化学发光试剂研究新进展

综述了近十年来几种主要化学发光试剂的研究新进展。内容包括鲁米诺类、吖啶酯类、1,2-二氧环乙烷类和洛粉碱类等化学发光试剂的新型衍生物的结构、发光性能和特点。引用文献48篇。     

生物大分子的化学发光成像研究

本文介绍了三种化学发光成像法在人血清结合珠蛋白分型电泳的快速检测方面的应用。这三种方法都是基于鲁米诺一过氧化氢发光体系。使用免疫化学发光成像法，直接化学发光成像法和增强化学发光成像法，能够提高对结合珠蛋白检测的灵敏度，获得更宽的线性范围。我们使用这三种方法完成了对结合珠蛋白的快速、高灵敏、高选择性的检测。     

特邀编者按

我国的化学发光研究起步于20世纪80年代，章竹君教授于1976年在《化学通报》发表了第一篇介绍化学发光研究的文章。随后，福州大学、陕西师范大学、中国科技大学等单位相继开展了化学发光基础理论研究、仪器研制、试剂合成和人才的培养。1990年代以前，我国的化学发光研究处于起步状态，1990年代以前     

化学发光传感器研究进展

本文综述了1999年以后国内外化学发光传感器研究进展，其内容包括化学发光传感器的设计、酶基化学发光生物传感器、化学发光组织传感器、免疫化学发光传感器、催化型化学发光气体传感器、分子印迹型化学发光传感器、化学发光反应同时作为分子识别反应的化学发光传感器，并对今后的发展趋势进行展望。     

钌(Ⅱ)配合物化学发光反应及其分析应用研究进展

近几年来，钌(Ⅱ)配合物化学发光反应及其分析应用研究进展较快，本文对钌(Ⅱ)配合物化学发光反应新体系、分析应用新方法、与分离技术联用、试剂衍生与固定化等方面的研究进行了评述。     

化学发光分析技术在生命科学研究中的一些应用

生命过程是一个错综复杂的过程，人类对生命现象的探索由来己久。随着现代检测诊断技术，如X射线照影，B超，电子显微和CT技术等的出现，人类对生命活动的认识以及疾病的诊断取得了突飞猛进的发展。在应用这些方法观察生命过程中的宏观现象的同时，人们也把目光投向隐藏在这些宏观现象背后的微观过程，渴望从分子级别上认识生命的各种过程，即对参与生命过程的物质进行定性、定量和活性测试。核酸和蛋白质是在生命活动中最重要的两类物质，而要分析它们在生命体系中的活动并非易事，因为生命体系大都十分复杂。所以针对不同的分析对象建立有效的核酸和蛋白质分析方法已成为生命科学研究中的前沿和热门课题。目前世界上许多研究机构和商业企业在这方面投入大量的人力和财力，以期建立有效的方法和推出相应的商业试剂和仪器。纵观这方面的发展现状，我们不难发现许多当前流行的核酸和蛋白质分析方法中采用了化学发光体系。本文就化学发光法在分析核酸和蛋白质方面的发展现状做一些介绍。     

Ru(bpy)32+固相电致化学发光研究进展

将可电化学再生的电致化学发光(ECL)试剂固定于电极表面，由此获得ECL传感器，从而减少分析过程中试剂的消耗和简化实验装置。本文综述了联吡啶钌及其衍生物的固相ECL近年来的研究进展，并简要介绍了各种固定方法及其相关的应用情况。     

生物活性物质的电致化学发光检测

电致化学发光是通过电极上直接或间接发生的电化学反应而产生的一种化学发光,因此电致化学发光检测是在化学发光和电化学基础上发展起来的一种新的分析技术。电致化学发光检测技术不但保留了化学发光分析和电化学分析固有的优点,同时还具有其自身的优点,如所发生的化学发光反应易于控制;方法更灵敏,更具有选择性;可以获得更多的化学信息;扩大了化学发光方法可检测的范围;更易于与现代分离技术联用。生物体中很多生物活性物质具有电活性,因此用现代电化学技术研究其电化学行为具有重要的理论意义和实际应用价值。生物体中的生物活性物质通常浓度很低,并且成分复杂,因此分离检测生物体中生物活性物质非常困难。由于电致化学发光检测具有灵敏度高,选择性好的特点,无疑是检测生物体中生物活性物质的强有力工具,如果它能与HPLC、CE及FIA等现代分离技术相结合,将表现出更加强大的生命力。     

一种新型有机光源

随着节约能源受到各国政府的高度重视，寻找经济光源的工作便成为一个热门研究领域。最近一期《自然》杂志报告的一项进展可能是这一领域所迈出的重要一步。该研究工作为制造颜色稳定的有机发光装置确定了一个新的架构，这类装置能够产生适用于固体发光的白光。该技术的新颖之处是使用了荧光和磷光掺杂材料，它们可以优化电荷的俘获，内部量子效率有可能达到100％。这种类型的技术有可能使有机发光装置（OLED）的发光效率远远高于白炽发光装置。即便现在还处在发展过程的早期，这种新光源在类似亮度下的发光效率也要比今天的白炽光源高出近75％。     

GeO2纳米线的原位热氧化法制备与发光性质

以Au作催化剂通过金属锗与纯氧在600～800℃的氧化反应，在单质锗表面原位大面积生长出了GeO2纳米线．采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和透射电镜对产物进行了表征分析．结果表明，GeO2纳米线为六方相单晶结构，其直径在65～600nm范围内，长度达50gm．研究了反应温度和喷金时间对纳米线直径的影响，提出了可能的生长机理．实现了不同直径GeO2纳米线的可控合成．发现发光峰位于355nm强的紫外光发光和发光峰位于400nm和485nm弱的蓝光发光，这两种发光可能分别起源于GeO2纳米线中氧空位与间隙氧之间的跃迁和氧空位中的电子与锗．氧空穴中心的空穴复合．     

Effect of cholinesterase on the chemiluminescence of luminol

Summary The chemiluminescent oxidation of luminol was activated by cholinesterase. Physostigmine and dimethoate inhibited the luminescence, TEA had no effect. These results indicate that the esteratic site is responsible for the activating action of the enzyme.     

Assessment of the scavenging action of reduced glutathione, (+)-cyanidanol-3 and ethanol by the chemiluminescent response of the xanthine oxidase reaction

The free radical scavenging capacity of reduced glutathione (GSH), (+)-cyanidanol-3 and ethanol was assessed by their interference with the maximal chemiluminescent response produced by the xanthine oxidase reaction. GSH and (+)-cyanidanol-3 induce a progressive inhibition of chemiluminescence when increasing amounts are added to the reaction mixture. GSH and (+)-cyanidanol-3 added together at low concentrations (1 and 0.05 mM respectively) exhibit an additive effect. The addition of ethanol presents a biphasic effect. It inhibits chemiluminescence at low concentrations (10-50 mM) while at higher concentrations (75-500 mM) this effect is reversed. Estimation of the concentrations required to produce half of the maximal inhibition of chemiluminescence by these agents revealed that ethanol is less effective than GSH and (+)-cyanidanol-3 as a free radical scavenger in the system used.     

Alzheimer’s disease: the impact of age-related changes in reproductive hormones

Receptors for hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis that regulate reproductive function are expressed throughout the brain, and in particular the limbic system. The most studied of these hormones, the sex steroids, contain receptors throughout the brain, and numerous estrogenic, progestrogenic and androgenic effects have been reported in the brain related to development, maintenance and cognitive functions. Although less studied, receptors for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and activins also are found throughout the limbic system on a number of cell types, and they too transduce signals from circulating hormones as demonstrated by their multiple effects on the growth, development, maintenance and function of the brain. This review highlights the point that because of the feedback loops within the HPG axis, it is difficult to ascribe structural and functional changes during development, adulthood and senescence to a single HPG hormone, since a change in the concentration of any hormone in the axis will modulate hormone concentrations and/or receptor expression patterns for all other members of the axis. The most studied of these situations is the change in serum and neuronal concentrations of HPG hormones associated with menopause/andropause. Dysregulation of the HPG axis at this time results in increases in the concentrations of serum GnRH, gonadotropins and activins, decreases in the serum concentrations of sex steroid and inhibin, and increases in GnRH and LH receptor expression. Such changes would result in significantly altered neuronal signaling, with the final result being that there is i.e. increased neuronal GnRH, LH and activin signaling, but decreased sex steroid signaling. Therefore, loss of cognitive function during senescence, typically ascribed to sex steroids, may also result from increased signaling via GnRH, LH or activin receptors. Future studies will be required to differentiate which hormones of the HPG axis regulate/maintain cognitive function. This introductory review highlights the importance of the identification of HPG hormone neuronal receptors and the potential of serum HPG hormones to transduce signals to regulate brain structure and function during development and adult life.     

Reflections on the preservation of recent scientific heritage in dispersed university collections

The bulk of the significant recent scientific heritage of universities is not to be found in accredited science museums or collections employed in research. Rather it is located in a wide variety of more informal collections, assemblages and accumulations. The selection and documentation of such materials is very often unsystematic and many of them are vulnerable to changes of staff, relocation and, above all, shortage of space. Following a survey of views on the values of the recent material heritage of the sciences, I consider the many advantages—for teaching, engagement with wider communities, enhancement of institutional identity and work experience, celebration of scientific achievements, study of the recent history of the practices and fruits of the sciences, etc.—of “multi-site museums” formed through the coordination of such varied and scattered collections. I go on to reflect on ways in which the preservation and display of scientific heritage in dispersed collections may be enhanced and protected through institutional recognition and through provision of guidance and assistance in selection, documentation and digitisation, preservation and conservation, and display. The importance of adequate documentation of the contexts of production and use of objects is stressed, as are the benefits that can result from involvement of student “taskforces” and heritage-concerned scientists.     

信息系统功能增强的多活性代理方法研究

本文在现有多活性代理复杂信息系统理论及其方法的研究基础上,进一步阐述了多活性代理理论体系的基本概念、活性代理的内涵;提出了活性度的概念、特性以及表征;基于活性度的研究,讨论了通过代理活性保持、协商协调增强信息系统的活性方法.首先,从组成复杂信息系统的集合、空间等概念出发,明确了多活性代理复杂信息系统理论体系所涉及的基本概念,以及这些基本概念之间的关系;其次,根据复杂信息系统功能层次上特点与活性自组织机理,提出了代理活性度的概念,并详细探讨了代理活性度的特性、表征及应用实例;同时,从活性的丧失、感知、调整以及判断决策等几个方面给出了多活性代理复杂信息系统活性保持策略;最后,本文详细探讨了多活性代理功能保持的协商协调机理、方法.上述研究成果进一步完善了多活性代理理论体系,并初步给出了代理活性和系统活性的定量表征表示方法,为进一步开展多活性代理复杂信息系统的理论和应用研究奠定了基础.     

The opsins of the vertebrate retina: insights from structural,biochemical, and evolutionary studies

The vertebrate retina contains several classes of visual pigments responsible for such diverse functions as image- and nonimage-forming vision, the entrainment of circadian cycles, and the pupilary light response. With vision being vital to the survival of many species, the elucidation of the structural and biochemical properties of visual pigments has been the focus of a large body of research that has led to rapid advances in the field of photoreception. In this review, the current understanding of the structure, function, biochemistry, and evolution of the opsins that make up the photopigments in the vertebrate retina will be reviewed. These include the rod and cone opsins, melanopsin, RGR, peropsin, and VA-opsin. The goal is to highlight important questions that have been answered and to define some of the remaining questions in the field that will provide future directions for research.     

湖泊富营养化的防治对策研究

论文研究和探讨了湖泊富营养化的防治对策。论文首先针对我国湖泊水体富营养化的现状、造成的影响，以及对富营养化问题的防治进行了简要的概括；然后，提出了防治湖泊水体富营养化的一系列新措施，内容包括：外源性营养物质的控制、内源性营养性物质的控制、生态恢复等；并指出防治湖泊富营养化是一项复杂的系统工程，必须坚持从控制污染源出发，重点开展生态修复、完善管理对策，有计划分层次地逐步实施。