820和MSP430F449单片机组成多点温度检测系统。本系统的温度传感器精度高、体积小、测量电路简单,而且能够在低温下工作。     

数字温度传感器DS18B20在冰情测报系统中的应用

提出了一种利用冰与水的温度特性差异来区分冰,水分界面进行接触式检测的新的冰层厚度检测思路.选用美国DALLAS公司的单总线数字温度传感器DS18B20来实现温度的检测,运用DS18B20和MSP430F449单片机组成多点温度检测系统.本系统的温度传感器精度高、体积小、测量电路简单,而且能够在低温下工作.     

冰层厚度自动化观测系统的试验研究

以河冰为例,在实验室中进行了三个冰生消变化过程中直流电微弱传导性质的试验。通过对大量测量数据的抽样分析,验证了冰的直流电传导性;总结了冰在生消变化过程中其直流传导性与冰、传导距离、直流电压的关系,得出了冰具有直流电微弱传导特性。利用这一性质,结合单片机及计算机图形学技术来实现对冰的生消变化及冰层厚度进行自动化观测。该研究成果可用于极地海冰厚度的自动化监测,为极地海冰厚度变化过程监测提供技术基础。     

橡胶颗粒沥青路面的除冰机理

为分析橡胶颗粒沥青混合料的除冰机理,研究冰的物理力学性质,通过分析橡胶颗粒沥青路面上冰层破坏的断裂力学,提出应变能密度因子准则作为判断冰层破坏的依据;针对不同温度、不同厚度的冰层,分析弹性模量与除冰效果之间的关系,得到不同弹性模量下的路表面最大变形量;研究超载情况下冰层的受力和变形情况以及弹性模量与除冰效果之间的关系;采用车辙仪法进行室内除冰模拟试验.研究结果表明:混合型断裂破坏是冰层破坏的主要形式,表现为复合型裂纹发生失稳扩展,呈一定辐射状分布,在行车荷载反复作用下,区域裂纹充分扩展或者裂纹分布密度达到一定饱和程度,进而引起冰的局部破碎;随着外界温度升高、冰层厚度减少和行车荷载增大,路表最大竖向位移和能够除冰的橡胶颗粒沥青混合料弹性模量逐渐增大,除冰效果越好;室内除冰模拟试验结果与理论分析结果较吻合,证明了理论分析的可靠性.     

青藏高原云的气候特征及其对地气系统的影响

利用ISCCPD2资料分析了青藏高原云宏观参量的时空分布特征,结合NCEP资料分析了不同云类与降水和气温的关系,利用CERES SSF MODIS Edition 3A资料分析了云对地气系统的辐射强迫作用.结果表明,青藏高原地区云量分布整体呈自东向西减少的态势;总云量、低云云量、总光学厚度和总云水路径的分布形势很相似;水高积云、水积云、卷云和冰高积云的云水路径及云光学厚度均较小,冰层云、冰雨层云和深对流云的云水路径及云光学厚度均较大;出现最多的是卷云,最少的是冰层云、冰层积云、冰积云和冰雨层云;青藏高原地区的水积云、水高积云、水高层云、卷云和卷层云的云量与降水一致.近20a,中高云量在青藏高原地区呈上升趋势,低云量则呈明显下降趋势,该结果可能导致青藏高原地区地面气温升高.青藏高原地区云的短波辐射强迫主导着云的净辐射强迫效应,且具有显著的季节变化.     

High interannual variability of sea ice thickness in the Arctic region

Possible future changes in Arctic sea ice cover and thickness, and consequent changes in the ice-albedo feedback, represent one of the largest uncertainties in the prediction of future temperature rise. Knowledge of the natural variability of sea ice thickness is therefore critical for its representation in global climate models. Numerical simulations suggest that Arctic ice thickness varies primarily on decadal timescales owing to changes in wind and ocean stresses on the ice, but observations have been unable to provide a synoptic view of sea ice thickness, which is required to validate the model results. Here we use an eight-year time-series of Arctic ice thickness, derived from satellite altimeter measurements of ice freeboard, to determine the mean thickness field and its variability from 65 degrees N to 81.5 degrees N. Our data reveal a high-frequency interannual variability in mean Arctic ice thickness that is dominated by changes in the amount of summer melt, rather than by changes in circulation. Our results suggest that a continued increase in melt season length would lead to further thinning of Arctic sea ice.     

Ice radar investigation at Dome A, East Antarctica: Ice thickness and subglacial topography

Dome A, located in the central East Antarctic ice sheet (EAIS), is the highest summit of the Antarctic ice sheet. From ice-sheet evolution modeling results, Dome A is likely to preserve over one million years of the Earth’s paleo-climatic and -environmental records, and considered an ideal deep ice core drilling site. Ice thickness and subglacial topography are critical factors for ice-sheet models to determine the timescale and location of a deep ice core. During the 21st and 24th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE 21, 2004/05; CHINARE 24, 2007/08), ground-based ice radar systems were used to a three-dimensional investigation in the central 30 km×30 km region at Dome A. The successfully obtained high resolution and accuracy data of ice thickness and subglacial topography were then interpolated into the ice thickness distribution and subglacial topography digital elevation model (DEM) with a regular grid resolution of 140.5 m×140.5 m. The results of the ice radar investigation indicate that the average ice thickness in the Dome A central 30 km×30 km region is 2233 m, with a minimal ice thickness of 1618 m and a maximal ice thickness of 3139 m at Kunlun Station. The subglacial topography is relatively sharp, with an elevation range of 949–2445 m. The typical, clear mountain glaciation morphology is likely to reflect the early evolution of the Antarctic ice sheet. Based on the ice thickness distribution and subglacial topography characteristics, the location of Kunlun Station was suggested to carry out the first high-resolution, long time-scale deep ice core drilling. However, the internal structure and basal environments at Kunlun Station still need further research to determine.     

基于空气与冰的电阻特性差异实现电力输电网覆冰自动检测

提出了一种基于空气与冰的电阻特性差异实现电力输电网线路与塔架覆冰厚度自动检测的新型覆冰厚度传感器及其检测方法.空气与冰的电阻值具有明显的数值差异,将被检测物体表面空间划分为空气、冰两种具有不同物理特征的区域并将其切割为多层空间,对各分层的电阻值进行检测,并根据其数值差异来综合测定电力输电线路与塔架表面覆冰厚度,从而实现在恶劣的野外工作环境下对电力输电网覆冰厚度变化进行自动连续监测的目的.     

基于实测冰芯数据的南极海冰厚度的数值模拟

根据我国第22次南极科学考察现场观测数据以及现场采集的冰芯分析数据,考虑太阳辐射、云量等因素对南极海冰厚度变化的影响,利用最小二乘法辨识气温与冰表面温度之间的关系,并以辨识结果所得到的冰表面温度作为上边界条件,依据实测情况取结冰点-1．81℃作为下边界条件,对一维热传导方程采用Crank-Nicolson格式进行离散,对南极中山站内拉湾附近海域海冰厚度变化进行了数值模拟,并与现场观测的海冰厚度数据进行了对比。     

GMS红外通道实时资料遥感海冰的研究

利用１９９４年１，２月的ＧＭＳ－４的红外亮温和可见光反照率资料，以辽江湾海冰为对象，得到了海冰参数的提以方法和冰厚遥感数字分布。根据冰水物理特性的差异，建立了冰水识别的判据，发现用亮温可以较好地识别冰水，由此和到了冰水区分的亮温疮阀值。     

Thickness of ice on perennially frozen lakes

The dry valleys of southern Victoria Land, constituting the largest ice-free expanse in the Antarctic, contain numerous lakes whose perennial ice cover is the cause of some unique physical and biological properties. Although the depth, temperature and salinity of the liquid water varies considerably from lake to lake, the thickness of the ice cover is remarkably consistent, ranging from 3.5 to 6 m, which is determined primarily by the balance between conduction of energy out of the ice and the release of latent heat at the ice-water interface and is also affected by the transmission and absorption of sunlight. In the steady state, the release of latent heat at the ice bottom is controlled by ablation from the ice surface. Here we present a simple energy-balance model, using the measured ablation rate of 30 cm yr-1, which can explain the observed ice thickness.     

基于高差系数的输电线路标准覆冰厚度模型及参数敏感性

目前现有覆冰监测系统覆冰厚度计算模型与实际情况相差较大,不能满足电网防冰抗冰实际需求的现状。基于现有拉力值反算覆冰厚度计算模型,提出拉力值质量控制方法,建立综合考虑线路设计冰厚、垂直档距、垂直荷载、水平应力等随覆冰厚度变化因素,同时提出杆塔高差系数对模型进行优化,减小模型参数过多造成计算结果不准确,并定量研究模型参数对计算结果的影响。研究表明:所建模型标准覆冰厚度结果与人工观冰之间的平均相对误差为14.09%,使原有模型计算准确度提高61%,更加接近于真实水平。同时,垂直档距随覆冰厚度呈非线性变化特征,在覆冰厚度为0～10 mm时垂直档距与覆冰厚度为二次函数关系,在10～40 mm时垂直档距与覆冰厚度为一次函数关系,覆冰厚度每增加1 mm,导致垂直档距减小约0.04 m。所得结论能够提升电力部门监测系统覆冰厚度计算准确性,同时能够为电力部门线路防冰、抗冰工作提供重要的科学指导意义。     

Preliminary results of ice radar investigation along the traverse between Zhongshan and Dome A in East Antarctic ice sheet: Ice thickness and subglacial topography

During the 24th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE 24, 2007/08), a ground-based ice radar was used to survey ice thickness and subglacial topography along the 1170 km traverse between Zhongshan and Dome A in East Antarctic ice sheet (EAIS). Ice-bedrock interface was detected along 82% of the traverse and data was collected at a horizontal resolution of <5.6 m. The data was processed to produce curves of ice thickness distribution and subglacial topography along the traverse. The results indicate that, along the traverse, the average ice thickness is 2037 m, smaller than the average ice thickness in EAIS; the thickest ice is at 730 km, and the thinnest ice (891 m) is at the edge of the ice sheet, but the slightly larger ice thickness (1078 m) in inland appears at 1020 km; the average subglacial topography elevation is 728 m, greatly larger than the average value in EAIS, and the largest elevation reaches up to 2650 m at 1034 km. The lowest terrain is located at 765 km. In further inland of 900–1170 km, the subglacial topography is relatively high due to the existence of the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains in the region. Generally, the influence of subglacial topography on ice surface is not significant, except at 900 km where great rise of subglacial topography causes evident uplift of ice surface. Where ice-bedrock interface was detected, the frequent and strong change of ice thickness and subglacial topography in small-scale means large bedrock roughness along the traverse, and is considered as the result of the integrated influence of ice flow, basal environments and geology. The segment where bedrock was not detected has very large ice thickness. The strong ice flow there also makes internal structure more complicated and induces serious attenuation of radar signals.     

磁致位移传感器冰雪厚度测量仪原理及其应用

基于磁致伸缩原理的位移传感器具有高精度、高稳定性、多位置测量的特点,据此研制了一种能同时测量冰/雪表面和冰底面变化的接触式冰雪厚度测量仪.该仪器被应用到低温实验室冰厚和南极固定冰区冰雪厚度的测量中.实验室历时540h,测量精度±0.13cm;现场应用持续6个月,测量精度±0.20cm.高精度的测量数据,特别是现场测量数据,为分析冰厚变化的细微过程提供了基础,为深入研究气-冰-海耦合过程,完善海冰热力学数值模型提供了支持.另外,该仪器还能为冰工程领域的研究提供技术支持.     

平衡冰塞厚度与水流条件和冰流量关系的试验研究

平衡冰塞出现时河道冰塞的厚度最大，它是冰塞发展过程中的一个重要阶段，又是开河冰塞的前期基础，对于凌洪灾害、冬季河床演变具有重要的影响。本文通过水槽试验，对平衡冰塞的形成与变化机理进行了试验研究，揭示了平衡冰塞厚度与冰流量及水流条件等因素间的相互关系，依据试验资料定性得出了平衡冰塞厚度计算的表达式，并分析了影响平衡时间的一些因素。