Regulation of eight avr genes by hrpG and hrpX in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and their role in pathogenicity

Eight putative avirulence genes in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) strain 8004 were characterized by Tn5gusA5 mutagenesis and gene expression analysis. The virulence test of mutants on Chinese radish showed that all mutants in individual avr genes except avrBs2 mutant were not significantly different from the wild type in virulence. The avrBs2 mutant showed reduced virulence and bacterial growth in planta. Gene expression analysis using β-glucuronidase as reporter indicated that avrBs1.1，avrBs1，avrXccB，avrXccC，avrXccE1 were regulated by hrpG, whereas avrXccA1, avrXccA2 and avrBs2 were not. RT-PCR analysis showed that all hrpG-regulated genes except avrBs1 were also regulated by hrpX. In addition, it was demonstrated that avrBs1　 was responsible for elicitation of a type III dependent hypersensitive reaction (HR) on nonhost plant pepper ECW-10R, and wild type Xcc 8004 was unable to cause HR on pepper ECW-20R.     

野油菜黄单胞菌8004胞外酶及多糖合成正负调控基因在X.c.NK01菌中功能初探

利用野油菜黄单胞菌（Xanthomonascompestris）8004正、负调控胞外酶及多糖合成的基因片断分别经三亲本接合方法导入黄单胞菌NK01抗性突变株中，测定接合于四种胞外酶活力和多糖合成能力，确定该正、负调控基因对NK01的作用．结果表明，负调控基因作用明显，使NK01胞外多糖及胞外酶产量显著降低，正调控基因未见明显的胞外酶及多糖合成的增强作用．本文并对正、负调控基因的作用方式作了初步探讨．     

转座子诱变甘蓝黑腐病菌所获胞外多糖突变体的类型

据对转转子Ｔｎ５ｇｕｓＡ５诱变甘蓝黑腐病民获得３９株胞外多糖突变休的３种胞外酶活性和在含２％葡萄ＮＹＧＡ培养基上的菌落形态的检测结果，将突变株分成５种类型。Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交结果表明它们的突变位于基因组中的８个不同的位置，其中１个位于已鉴定的ｒｐｆ调控基因簇。     

野油菜黄单胞菌NK－01生物合成黄原胶的分子遗传学分析

本文采用甲基磺酸乙酯（ＥＭＳ）诱变野油菜黄单胞菌ＮＫ－０１得到多糖合成缺陷的不产粘突变株。经ＳａｌＩ部分酶切得到ＮＫ－０１染色体ＤＮＡ片段，将其连接到广泛寄主载体ｐＲＫ２９３上，在Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉＨＢ１０１中建立完整的ＮＫ－０１基因文库。在协助质粒ｐＲＫ２０１３存在下，不产多糖突变株分别与含基因文库的Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ菌落群进行三亲接合转移，筛选具有卡那霉素抗性的产粘接合后体。对接合后体进行重组质粒的酶切分析表明，所克隆的ＤＮＡ具有片段重叠。上述重组质粒对另外９株不产多糖突变株互补检测及遗传学分析表明，１３．４ｋｂ的ＤＮＡ片段含有合成黄原胶所必需的基因。     

突变野油菜黄单胞菌α-淀粉酶基因在酿酒酵母中的整合表达

用定向进化的一种新方法,对野油菜黄单胞菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris)的α-淀粉酶基因(XAMY)进行PCR体外诱变后获得了一个编码的酶活性提高的突变基因,将其克隆到由rDNA序列介导的酵母整合型表达载体pHBM368上,得到重组质粒pHBM368XA.将pHBM368XA转化酿酒酵母S.cerevisiae INVScⅠ,获得了整合型分泌表达α-淀粉酶的酵母重组菌株XA01.对选择的3个工程菌α-淀粉酶表达的稳定性进行了检测,结果表明在完全培养基中连续培养80代,淀粉酶的酶活性仍然保持稳定.在淀粉酶自身信号肽引导下,胞外分泌效率可达50%.     

Cloning of fiber-specific cDNAs and their structural variations in 4 fiber mutants

A mRNA preferentially expressed in cotton fiber was cloned from fiber total RNA of normal upland cotton TM-1 (wild-type) by using RT-PCR and corresponding cDNA (signed as TM-E6) was sequenced. TM-E6 gene had no intron and contained an open reading frame of 771 bp long, and might encode a peptide of 246 amino acids. Other 4 genes, Fl-E6, Li-E6, N-E6 and Bl-E6, which were homologous to TM-E6 gene, were also isolated from 4 fiber mutants of Fiberless Xu-zhou 142, Ligon lintless, Naked seed and Brown lint, respectively. Sequence analysis of each of these mutant genes revealed many variations in structure and nucleotide composition of gene when compared with the sequence of TM-E6 gene. (ⅰ) There was a changeable repetitive segment in which GGCTCA (Gly-Ser) was repeated 3—5 times between the 82nd and the 93rd codons in different mutant genes. Since the change of Gly-Ser repetitive segment occurred not only in the mutants but also in the wild-type cotton, the repeat frequency might not be associated with the mutation of fiber characteristics. (ⅱ) Among the 4 mutant genes, the percentage of changed codons was 7.05% in Fl-E6, 4.98% in Li-E6, and 4.15% in N-E6 and Bl-E6. It seems that the percentage of changed codons in E6 sequence was positively correlated to the degree of fiber morphological variation. (ⅲ) E6 polypeptides of two long-fiberless mutants (Fiberless Xuzhou 142 and Ligon lintless) contained high similar (99.4%) variation in the region of 1—174 amino acids from N-terminus, and those of short-fiberless mutants (Fiberless Xuzhou and naked seed) revealed identical variation in the region of 116th—220th amino acids. It also seems that there was a parallel relation between E6 protein variation and fiber phenotype mutation. (ⅳ) Li-E6 and Bl-E6 genes also expressed at low level in seed coat besides at high level in fiber.     

Effect of Residue Mutation on the Electrostatic Potential in EcCIC

The effect of mutation of strongly conserved porelining residues in the chloride channel EcClC on the electrostatic potential and binding free energy of the chloride ion was studied using explicit protein-membrane structures. Electrostatic potential distribution and binding free energy of the chloride ion at different binding sites in the wild-type and mutated EcClC were calculated with APBS. The potential data reveal that the electrostatic potential around the selectivity filter, especially around the site Sext and Scen becomes more negative as the residue R147 was mutated to C147. The electrostatic binding free energy shows that the binding free energy of the chloride ion at all binding sites becomes more positive as R147 was mutated. It follows that mutation of R147 decreases ion stabilization at binding sites and affects channel＇s gating.     

Pathogenicity of EPS-deficient mutants (gumB-, gumD and gumE - ) of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris

Three extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) -deficient mutants of the pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, gumB - , gumD - and gumE- were constructed by Tn5 gusA5 mutagenesis in this study. The results of pathogenicity bioassay showed that three mutants had the obviously decreased pathogenicity on radish ( Raphanus sativus L. ) leaves. Because dead body of the bacteria still caused symptoms, it seemed that some unknown factors on the bac terial cell surface might play certain roles in the pathogenicity of the pathogen. The extracted raw EPS could lead to the chlorotic symptom on radish leaves, and its virulence was increased with the increase of EPS dosage, which suggested that EPS was a main component that caused the danage on radish leaves.     

Cytogenetic Mapping of Disease Resistance Genes and Analysis of Their Distribution Features on Chromosomes in Maize

0　IntroductionMaizeisamongthemostintensivelystudiedspeciesingeneticsandoneofagronomicallythemostimportantplants.Therearemanydis easemicrobesandpeststoattackmaize,whichre sultsinlowproductionandbadquality .Withthedevelopmentofverydensegeneticmapconstruc tion ,avarietyoftheimportantdiseaseresistancegenesofmaizeincludingHelminthosporiumtur ciumPassresistancegenesHt1,Htn1andHt2 ,HelminthosporiummaydisNisikresistancegenesRhm1andRhm2 ,maizedwarfmosaicvirusresis tancegeneMdm1,wheatstreakmosaicvi…     

Molecular cloning of a fulllength cDNA for ECBP21 from Angelica dahurica

ECBP21 is an extracellular calmodulin-binding protein which was first detected and purified from extracellular extracts of suspension-cultured cells of Angelica dahurica. The purified protein was electroblotted onto PVDF membrane and the amino acid sequences from 1 to 20 were determined. Using degenerate oligonucleotides of the sequence, a full-length cDNA coding for ECBP21 was isolated by a combination of RT-PCR and 5′-RACE cloning. The cDNA contains 947 nucleotides and codes for a precursor protein of 216 amino acids. The N-terminal 1–25 amino acid sequence is a predicted signal peptide and the other 26–216 amino acid sequence is a mature peptide. The 26–45 amino acid sequence shows identity with the N-terminal amino acid sequence of purified ECBP21 from Angelica dahurica. The fragment of encoding the mature protein was cloned into pET-28b(+) and transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3). A protein with relative molecular mass 21 ku was expressed in E. coli. Using a biotinylated-CaM gel overlay technique, the expression protein was tested for its ability to bind CaM. The results indicated that the expression protein is a Ca²⁺-dependent CaM-binding protein. Thus, these results further defined the cDNA clone for ECBP21. This work laid a foundation for elucidating biological functions of ECBP21 by using molecular biological means.     

Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer

Cancers arise owing to the accumulation of mutations in critical genes that alter normal programmes of cell proliferation, differentiation and death. As the first stage of a systematic genome-wide screen for these genes, we have prioritized for analysis signalling pathways in which at least one gene is mutated in human cancer. The RAS RAF MEK ERK MAP kinase pathway mediates cellular responses to growth signals. RAS is mutated to an oncogenic form in about 15% of human cancer. The three RAF genes code for cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinases that are regulated by binding RAS. Here we report BRAF somatic missense mutations in 66% of malignant melanomas and at lower frequency in a wide range of human cancers. All mutations are within the kinase domain, with a single substitution (V599E) accounting for 80%. Mutated BRAF proteins have elevated kinase activity and are transforming in NIH3T3 cells. Furthermore, RAS function is not required for the growth of cancer cell lines with the V599E mutation. As BRAF is a serine/threonine kinase that is commonly activated by somatic point mutation in human cancer, it may provide new therapeutic opportunities in malignant melanoma.     

Glu101对保持中心蛋白正常构象作用的研究——光谱法研究稀土离子与八肋游仆虫中心蛋白作用对蛋白构象的影响

通过位点直接突变法将八肋游仆虫中心蛋白101位保守的Glu突变成Lys,得到突变蛋白E101K.利用疏水性探针TN S研究了突变对Tb^3＋与蛋白作用时蛋白构象变化的影响.结果表明,相对于钙饱和的蛋白,铽的饱和对蛋白构象变化的影响更大.同时,共振光散射研究表明,Glu101对保持蛋白适当的构象变化行为起着至关重要的作用.     

Expression and characterization of HGV E2 cDNA inPichia pastoris

A 559 base pair fragment of cDNA locating at the putative E2 region of GBV-C/HGV was inserted intoPichia pastoris expression vector pPIC9K in the reading frame of α-factor secreting signal peptide. The recombinant expression plasmid pPIC9K-E2 was introduced intoP. pastoris GS 115 with electroporation and recombined with the host genome by homological recombination. The His⁺Mut⁺ recombinant yeasts were selected and cultivated in the BMMY medium. After 3 days induction with 0.5% methanol, the target protein (E2) accumulated up to 30% of total proteins in the supernatant. The expressed E2 protein was proved possessing antigenicity and high specificity with Western blot and ELISA probed with sera from the immunized rabbits and the patients infected by GBV-C/HGV. Biography: Wang Zhuo-hua (1977-), female, Master, research direction: genetic engineering pharmaceuticals.     

从猪粪中分离抗铜大肠杆菌及其抗铜基因的初步定位

 从云南昆明周边的4个养猪场采集不同年龄段的猪粪样品,分离猪粪中的大肠杆菌.从分离到的大肠杆菌中发现了具有金属铜抗性的菌株并统计出抗性菌株的发生率.摸索了测定硫酸铜对抗铜性大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)的方法,接合实验确定抗铜基因是否位于可移动的接合质粒上.实验结果初步表明抗铜大肠杆菌的发生率与饲料中添加硫酸铜的量成正相关性,且72%的抗性菌株中的抗铜基因位于可移动的接合质粒上.     

Ogura CMS紫菜苔与萝卜双二倍体的获得及细胞遗传学研究

以Ogura CMS紫菜苔(AA,2n=20)为母本,以不同萝卜品种(RR,2n=18)为父本进行杂交,获得了大量的属间杂种。从杂种F_1中发现了2株染色体自然加倍的双二倍体。在形态上双二倍体与未加倍的杂种F_1相似,都表现父本萝卜的白花性状,蜜腺正常,低温下子叶及真叶均不缺绿。在减数分裂中期Ⅰ双二倍体多数细胞形成19个二价体,后期Ⅰ时染色体以19:19的方式分配到两极,最后形成具有19条染色体的配子。通过对可染花粉比例、全株种子粒数及平均每个有效角果种子粒数的比较发现,虽然双二倍体的花药比未加倍的杂种F_1发育要好得多,但是双二倍体的育性还是低于未加倍的杂种F_1,尽管未加倍的杂种F_1在减数分裂时多数染色体以单价体的形式存在,同时也有二价体、三价体甚至四价体的形成,并且存在落后染色体和染色体桥。推测Ogura CMS紫菜苔×萝卜属间杂种F_1的育性除了减数分裂染色体的配对有关之外,与双亲染色体上基因的相互作用也有重要关系。对该杂种的遗传及育种意义进行了讨论。     

Roles of Phe58 residue in stabilizing structure of cytochrome b<Subscript>5</Subscript>

To understand effect of π-stacking interactions between the side chain of aromatic amino acids and the porphyrin ring on structures and properties in cytochrome b₅ (cyt b₅), the Phe58 residue was mutated to tyrosine and tryptophan, respectively by site-directed mutagenesis. The denaturation of cyt b₅ F58W and F58Y toward guanidine hydrochloride was examined by UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. The kinetics of heme transfer reactions between apo-myoglobin and the mutants were studied. The results indicated that the mutation of F58 residue for Y58 or W58 reduced the interaction between of peptide and the heme group, resulting in decrease of the T _m and C _m values of the proteins, increase of the heme transfer reaction rate, and shifts of the redox potential.