湖泊沉积物记录的过去两千年青藏高原南部干湿变化及其驱动机制

基于青藏高原南部过去2000a高分辨率的降水/湿度重建序列,通过区域对比以及集成分析方法,探讨了青藏高原南部过去2000a气候干湿变化的时空特征,并对典型时段中世纪暖期(AD 600-1400年)和小冰期(AD 1400-1900年)高原南部气候变化的特征和机制进行了着重探讨.结果显示:整体而言,过去2000a青藏高原南部气候变化显著,表现出AD 1-600年由湿转干、AD 600-1400年干旱以及AD 1400年后湿润的特征;对比分析表明,青藏高原南部在中世纪暖期和小冰期"暖干"/"冷湿"的特征,与高原东南部以及西北部地区相似,而与高原东部地区相反;过去2000a青藏高原南部气候干湿变化可能与印度季风和西风强度变化、西风在青藏高原上的季节性移动以及蒸散发强度变化有关.     

2000年来淮河中游的气候变化

通过淮河中游湖泊沉积记录的气候信息提取、历史气候史料整理和器测资料分析，综合辩析2000年来的气候变化：607B.C.～503A.D.间气候温暖偏湿；503A.D.～1220A.D.间气候温干；1220A.D.～1900A.D.间冷湿、温干波动频繁；20世纪的增温表明小冰期结束.其气温变化与我国东部季风区的趋势较相似，呈缓慢的降温过程.但干湿变化和引起的冷、暖、干、湿匹配又形成了区域性特征.104年级的气候变化位相和东亚季风环流的局部调整可能是本过渡带气候变迁的原因.     

明清时期中国大陆的气候变化

在我国不同地区通过不同的代用资料恢复的小冰期气候的基础上,分析总结了小冰期我国气候演化的区域分异特征.小冰期气候对中国社会的影响主要表现在：自然灾害加剧对农牧业生产造成危害,加速中国历史时期的人口迁移,对政权变更和政治疆域产生一定的影响.     

基于CMIP5全球气候模式的中国典型区域干湿变化分析

基于CMIP5多全球气候模式数值模拟结果,包括空间分辨率0.5°的逐月历史气候数据和RCP2.6、RCP4.5、RCP8.5情景下未来气候变化预估数据,利用潜在蒸散发和降水量构建能够表征地表干湿状况的湿润指数,对中国东部季风区7个典型区1901—2100年干湿变化趋势进行了模拟和分析.结果表明:各分区在1901—2005年湿润指数均呈现下降趋势,其中珠江、长江、淮河流域变化较为平缓,黄河、海河流域和东北地区波动较大.可见在过去的100多年中,东部季风区整体上呈现不同程度的干旱化.在2006—2100年不同温室气体排放情景下,各分区的湿润指数呈现不同程度的波动,除了黄河上游地区湿润指数呈现增长趋势外,其他区域没有明显的变湿趋势.     

桂林会仙岩溶湿地环境变化沉积记录的初步研究

为探讨亚热带地区岩溶湿地沉积环境的变化过程,在桂林会仙典型的岩溶湿地进行野外考察和连续柱状沉积岩芯采样,在寺湖和狮子潭钻取获得各长77 cm和57 cm的沉积岩芯,对其沉积年代学、营养盐元素、地球化学元素等方面进行高精度、高分辨率的样品分析,获得寺湖近450年来和狮子潭近200多年来的环境演化记录.结果表明:狮子潭经历了公元1810年以前的沼泽化过程而后又演化成湖泊沉积环境;寺湖在近450年来一直为湖相沉积,但经历了小冰期中的多次冷暖和干湿的气候波动;湿地沉积环境变化在过去主要受气候条件变化的制约,在气候的冷湿期有利于湿地的发育,而暖干时期则不利于湿地的发育.最近几十年气候的持续变暖和人类围垦活动的加剧对湿地环境变化的影响巨大.因此,要采取有力措施加大对湿地的保护力度.     

东亚季风区最近1000 a石笋δ~(18)O空间变化特征及气候意义研究

利用重庆市丰都水鸣洞石笋NSM03精确定年数据和δ~(18)O数据建立的高分辨率石笋记录,结合其他已经发表的亚洲季风区石笋氧同位素记录,探讨洞穴石笋δ~(18)O值过去1 000 a的空间变化特征以及指示的气候环境意义.结果显示:亚洲季风区石笋δ~(18)O值过去1 000 a在空间上呈现出与大气降水δ~(18)O值相似的纬度效应和海陆效应,石笋δ~(18)O值沿水汽输送路径不断衰减,逐渐变轻,表明印度洋是中国季风降水的主要水汽源区;水鸣洞NSM03石笋记录与南亚季风区瓦什卡洞的WBS石笋记录以及中国藏南波密-林芝地区的树轮记录存在明显的相关关系,也进一步地表明中国东部季风区的水汽主要来自印度洋;亚洲季风区石笋δ~(18)O记录在过去1 000 a的变化趋势基本一致,但是中国东部季风区降水变化存在很大的空间差异,这表明季风区石笋δ~(18)O记录不一定都能指示当地降水量的变化;因此,中国季风区石笋δ~(18)O记录主要指示是东亚季风环流的信息,当东亚季风环流强的时候,季风区石笋氧同倍数偏轻;反之亦然.     

中国小冰期区域气候演化研究

在我国不同地区通过不同代用资料如冰芯、树轮、孢粉、湖泊沉积物、历史文献记录等恢复的小冰期气候的基础上, 分析总结了小冰期我国气候演化的区域分异特征,并探讨其原因机制,力图为未来气候变化提供参考。     

小冰期气候的模拟

利用含有陆面过程的全球大气环流模式AGCM SSiB进行了小冰期气候模拟.共设计了7个模拟试验,分析了模拟的温度和降水结果.主要结论是:(1) 温度:以太阳辐射减少为小冰期降温的假设机制对于季节的降温影响是不同的,夏半年的降温作用要较冬半年明显,同时由于其他反馈作用的存在,冬季温度的变化表现出区域差异.但全年平均温度降温是主要特征.火山灰对冬季降温的作用十分明显,且降温效应小于太阳辐射减小的作用.太阳辐射减少与火山灰光学厚度增加同时作用对大范围的降温有叠加增强效应.(2) 降水:在一定的太阳辐射减少情况下,有利于东亚地区夏季风降水的增加.火山灰光学厚度增加对欧亚大陆大部分地区年降水量未有显著影响.太阳辐射减少和火山灰增加的综合效果使中国东部地区的夏季风降水增加,而南亚地区的降水减少.叠加植被变化后的结果显示,降水变化存在区域差异.     

洱海近代气候变化的沉积物粒度与同位素记录

通过对洱海现代沉积物的精细采样和分析,成功地建立了近700a来洱海沉积物平均粒径和碳酸盐C,O同位素的时间变化序列,恢复了近700a来洱海区域气候与环境演化历史,揭示了洱海区域暖干冷湿相交替的气候演替类型．洱海区域气候冷暖变化存在200和400a准周期,干湿变化存在100,200和400a准周期．14世纪和公元1500～1800年是洱海近700a来的两个主要冷期,其中公元1550～1800年间的冷期可能是现代小冰期在西南地区的反映．     

明清小冰期对京杭大运河的影响与应对技术北大核心CSCDCSSCI

明清时期全球气候进入一个相对寒冷的时期,学界称之为明清小冰期。小冰期的低温气候对大运河地区的生态环境、社会生活产生明显影响,小冰期使运河北段结冰期延长,使运河结冰区向南方延伸,对京杭大运河的通航产生消极影响。本文以“明清小冰期”的气候变化为背景,探究“小冰期”下严寒气候对京杭大运河的通航、堤防带来的影响,挖掘古人在恶劣气候环境下治河思想和发明的先进治河技术。     

A comparison of the Medieval Warm Period, Little Ice Age and 20th century warming simulated by the FGOALS climate system model

To compare differences among the Medieval Warm Period (MWP), Little Ice Age (LIA), and 20th century global warming (20CW), six sets of transient and equilibrium simulations were generated using the climate system model FGOALS_gl. This model was developed by the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The results indicate that MWP warming is evident on a global scale, except for at mid-latitudes of the North Pacific. However, the magnitude of the warming is weaker than that in the 20th century. The warming in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere is stronger than that in the Southern Hemisphere. The LIA cooling is also evident on a global scale, with a strong cooling over the high Eurasian continent, while the cooling center is over the Arctic domain. Both the MWP and the 20CW experiments exhibit the strongest warming anomalies in the middle troposphere around 200?C300 hPa, but the cooling center of the LIA experiment is seen in the polar surface of the Northern Hemisphere. A comparison of model simulation against the reconstruction indicates that model??s performance in simulating the surface air temperature changes during the warm periods is better than that during the cold periods. The consistencies between model and reconstruction in lower latitudes are better than those in high latitudes. Comparison of the inter-annual variability mode of East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) rainfall during the MWP, LIA and 20CW reveals a similar rainfall anomalies pattern. However, the time spectra of the principal component during the three typical periods of the last millennium are different, and the quasi-biannual oscillation is more evident during the two warm periods. At a centennial time scale, the external mode of the EASM variability driven by the changes of effective solar radiation is determined by the changes of large scale land-sea thermal contrast. The rainfall anomalies over the east of 110°E exhibit a meridional homogeneous change pattern, which is different from the meridional out-of-phase change of rainfall anomalies associated with the internal mode.     

Asian-Pacific Oscillation index and variation of East Asian summer monsoon over the past millennium

To study the long-term variation of the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM）, the Asian-Pacific Oscillation index （IAPO）, representing a zonal thermal contrast between Asia and the North Pacific, is reconstructed over the past millennium. During the Little Ice Age （LIA）, the variability of the reconstructed IAPO is closely linked to dry-wet anomalies in eastern China on the centennial scale. This correlation pattern is consistent with the observation during the current period, which suggests that the reconstructed IAPO may generally represent the centennial-scale variation of the EASM and rainfall anomalies over eastern China during the LIA.     

Characteristics of decadal-centennial-scale changes in East Asian summer monsoon circulation and precipitation during the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age and in the present day

Using meteorological observations, proxies of precipitation and temperature, and climate simulation outputs, we synthetically analyzed the regularities of decadal-centennial-scale changes in the summer thermal contrast between land and ocean and summer precipitation over the East Asian monsoon region during the past millennium; compared the basic characteristics of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) circulation and precipitation in the present day, the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the Medieval Warm Period (MWP); and explored their links with solar irradiance and global climate change. The results indicate that over the last 150 years, the EASM circulation and precipitation, indicated by the temperature contrast between the East Asian mainland and adjacent oceans, had a significant decadal perturbation and have been weaker during the period of rapid global warming over the past 50 years. On the centennial time scale, the EASM in the MWP was strongest over the past 1000 years. Over the past 1000 years, the EASM was weakest in 1450?C1570. When the EASM circulation was weaker, the monsoon rain belt over eastern China was generally located more southward, with there being less precipitation in North China and more precipitation in the Yangtze River valley; therefore, there was an anomalous pattern of southern flood/northern drought. From the 1900s to 1920s, precipitation had a pattern opposite to that of the southern flood/northern drought, with there being less precipitation in the Yangtze River valley and more precipitation in North China. Compared with the case for the MWP, there was a longer-time-scale southern flood/northern drought phenomenon in 1400?C1600. Moreover, the EASM circulation and precipitation did not synchronously vary with the trend of global temperature. During the last 150 years, although the annual mean surface temperature around the world and in China has increased, the EASM circulation and precipitation did not have strengthening or weakening trends. Over the past 1000 years, the weakest EASM occurred ahead of the lowest Northern Hemispheric temperature and corresponded to the weakest solar irradiance.     

Characteristics of decadal-centennial-scale changes in East Asian summer monsoon circulation and precipitation during the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age and in the present day

Using meteorological observations, proxies of precipitation and temperature, and climate simulation outputs, we synthetically analyzed the regularities of decadal-centennial-scale changes in the summer thermal contrast between land and ocean and summer precipitation over the East Asian monsoon region during the past millennium; compared the basic characteristics of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) circulation and precipitation in the present day, the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the Medieval Warm Period (MWP); and explored their links with solar irradiance and global climate change. The results indicate that over the last 150 years, the EASM circulation and precipitation, indicated by the temperature contrast between the East Asian mainland and adjacent oceans, had a significant decadal perturbation and have been weaker during the period of rapid global warming over the past 50 years. On the centennial time scale, the EASM in the MWP was strongest over the past 1000 years. Over the past 1000 years, the EASM was weakest in 1450-1570. When the EASM circulation was weaker, the monsoon rain belt over eastern China was generally located more southward, with there being less precipitation in North China and more precipitation in the Yangtze River valley; therefore, there was an anomalous pattern of southern flood/northern drought. From the 1900s to 1920s, precipitation had a pat- tern opposite to that of the southern flood/northern drought, with there being less precipitation in the Yangtze River valley and more precipitation in North China. Compared with the case for the MWP, there was a longer-time-scale southern flood/northern drought phenomenon in 1400-1600. Moreover, the EASM circulation and precipitation did not synchronously vary with the trend of global temperature. During the last 150 years, although the annual mean surface temperature around the world and in China has increased, the EASM circulation and precipitation did not have strengthening or weakening trends. Over the past 1000 years, the weakest EASM occurred ahead of the lowest Northern Hemispheric temperature and corresponded to the weakest solar irradiance.     

Decadal change of the East Asian summer monsoon and its related surface temperature in Asia-Pacific during 1880–2004

The East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） and its related change of surface temperature in the past century were not clearly ad- dressed due to absence of atmospheric reanalysis data before 1948. On the benchmark of station-observed sea level pressure （SLP） in China, we utilized multiple SLP datasets and evaluated their qualities in measuring the SLP-based EASM index （EASMI）. It is found that the EASMI based on the SLP of the Hadley center version 2 （HadSLP2） has shown the best performance on the inter- annual and decadal time scales. Instead of showing a linear weakening trend pointed out by the previous study, the EASMI has likely exhibited the decadal variability, characterized by weakened trends during 1880-1906, 1921-1936, and 1960-2004, and with enhanced trends during 1906-1921 and 1936-1960, respectively. Corresponding to the weakened and enhanced periods of EASMI since the 1920s, the surface air temperature （SAT） index （SATI） averaged in eastern China has likely shown a warming and a cooling trend, respectively. However, the decadal abrupt transitions between the two indices do not occur concurrently, which results in a weak correlation between two indices on the decadal time scale. Further analysis indicates that there are four key regions where the SAT is significantly correlated with the EASMI, suggesting the joint impact of surface temperature in Asia-Pacific on the EASM during 1880-2004. In which, the decadal change of SAT near the Lake Baikal plays an important role in the linear trends of the EASM before and after 1960.     

The influence of moderate ENSO on summer rainfall in eastern China and its comparison with strong ENSO

The 6 major ENSO events since 1979 are classified into the strong and moderate ENSO based on intensity. The composite analysis is performed to reveal the influence of ENSO on East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） and summer rainfall in eastern China. It is shown that the influence is changed with the seasonal cycle in summer, with a weaker influence in June and a stronger influence in August, indicating a long lagged effect of ENSO on EASM. Besides, the circulation and rainfall anomalies caused by the strong ENSO are also stronger with an earlier starting time, while the influence of the moderate ENSO is evident in August. The composite summer rainfall in eastern China for the moderate ENSO exhibits a northern rainfall pattern, which is totally different from the classical ENSO-type rainfall pattern. Based on the composite analysis, two moderate ENSO years with a similar intensity （i.e., 1995 and 2003） are compared. The result shows that, the response of EASM to the moderate ENSO during June and July is, to a certain degree, modulated by the circulation systems in mid-high latitudes of Eurasia and in the Southern Hemisphere, thereby inducing a different rainfall distribution in eastern China. In comparison with the strong ENSO in 1983, it is further revealed that, the strong ENSO plays a dominant role in summer rainfall anomalies in eastern China as well as in controlling the influence of the other factors on EASM. The strong ENSO is therefore different with the moderate ENSO.     

基于中国南方石笋记录的古气候周期探讨

 通过对葫芦洞、三宝洞和董哥洞末次盛冰期（~30 000 aBP）以来的石笋氧同位素数据序列进行连续小波变换。其结果显示在中国南方区域冰期的气候波动较全新世剧烈,盛冰期的气候波动较冰消期剧烈。在全新世阶段,董哥洞和三宝洞石笋氧同位素的周期均具有显著的三阶段特征。但在千百年尺度上,两地气候周期的长度和强度并不尽相同,董哥洞石笋氧同位素的周期信号相对较弱。其原因是董哥洞区域受西南季风和东亚季风的共同影响,二者之间的反相位关系削弱和改变了气候变化的千年周期。这一特征反映了不同季风区域、不同周期的气候变化主导因素可能有所差异。分析结果同时显示,在~3 000 aBP,东亚区域气候模式可能发生了重大转折。     

东海内陆架泥质沉积Rb和Sr的地球化学及其古气候意义

通过对位于东海内陆架闽浙沿岸泥质沉积区北部的DD2孔进行AMS14C年龄测试和Rb,Sr含量测定,获得了近2ka的Rb/Sr比值(RRb/Sr)变化的高分辨率曲线。该曲线揭示出10次RRb/Sr低值时期,它们与历史时期中国温度下降有很好的对应关系,并印证了约990AD的降温事件。根据RRb/Sr的变化,基本认同竺可桢所界定的隋唐温暖期,并认为气候存在温暖-寒冷-温暖的波动,且其中的相对寒冷期为800-890AD。研究认为小冰期时间段为1480-1890AD,且由3个寒冷阶段构成,小冰期的最冷峰为约1520AD,1670AD,1780AD和1850AD。     

The strengthening East Asia summer monsoon since the early 1990s

Previous studies have documented a weakening tendency of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) since the end of the 1970s. In this study, we report that the EASM has been recovering since the early 1990s, although its strength is still less than in previous decades (averaged over the period 1965-1980). Following the recovery of the EASM, there has been a tendency in the last decade toward northward-moving rainbands and excessive rainfall in the Huaihe River valley (110°-120°E, 30°-35°N). There is evidence suggesting that the strengthening EASM since the early 1990s is linked to interdecadal change of land-sea thermal contrast.     

Inverse correlation between ancient winter and summer monsoons in East Asia？

There is a scientific debate on the relationship between ancient winter and summer monsoons in East Asia. Some scholars think that East Asian winter and summer monsoons are anti-correlated, and others think not. For this reason, this study is motivated to assess their linkage from the paleoclimate simulation perspective, through analyzing the Last Glacial Maximum （LGM） and mid-Holocene （MH） climate simulated by CCSM3 model. Compared to the present climate, the Aleutian low is found to be deepened and the East Asian winter monsoon （EAWM） is stronger during the LGM winter. The Pacific high in summer is noticed to be weakened and the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） is weaker at the LGM. During the MH, the Aleutian low and the Asian high in winter are intensified, and the Asian low and the Pacific high in summer are enhanced, indicating that the EAWM and EASM are both stronger than today. Therefore, the EAWM is not always negatively correlated to the EASM. Their relationship may be different at different geological stages. It can be obtained at least from the numerical simulation results that the EAWM and the EASM is negatively correlated during the cooling period, while positively correlated during the warming period.