基于COSMIC数据开展全球电离层foF2建模及变化特征研究

电离层foF2是短波通信、天波超视距雷达系统所需的关键环境参数,本文使用2006-2014年COMSIC掩星电离层数据和多项式方法,自主构建了高精度全球电离层foF2经验模型,并使用2015-2019年观测数据进行独立检验。本模型结果与建模及独立检验时段电离层foF2观测数据的相关系数分别为0.948和0.937,平均偏差分别为2.38%和3.08%,相对误差分别为11.72%和12.69%。利用该模型研究了电离层foF2时空变化特征,结果表明电离层foF2日夜变化幅度随纬度增加而变大,春秋分季期间南半球日夜变化幅度显著高于北半球,而夏季半球则远低于冬季半球。电离层foF2季节变化幅度随纬度增加而变大,夜间电离层foF2的季节变化以年特征为主,白天则包含了显著的年、半年特征,夜间季节变化幅度明显高于白天,南半球显著高于北半球。电离层foF2中纬槽现象主要出现在春秋分季夜间,经度方向四波结构主要出现在太阳活动低年和春秋分季期间。     

电场对暴时低纬电离层foF2变化的影响

电场在低纬电离层的演化过程中扮演着重要角色. 以2003年10～11月的两次强磁暴事件为例, 分析105°E附近由赤道区域扰动电场引起的等离子体输运对低纬指定区域内电离层的影响, 并用电离层模型SAMI2进行数值模拟. 研究表明, 电场能引起电离层foF2的复杂变化. 在2003年11月19～24日孤立磁暴事件中, 扰动电场在电离层暴初期起主导作用, 向上和向极漂移的等离子体造成赤道异常峰南侧海口站电离层负暴和北侧重庆及兰州站正暴. 在2003年10月28日～11月2日连续磁暴事件中, 电离层暴初期以电场影响为主, 随后电场和中性扰动成分共同作用于电离层, 表现出复杂的暴时变化. 电场扰动能迅速引起电离层的响应, 只是后者能维持较长时间. 上述结果对区域电离层短期预报具有重要意义.     

震前电离层扰动研究进展及汶川地震前电离层变化

介绍了近年来国内外对震前电离层异常扰动研究进展,大量新的观测证据显示,地震活动前的电离层扰动确实存在,而且在震级大于5级的地震发生前几天到几个小时内的孕震区上空会发生显著电离层扰动。针对2008年5月12日发生的里氏8.0级汶川大地震事件,通过利用漠河、北京、武汉和三亚的地基GPS测量获得的垂直电子总含量(VTEC)数据,北京地面测高仪测量的F_2层临界频率和Es临界频率等参量,考察中国上空电离层在地震前的变化情况,发现地震前1～6 d中,5月6-7,10-11日,白天电子浓度比5月1-5日的值偏低。但f_0E_s增强。5月9日日落后中低纬电子浓度出现异常增强,而这段时间地磁活动平静。探求这些异常变化的机制则需收集更多资料做进一步的研究。     

磁暴对夜间中低电离层影响的数值模拟

从电子连续方程、电子运动方程以及离子运动方程出发,选用IRI-90电子浓度为磁暴初始时的浓度,并采用HEDIN-90剪切时变中性风模式,对中低纬电离层F层在磁暴期间的变化形态进行了数值模拟研究.模拟结果表明:磁暴会引起电离层产生不同程度的扰动,在磁暴时存在的东西方向电场的作用下,电离层F层峰产生垂直漂移.不同情况的模拟表明:不同强度的暴时电场会对电离层F层产生不同的影响,并且纬度越低F层受暴时电场的影响越大,这与磁暴期间观测到的电波实验现象一致.     

基于GPS的电离层行扰探测

在基于电离层薄层模型的情况下,利用GPS探测技术研究了电离层在2003年3月31日发生扰动的事件.研究结果表明:在2003年3月31日期间发生了两类大尺度电离层行扰(TID),一类可能是由于磁暴期间极光区极光电急流的焦耳加热所激发的,其扰动幅度约为1.4TECU,扰动速度约为350m/s,扰动主周期约为40min,基本是向赤道方向传播的;另一类可能是由东南沿海的热带风暴所激发的,其扰动幅度为1.11 TECU,扰动速度为479 m/s,扰动主周期约为40min,沿西北方向传播.     

中国东部地区电离层foF2在第22-23太阳活动周时空变化特性

利用我国覆盖高中纬到低纬5个台站第22-23太阳活动周(1995-2006)的foF2每日整点观测数据,分析研究了中国地区foF2的纬度变化、太阳活动变化、日变化、月变化、季节变化、半年变化、年变化和地磁活动变化等变化特性.结果表明:foF2随地理纬度变化,呈负相关关系,即纬度越低,其值越大;foF2与太阳活动F107...     

低地磁扰期间海南电离层F2层临界频率的观测与IRI预测结果的对比研究

国际参考电离层模型(IRI)是非常有影响的电离层经验模型之一,利用该模型对我国东亚地区,尤其是海南低纬度地区,进行长期预测的效果尚未研究。通过对一个太阳活动周(2002~2012年)期间海南观测站(19.5°N,109.1°E)数字测高仪DPS-4D观测到的电离层临界频率foF2在低地磁扰动条件下的月中值日变化、季节变化和年变化进行了分析;并与相应的IRI-2012模型预报值进行了对比研究。结果表明:1观测到的foF2存在着明显的冬季异常和半年异常现象,对太阳活动存在着明显的依赖关系;2IRI-2012模型预报值虽给出了海南foF2的基本观测特征,但细节上IRI模型预测值与观测值还是存在着地方时、季节和年度偏差,主要表现为:在太阳活动低年模型存在高估;在太阳下降年期间模型存在低估;在太阳活动较高时期模型存在明显的分季低估,冬、夏季高估;整体上,多数偏差率在±20%以内。偏差率较大的时段主要集中在0500-0800LT,这与以前研究结果基本一致。这些结果对进一步完善IRI模型,尤其是在中国低纬度地区foF2预测参数方面,具有重要的参考价值。     

电离层在地震短临预报中的应用

总结了能够引起电离层扰动的各种因素,包括太阳活动、地磁活动、大气波动、剧烈天气以及其它方面(例如地震、火山以及人类活动等);提出了地震电离层前兆研究的一般步骤流程:地震事例筛选-电离层观测参量筛选-异常识别与提取-地震电离层前兆确认;介绍了目前地震影响电离层的三种可能途径:化学、机械波和电磁途径;总结了地震电离层前兆地基和天基监测手段;最后提出了地震电离层前兆研究的几个重点需要解决的问题.     

电离层中标准电波的Doppler频移

指出了电离层的结构对电波传播过程的影响：使标准电波产生DOPPLER频移，并给出了标准电波的频移△f与标准电波的频率f之间的定性关系：（1）当电离层的层状结构随高度变化很小时：△f∝f，这时的频移主要是由反射高度的变化引起的；（2）当折射指数μ变化很小，并且忽略电子碰撞和地磁影响时，△f∝1/f，这时的频移主要是由群路径上μ的变化（即大气浓度的变化）引起的，标准电波的频移主要是由两个方面的因素引起的，从积分路径上看，频移与群路径本身的变化有关，即与反射高度的变化有关；从积分变量上看，频移与路径上折射率指数的变化有关，而折射率指数的变化主要体现在电离层中电子浓度的变化，正因为电波的频移与电离层之间的关系如此密切，对电波频移的探测就显得尤为重要，由此可以预测到电离层的许多突发性事件。     

电离层对耀斑响应的GPS观察研究

利用1997－1999年全球日地电离层观测卫星的耀斑观测资料以及全球定位系统（GPS）网的观测资料，对不同级别耀斑爆发期间的电离层总电子含量（TEC）随时间的变化特点,TEC增幅及其与X射线最大辐射通量之间的关系进行了研究，利用缓变型耀斑爆发期间的GPS观测数据，分析了电离层对此类耀斑的响应特点。     

Design and implementation of hardware architecture in ionospheric oblique backscattering sounding system

The ionospheric oblique backscattering sounding system can not only be used to detect the state of ionosphere and the condition of high frequency channel in real time, but also be used for over-the-horizon sounding. So, it has a very high military and civil value. For the characteristics of ionospheric oblique backscattering sounding, such as long sounding distance, wake echo, strong background noise, slow moving target, etc., a hardware platform of ionospheric oblique backscattering sounding system is designed. This platform adopts the technology of software radio and is designed as a new kind of general-purpose, modularized, software-based ionosonde that is based on VXI (Versa module eurocard eXtensions for Instrumentation) bus. At present, this hardware platform has been successfully used in actual ionospheric oblique backscattering sounding, and the experimental results demonstrate that this system can satisfy the demands of ionospheric oblique backscattering sounding preferably. Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40474066)     

Design of the signal processor for an ionospheric sounding system

On the basis of the analysis of the system sounding principle, this paper introduced a new type of ionospheric oblique backscattering sound system, which is based on the pseudo- random noise phase modulated pulse compression. According to the high requirements of real-time and a large amount of computation and echo characteristics, a high-speed real-time signal processing system was established and the design of system hardware and software was focused on. The sounding results indicate that the system is equipped to handle the data fast and has a high degree of software features. It is of great significance for the realization of fast, real-time ionospheric sounding means.      

Variation properties of ionospheric eclipse factor and ionospheric influence factor

The concepts and calculation methods of ionospheric eclipse factor (IEF) and ionospheric influence factor (IFF) are further illustrated. The temporal an d spacial variation properties of IEF and IFF are studied, which shows that the properties are influenced by the geographic position and season. The possibility of improving the precision of using GPS data to determine ionospheric delay bas ed on the above variation properties is also analysed.     

Analysis of ionospheric anomalies before the 2011 <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>w</Subscript> 9.0 Japan earthquake

On March 11, 2011, a large earthquake of Mw=9.0 occurred near the east coast of Honshu, Japan. This paper investigates preearthquake ionospheric anomalies during the earthquake period, using data from global navigation satellite systems and ionosonde stations near the epicenter. A clear anomaly that occurred on March 8 lasted 6 hours. Eliminating ionospheric anomalies that may have been caused by solar activities and magnetic storms, we believe that a positive anomaly on March 8 was very possibly an ionospheric precursor. The affected ionospheric area on March 8, which is evident on a vertical total electron content distribution map, extended to 50° in longitude and 20° in latitude, with length ratio approximately 3:1. The anomaly peak arose from 15:00-19:00 LT, and its location did not coincide with the vertical projection of the epicenter, but was instead to its south. Corresponding ionospheric anomalies are also observed in the magnetically conjugated region. There were no obvious ionospheric anomalies in other parts of the world. To analyze changes in the ionospheric anomaly, computerized ionospheric tomography technology was used to invert the spatial and temporal distribution of electron density in the ionosphere. The ionospheric anomaly on March 8, 2011 is suggested to be an ionospheric precursor of the March 11 earthquake in Japan.     

BD星基增强系统格网电离层延迟算法的研究

随着北斗卫星导航系统的发展日益成熟,开发基于北斗的星基增强系统已刻不容缓,而电离层误差是影响星基增强系统定位精度的重要误差源。利用中国大陆构造环境监测网络的10个GNSS参考站在2016年3月20日的观测数据,验证了基于北斗导航系统的星基增强系统格网电离层修正算法在中国地区部分站点的修正精度,与Klobuchar模型修正法进行了对比,并检验了格网电离层垂直延迟的修正误差GIVE。结果表明,格网电离层修正算法的修正精度普遍优于Klobuchar模型修正法;修正误差也在正常范围内,进一步说明格网电离层延迟算法在中国地区的应用是可行的。     

Study of the ionospheric anomaly before the Wenchuan earthquake

The behavior of the ionosphere before the Wenchuan earthquake is analyzed with the global TEC and ionospheric foF2 observed at Xiamen. It can be found from TEC maps that in the afternoon (16―18LT) on May 9, 2008, 3 days before the earthquake, there is an enhancement of TEC with an amplitude of 10―15 TECU appearing in the east-south direction of Wenchuan, and another enhancement appears at the conjugate region of the Southern Hemisphere with an amplitude of 10 TECU, but no obvious in-crement or decrement can be seen in other regions on global scale. It can also be found that on May 6 (6 days before the great earthquake), there is a decrement of TEC with small amplitude of 4TECU and larger area with 80° along the longitude in southern China, and there is no synchronous decrement observed at the conjugate region of the Southern Hemisphere. There are also many anomalies ob-served by ionosondes across China. The result shows that foF2 and TEC abnormally increased, which is different from pervious results that ionospheric parameters decreased prior to earthquakes. Pre-liminary results suggest that the enhancement on May 9 maybe has a close relationship with the pos-sible enhancement of ionospheric electric fields, and it may be an ionospheric precursor of earth-quakes. Whereas the decrement on May 6 may be attributed to the geomagnetic disturbance appearing on May 5.     

A generalized trigonometric series function model for determining ionospheric delay

A generalized trigonometric series function (GTSF) model, with an adjustable number of parameters, is proposed and analyzed to study ionosphere by using GPS, especially to provide ionospheric delay correction for single frequency GPS users. The preliminary results show that, in comparison with the trigonometric series function (TSF) model and the polynomial (POLY) model, the GTSF model can more precisely describe the ionospheric variation and more efficiently provide the ionospheric correction when GPS data are used to investigate or extract the earth's ionospheric total electron content. It is also shown that the GTSF model can further improve the precision and accuracy of modeling local ionospheric delays.     

基于Cornell的自适应电离层闪烁强度的模型研究

针对Cornell模型在同一闪烁条件下,数据更新周期越长,估计和模型输入的幅度闪烁指数S4的偏差越大,并随着电离层闪烁的增强而增强的问题,提出基于Cornell模型的自适应S4的电离层闪烁模型即AS4-Cornell模型。模型以S4的偏差作为BP(back propagation)神经网络比例积分微分(proportional integral derivative, PID)算法的反馈,自动调整输入的复高斯白噪声的区段权值,使最终产生的闪烁信号满足模型输入的闪烁指数S4的指标。结果表明：仿真时,AS4-Cornell模型的幅度和相位闪烁序列概率分布均符合电离层闪烁理论,估算得到的电离层幅度指数S4与模型输入S4指数的最大偏差为0.001;全球定位系统(global positioning system, GPS)电离层闪烁模拟器测试时,AS4-Cornell模型估算得到的电离层幅度指数S4与模型输入S4指数的最大偏差为0.09;相比Cornell模型,AS4-Cornell模型产生的电离层闪烁信号更能够很好地反映模型输入的电离层闪烁指数S4的强度。     

电离层无线电探测系统中数据采集与处理软件开发

自主开发了电离层无线电探测系统硬件平台,设计实现了适于硬件系统的数据采集和处理软件.整个软件系统采用了多线程编程、硬件驱动程序开发、数据环形缓冲区等多种Windows高级编程技术,同时引入了FFT、RFIM等提高系统信噪比的数字信号处理算法,保证了整个系统的高速度、高效率、高稳定性和高可靠性.实地观测结果表明：该软件运行稳定可靠,所采集的数据正确可靠且精度较高,能够满足电离层无线电探测系统对软件的功能需要和性能要求.