方向EMD分解与其在纹理分割中的应用

提出了方向EMD(Directional Empirical Mode Decomposition，简写为DEMD)的定义和框架并用来进行纹理分割．EMD是由Huang等人提出的新的时频分析工具．这种工具使用筛法对信号分解，再对成分的瞬时频率进行分析．虽然已有文章讨论将一维EMD推广到二维情况，但有两个方面还没有考虑：一方面是从二维EMD中提取特征，另一方面是考虑图像固有的方向性在二维EMD分解中的作用．文中考虑到这两方面，提出了DEMD的方法．这种方法在分解框架中考虑了图像的方向性，并从分解的每个成分中对每个点提出三个特征以进行图像处理．使用DEMD分解提取的特征进行纹理分割的实验说明了这种方法对于纹理处理的有效性．此外，给出了关于DEMD区分纹理在视觉上的解释．     

一种快速TMF的无监督SAR图像多类分割算法

三重Markov随机场(TMF)模型非常适合处理非平稳、非高斯图像的分割问题.为了降低模型和算法的复杂性,以满足对实测SAR图像处理的实时、稳健和高效的需求,文中提出了一种快速TMF的无监督SAR图像多类分割算法.该算法首先针对SAR图像的乘性斑点噪声,研究了SAR图像四叉树分解的数字特征、阈值选取及分解规则,使得在图像平滑区进行粗分解,而在图像边缘区进行细分解,将图像快速映射成一种新的基于边缘信息的pixon描述,然后再将TMF算法进行扩展,导出了基于边缘信息pixon描述的TMF新的势能函数,最后完成Bayes最大后验模型(MPM)分割.测试数据和实测SAR图像的仿真实验验证了快速TMF算法的有效性.     

基于Markov随机场和FRAME模型的无监督图像分割

提出了一种多纹理图像的无监督分割方法. 此方法应用两层的随机场模型对需要分割的图像进行建模. 第一层用Markov随机场(MRF)模型表示一个不可观测的区域图像, 第二层用“滤波器, 随机场和最大熵(FRAME)”模型表示覆盖每一个区域的纹理图像, 与传统的分层Markov随机场(HMRF)模型相比较, FRAME模型可以取较大的邻域系, 从而对更加复杂的图案式样进行建模. 根据Bayes定理, 分割问题被转化成一个最大后验(MAP)估计问题. 迭代条件模型(ICM)算法用来求解最大后验估计. 提出一个基于局部熵率的算法来简化MRF参数的估计, FRAME模型的参数用最大期望(EM)算法估计. 最后, 使用一些合成的和真实的图像分别来做实验, 实验结果表明该方法能有效地分割含有复杂纹理的图像, 并且对噪声有一定的鲁棒性.     

基于压缩感知思想的图像分块压缩与重构方法

压缩感知理论在数据获取、数据存储/传输、数据分析和处理方面有很大优势,成为近年来的研究热点.考虑到大多数图像信号信息分布有差异,编码端,在对图像分块的基础上,融合熵估计和边缘检测方法计算各图像块的信息含量,再从两个不同的角度进行分类采样:依据信息量多少将图像块分为平滑、过渡和纹理3类,使用不同的采样率采样;依据信息量的分布特征,采用不同的采样率分配策略进行采样.在解码端,根据不同类型的图像块构造不同的线性算子进行重构,再运用改进的迭代阈值算法去除块效应和噪声.实验证明,算法在提升图像重构质量的同时缩短了重构时间,并且对纹理边缘多的图像的重构效果较其他方法理想.     

基于最优小波包分解的图像隐写通用检测

基于图像最优小波包分解,提出了一类具有较高检测正确率的信息隐写通用型检测方法.首先基于Shannon熵计算信息代价函数,对图像进行最优小波包分解,并从分解得到的子带系数以及图像像素中提取直方图特征函数多阶绝对矩作为特征,然后对提取的特征进行预处理并设计BP神经网络分类器进行分类.针对不同的背景和应用环境,文中给出了3种不同的检测算法.针对LSB、PMK、LTSB、Jsteg、F5及JPHide等典型隐写算法的实验表明:此方法相比现有的典型通用检测方法,正确检测率提高约6.4%～15.4%,且具有更好的通用性,并可为设计基于最优小波包分解的模式识别和分类算法提供参考.     

Contourlet域的灰度水印技术研究

为了提高水印算法的鲁棒性和安全性,提出一种基于Contourlet域的双重置乱灰度图像水印算法.首先对灰度水印图像进行Arnold变换和Baker映射双重置乱处理,提高水印安全性；然后将宿主图像进行Contourlet分解为一系列多尺度、局部化、方向性的子带图像,最后选择Contourlet低频系数嵌入水印,并采用明提取的方法获取水印.实验结果表明,该算法能有效的抵抗JPEG压缩、噪声、剪裁等攻击,具有较好的不可见性和更强的稳健性.     

基于混合像元分解的遥感图像融合实用算法

传统的图像融合算法,如IHS变换、合成变量比、主成分替换等方法所得到的融合图像通常存在不同程度的光谱扭曲现象.一种基于混合像元分解的图像融合算法(FSMA)可以很好地保持图像的光谱信息,但该算法仅在以终端端元为先验知识的模拟数据中得到了成功的应用.分析表明,由于全色波段与多光谱波段光谱响应函数不同以及多光谱波段通常不能覆盖整个全色范围,原有的FSMA算法并不能直接应用到真实遥感数据中.文中提出了一种改进的基于混合像元分解的图像融合算法(IFSMA).该算法通过重构原有算法中优化问题的目标函数,降低了对利用多光谱数据模拟全色波段亮度值的难度,使得基于混合像元分解的图像融合算法可以推广应用到真实遥感数据中.实验结果表明,IFSMA算法在光谱信息和空间信息的保持方面均优于IHS变换、合成变量比、主成分替换以及原有的FSMA等算法.     

基于变分的图像分割算法

提出了一种新的基于变分的图像分割算法. 该算法以图像的边缘点为插值点，通过极小化一个能量函数产生光滑的阈值曲面，进而实现图像分割. 为了使所产生的阈值曲面保有原图像的边缘信息，同时又不过度锐化图像的边缘，采用非凸的能量函数，并通过引入二元能量函数，提出一种全局收敛的松弛算法，将一个非凸优化问题转化为一系列本质上的凸优化问题，从而克服了采用传统的梯度下降法会出现收敛速度较慢、甚至不收敛的困难. 实验结果验证了算法的有效性. 此外还初步探讨了相应优化问题求解过程中的参数确定问题.     

基于BP算法的纹理图象合成研究

针对目前纹理图象合成技术存在的弱点，应用人工神经网络BP算法实现了纹理图象的合成。通过对纹理图象的分析和特征提取来获取图象的各种参数信息，然后采用人工神经网络BP算法，建立BP网络模型，将原始图象的特征函数作为BP网络的输入，通过学习-训练，确定该图象的人工神经网络结构，并最终通过程序合成了纹理图象。     

基于双向非局部模型的图像插值

如何充分利用自然图像的自相似特性来进行图像恢复是近年来图像处理领域研究的热点问题之一.事实上,自相似体现为两方向相似结构,当一组相似块被安排成矩阵时,该矩阵的行与行、列与列之间均存在相似性.为此,提出一种双向非局部模型,该模型对称地利用了两方向相似结构,此外,该模型直接将相似块作为字典来表示每一图像块且对表示系数进行Tikhonov正则化.将双向非局部模型用于图像插值,获得了目前最好的恢复效果,无论峰值信噪比还是视觉质量,相比已有算法都有很大地提高.     

求同存异的非局部图像去噪

非局部方法是近年来图像恢复领域最重要的方法之一,这类方法的关键在于如何理解和描述自然图像的自相似性质.本文通过对自相似性质的深入分析,提出描述自相似性质的两个原则：1）＂两方向＂原则：利用隐含在图像中的两方向相关结构.2）＂求同存异＂原则：利用相似性的同时保持各相似块之间的相对差异.然后利用奇异值分解建立了一种符合这两个原则的非局部图像去噪模型.该模型能获得很好的去噪效果.     

基于四元数表达的模糊矢量形态学算子

由于经典的形态学算子不能直接拓展到彩色图像处理中,提出一类基于四元数表达的模糊矢量形态学算子.该算子利用四元数表达彩色图像并结合其分解特性,将彩色图像的模值、四元数的垂直分量和角度信息作为词典编纂顺序的3个边缘分量.3个分量一方面去除了彩色图像多通道数据的相关性,另一方面更便于词典编纂顺序等级的划分.并利用模糊数学解决了现有词典编纂顺序存在的等级判定难以深层进入的问题,给出了基于四元数表达的模糊矢量排序算法.与现有的矢量排序算法相比,新的矢量排序算法同时考虑了各分量的作用,并将判定进行到词典编纂顺序的最后一层,实现了矢量的正确排序.基于新的矢量排序规则,定义了矢量形态学算子,并将新的矢量形态学算子应用于彩色图像滤波、分割中.实验结果表明,与现有的矢量形态学算子相比,新的矢量形态学算子在平滑彩色图像噪声的同时保留了图像细节,并能正确地分割多类彩色图像,具有较高的鲁棒性及实用性.     

Why do EMD‐based methods improve prediction? A multiscale complexity perspective

Empirical mode decomposition (EMD)‐based ensemble methods have become increasingly popular in the research field of forecasting, substantially enhancing prediction accuracy. The key factor in this type of method is the multiscale decomposition that immensely mitigates modeling complexity. Accordingly, this study probes this factor and makes further innovations from a new perspective of multiscale complexity. In particular, this study quantitatively investigates the relationship between the decomposition performance and prediction accuracy, thereby developing (1) a novel multiscale complexity measurement (for evaluating multiscale decomposition), (2) a novel optimized EMD (OEMD) (considering multiscale complexity), and (3) a novel OEMD‐based forecasting methodology (using the proposed OEMD in multiscale analysis). With crude oil and natural gas prices as samples, the empirical study statistically indicates that the forecasting capability of EMD‐based methods is highly reliant on the decomposition performance; accordingly, the proposed OEMD‐based methods considering multiscale complexity significantly outperform the benchmarks based on typical EMDs in prediction accuracy.     

改进的多方向融合图像插值算法

为了解决数字图像插值过程中出现的边缘模糊和锯齿现象,提出一种改进的多方向融合图像插值算法.该算法将图像分为平坦区域和边缘区域,平坦区域采用双线性插值算法进行插值,边缘区域采用多方向融合算法进行插值.实验结果表明,该算法运算复杂度小,其结果在主观视觉效果和客观指标方面都有很大的改善,且适用于任意倍数的插值放大.     

一种基于Arnold变换的图像Hash算法

提出一种基于Arnold变换的图像hash算法。算法首先将原始图像经过Arnold置乱变换得到加密图像，然后将原始图像与加密图像的差值矩阵由若干混沌序列生成的伪随机矩阵进行调制，最后将调制后的结果矩阵进行量化判决以产生固定长度的图像Hash序列。仿真结果表明，该算法对JPEG压缩、低通滤波、图像缩放等操作有一定的鲁棒性。     

A generalized regression model based on hybrid empirical mode decomposition and support vector regression with back-propagation neural network for mid-short-term load forecasting

Since load forecasting plays a decisive role in the safe and stable operation of power systems, it is particularly important to explore forecasting methods accurately. In this article, the hybrid empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and support vector regression (SVR) with back-propagation neural network (BPNN), namely the EMDHR-SVR-BPNN model, is proposed. Information theory is mainly used to solve the data tendency problem, and the EMD method is used to solve the data volatility problem. There is no interaction between these two methods; thus these two models can complement each other through generalized regression of orthogonal decomposition. Taking the load data from the New South Wales (NSW, Australia) market as an example, the obtained simulation results are compared with other models. It is concluded that the proposed EMDHR-SVR-BPNN model not only improves the forecasting accuracy but also has good fitting ability. It can reflect the changing tendency of data in a timely manner, providing a strong basis for the electricity generation of the power sector in the future, thus reducing electricity waste. The proposed EMDHR-SVR-BPNN model has potential for employment in mid-short term load forecasting.     

基于太赫兹时域光谱图像序列的运动检测研究

太赫兹时域光谱（THz-TDS）图像是一种新的图像形式，THz—TDS图像的每个像素点是一个一维时间脉冲信号，该信号承载了像素点位置处目标材料在太赫兹（THz）波段的吸收谱或散射谱：由于THz频段覆盖了许多有机大分子和半导体材料分子振动和转动的频率，可以预计，随着THz技术发展的不断深入，THz—TDS技术乃至THz—TDS图像分析技术将会成为研究这些材料基础问题的重要手段。本文针对THz-TDS图像的特点，提出了一种对在THz-TDS图像序列中的目标微小运动进行检测和估计的方法。该方法通过假设目标材料的局部THz特性保持守恒，导出了目标物的运动方程，并通过引入矢量同质微分概念，给出了该方程的近似求解方法。本文最后给出的实验结果验证了方法的可行性和有效性.     

A new PM2.5 concentration forecasting system based on AdaBoost-ensemble system with deep learning approach

A reliable and efficient forecasting system can be used to warn the general public against the increasing PM_2.5 concentration. This paper proposes a novel AdaBoost-ensemble technique based on a hybrid data preprocessing-analysis strategy, with the following contributions: (i) a new decomposition strategy is proposed based on the hybrid data preprocessing-analysis strategy, which combines the merits of two popular decomposition algorithms and has been proven to be a promising decomposition strategy; (ii) the long short-term memory (LSTM), as a powerful deep learning forecasting algorithm, is applied to individually forecast the decomposed components, which can effectively capture the long-short patterns of complex time series; and (iii) a novel AdaBoost-LSTM ensemble technique is then developed to integrate the individual forecasting results into the final forecasting results, which provides significant improvement to the forecasting performance. To evaluate the proposed model, a comprehensive and scientific assessment system with several evaluation criteria, comparison models, and experiments is designed. The experimental results indicate that our developed hybrid model considerably surpasses the compared models in terms of forecasting precision and statistical testing and that its excellent forecasting performance can guide in developing effective control measures to decrease environmental contamination and prevent the health issues caused by a high PM_2.5 concentration.     

Can online search data improve the forecast accuracy of pork price in China?

Online search data provide us with a new perspective for quantifying public concern about animal diseases, which can be regarded as a major external shock to price fluctuations. We propose a modeling framework for pork price forecasting that incorporates online search data with support vector regression model. This novel framework involves three main steps: that is, formulation of the animal diseases composite indexes (ADCIs) based on online search data; forecast with the original ADCIs; and forecast improvement with the decomposed ADCIs. Considering that there are some noises within the online search data, four decomposition techniques are introduced: that is, wavelet decomposition, empirical mode decomposition, ensemble empirical mode decomposition, and singular spectrum analysis. The experimental study confirms the superiority of the proposed framework, which improves both the level and directional prediction accuracy. With the SSA method, the noise within the online search data can be removed and the performance of the optimal model is further enhanced. Owing to the long-term effect of diseases outbreak on price volatility, these improvements are more prominent in the mid- and long-term forecast horizons.     

Ensemble Forecasting for Complex Time Series Using Sparse Representation and Neural Networks

Based on the concept of ‘decomposition and ensemble’, a novel ensemble forecasting approach is proposed for complex time series by coupling sparse representation (SR) and feedforward neural network (FNN), i.e. the SR‐based FNN approach. Three main steps are involved: data decomposition via SR, individual forecasting via FNN and ensemble forecasting via a simple addition method. In particular, to capture various coexisting hidden factors, the effective decomposition tool of SR with its unique virtues of flexibility and generalization is introduced to formulate an overcomplete dictionary covering diverse bases, e.g. exponential basis for main trend, Fourier basis for cyclical (and seasonal) features and wavelet basis for transient actions, different from other techniques with a single basis. Using crude oil price (a typical complex time series) as sample data, the empirical study statistically confirms the superiority of the SR‐based FNN method over some other popular forecasting models and similar ensemble models (with other decomposition tools). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.