Carbon isotope excursions across the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Meishan section, Zhejiang Province, China

Both gradual and sharp decrease in organic and carbonate carbon isotope values were detected across the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Meishan section, Changxing, Zhejiang Province, China. The gradual decrease in organic carbon isotope values started at the bottom of Bed 23, coinciding with the strong oscillations of total organic carbon (TOC) contents, indicates increasing fluxes from carbonate to organic carbon reservoir during this interval. A 2.3‰ sharp drop of inorganic carbon isotope values occurred at the uppermost part of Bed 24e. A 3.7‰ sharp drop of organic carbon isotope values occurred in Bed 26. The dramatic drop of inorganic carbon isotope value of 8‰ reported previously is not confirmed from the unweathered carbonate samples in Bed 27. The large-scale fluctuation of organic carbon isotope values in the Yinkeng Formation reflects different extent of mixing of marine and terrestrial organic matters. The gradual depletion and subsequent sharp drop of carbon isotopes near the Permian-Triassic boundary might indicate complex causes of the end-Permian mass extinction.     

全球古元古代碳同位素正异常的数据分析与成因评述

归纳总结了前人关于全球古元古代(2.20 ～2.06 Ga)碳酸盐岩碳同位素正异常现象的基础数据及资料。在此基础上, 对前人关于该正异常成因的假说(生物演化- 大气充氧说、古元古代冰期期后说、超级地幔柱- 超大陆裂解说及蒸发环境说等)进行了评估, 认为以上假说虽然都有地质证据支持, 但其重要性还是有些差异。根据碳同位素分馏原理, 有机物的繁盛会使碳酸盐碳储库的同位素变正。生物演化导致大气充氧、古元古代冰期后形成的温暖环境和Kenorland超大陆裂解均为生物的繁盛提供了有利条件, 从而使碳酸盐碳储库的同位素变正。另外, 蒸发环境在全球多有分布, 它可能是造成部分局域封闭式环境碳同位素正异常的原因, 所以应对发现正异常的各区域进行详细的沉积环境分析。以4个区域的数据为对象, 分析了古元古代碳酸盐岩碳同位素正异常数据的可靠性; 通过Mn/Sr, δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O三者的关系图, 判断了沉积期后作用对于数据的改造程度。     

Uncovering the Neoproterozoic carbon cycle

Interpretations of major climatic and biological events in Earth history are, in large part, derived from the stable carbon isotope records of carbonate rocks and sedimentary organic matter. Neoproterozoic carbonate records contain unusual and large negative isotopic anomalies within long periods (10-100 million years) characterized by δ(13)C in carbonate (δ(13)C(carb)) enriched to more than +5 per mil. Classically, δ(13)C(carb) is interpreted as a metric of the relative fraction of carbon buried as organic matter in marine sediments, which can be linked to oxygen accumulation through the stoichiometry of primary production. If a change in the isotopic composition of marine dissolved inorganic carbon is responsible for these excursions, it is expected that records of δ(13)C(carb) and δ(13)C in organic carbon (δ(13)C(org)) will covary, offset by the fractionation imparted by primary production. The documentation of several Neoproterozoic δ(13)C(carb) excursions that are decoupled from δ(13)C(org), however, indicates that other mechanisms may account for these excursions. Here we present δ(13)C data from Mongolia, northwest Canada and Namibia that capture multiple large-amplitude (over 10 per mil) negative carbon isotope anomalies, and use these data in a new quantitative mixing model to examine the behaviour of the Neoproterozoic carbon cycle. We find that carbonate and organic carbon isotope data from Mongolia and Canada are tightly coupled through multiple δ(13)C(carb) excursions, quantitatively ruling out previously suggested alternative explanations, such as diagenesis or the presence and terminal oxidation of a large marine dissolved organic carbon reservoir. Our data from Namibia, which do not record isotopic covariance, can be explained by simple mixing with a detrital flux of organic matter. We thus interpret δ(13)C(carb) anomalies as recording a primary perturbation to the surface carbon cycle. This interpretation requires the revisiting of models linking drastic isotope excursions to deep ocean oxygenation and the opening of environments capable of supporting animals.     

Evidence from carbon isotope measurements for diverse origins of sedimentary hydrocarbons

The organic matter found in sedimentary rocks must derive from many sources; not only from ancient primary producers but also from consumers and secondary producers. In all of these organisms, isotope effects can affect the abundance and distribution of 13C in metabolites. Here, by using an improved form of a previously described technique in which the effluent of a gas chromatograph is continuously analysed isotopically, we report evidence of the diverse origins of sedimentary organic matter. The record of 13C abundances in sedimentary carbonate and total organic carbon can be interpreted in terms of variations in the global carbon cycle. Our results demonstrate, however, that isotope variations within sedimentary organic mixtures substantially exceed those observed between samples of total organic carbon. Resolution of isotope variations at the molecular level offers a new and convenient means of refining views both of localized palaeoenvironments and of control mechanisms within the global carbon cycle.     

建南地区长兴组碳酸盐岩礁滩储层波阻抗反演预测*

【】四川盆地建南地区二叠系长兴组碳酸盐岩生物礁滩是很有潜力的礁滩型油气储集层,但生物礁滩储层的预测一直是油气勘探的重难点。为了研究建南地区长兴组的优质碳酸盐岩礁滩储层,本文先研究了该地区的层序地层、沉积相和生物礁滩基本特征,然后采用了STRATA中基于模型反演技术,利用其井震联合反演特点对研究区储层进行波阻抗反演预测,确立出研究区礁滩储层的识别模式及储层主要发育时期,最后结合预测结果的解释划分了长兴组生物礁滩发育的有利区带,这对长兴组礁滩储层后期勘探开发具有重要的指导意义。     

镇巴地区灯影组岩石微相研究与沉积环境分析

上扬子地区灯影组可以作为优质储层已经被油气勘探所证实。但是，由于灯影组储层的展布规律一直不清楚，制约了对灯影组的进一步勘探。基于镇巴地区鹿池灯影组剖面，开展了详细的岩石微相研究，结合碳、氧同位素和微量元素分析，深入探讨了镇巴地区灯影组的沉积环境。研究表明，镇巴地区震旦系灯影组岩石微相有：泥-粉晶云岩、残余砂屑云岩、叠层石云岩、凝块石云岩、微生物黏结砂屑云岩、泥质粉砂岩、泥质云岩和含云质硅质岩。研究区灯影组沉积环境为开阔碳酸盐岩台地，经历了两次海侵-海退旋回，灯一段-灯二段和灯三段灯四段分别为两个相对完整海侵-海退序列。相对于灯二段，灯四段海平面振荡更频繁，可能与拉张活动在灯四期更活跃有关。碳氧同位素和微量元素数据表明，灯影组的沉积古环境发生了较为剧烈的变化。整体而言，灯影期大致是一个海水盐度下降，温度上升，含氧量逐步增加的过程。     

桑托斯盆地湖相碳酸盐岩储层特征及控制因素

巴西桑托斯盆地盐下湖相碳酸盐岩领域油气资源十分丰富，是世界油气勘探的热点地区。利用桑托斯盆地41口井的岩芯、薄片等资料，明确了盐下湖相碳酸盐岩包括以微生物作用为主的微生物礁叠层石灰岩和以机械成因为主的生屑滩贝壳灰岩两种类型。盐下湖相碳酸盐岩储层整体上属于孔隙型灰岩储层，孔隙度整体上属于中等-好，渗透率中等。储层孔隙类型以原生孔隙为主，并受后期溶蚀改造。根据碳氧同位素地球化学资料、介形虫古生物等资料分析，总结出桑托斯盆地湖相碳酸盐岩储层发育主要受湖水古盐度、古构造格局和沉积相带3种因素控制。其中，湖水古盐度控制储层成因类型，古构造格局控制储层宏观分布，沉积相带控制储层物性特征。预测了桑托斯盆地东部隆起带和中央拗陷带的低凸起是湖相碳酸盐岩储层发育有利区带，对该地区油气勘探具有实践指导意义。     

Isotopic evolution of the terminal Neoproterozoic and early Cambrian carbon cycle on the northern Yangtze Platform, South China

Profound geotectonic, climatic and biological changes occur during the terminal Neoproterozoic and its transition into the early Cambrian. These are reflected in temporal variations of the chemical and isotopic composition of seawater. We are studying a sequence of sedimentary rocks at the Shatan section, northern Yangtze Platform, Sichuan Province of China. This succession comprises, in ascending stratigraphic order, predominantly calcareous sediments of the Sinian upper Dengying Formation and black shales of the lower Cambrian Guojiaba Formation (time equivalent of Niutitang Fm.). Paleoenvironmental setting represents shallow-water shelf deposits. The objective of our study is to provide temporal records for the isotopic compositions of organic and carbonate carbon throughout this time interval. Organic carbon isotope values display a range between -35.8‰ and -30.1‰ with clear stratigraphic variations. Carbonate carbon isotope data vary between -3.5‰ and +0.5‰. These secular variations are interpreted to reflect perturbations of the global carbon cycle, specifically changes in the fractional burial of organic carbon. However, local conditions have further affected the isotopic signals.     

恰什古伊地区碳氧同位素地层学分析

土库曼斯坦恰什古伊地区有效储集层为卡洛夫-牛津阶碳酸盐岩,该段GR 变化小,旋回分析困难,导致
有利储层预测难。利用该区Cha–21 井所取岩芯中采集的41 个样品测定的碳氧同位素,结合区域沉积演化分析资
料,探讨了卡洛夫-牛津阶储层段沉积时的海平面变化。结果表明,氧同位素的原始信息已被成岩作用破坏,而碳
同位素基本保持了原始特征,因此碳同位素可用于同位素地层研究和古环境分析;据此计算出盐度指数变化范围为
128.25～136.63,明显大于海水和淡水的分界标准,反映成岩流体具有较高盐度海源水性质;由δ13C 的变化所确定的研
究区的海平面变化曲线与卡洛夫-牛津阶全球海平面变化曲线吻合,印证了该区储层地质年代定为卡洛夫-牛津期
是准确的;依据海平面变化曲线,将卡洛夫-牛津阶主力储层段分为3 个沉积旋回5 个演化阶段。该成果填补了该区
碳氧同位素地层研究的空白,对深化盆地沉积演化规律的认识及预测储层有利区块具有重要意义。     

Potential methane reservoirs beneath Antarctica

Once thought to be devoid of life, the ice-covered parts of Antarctica are now known to be a reservoir of metabolically active microbial cells and organic carbon. The potential for methanogenic archaea to support the degradation of organic carbon to methane beneath the ice, however, has not yet been evaluated. Large sedimentary basins containing marine sequences up to 14?kilometres thick and an estimated 21,000 petagrams (1?Pg equals 10(15)?g) of organic carbon are buried beneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet. No data exist for rates of methanogenesis in sub-Antarctic marine sediments. Here we present experimental data from other subglacial environments that demonstrate the potential for overridden organic matter beneath glacial systems to produce methane. We also numerically simulate the accumulation of methane in Antarctic sedimentary basins using an established one-dimensional hydrate model and show that pressure/temperature conditions favour methane hydrate formation down to sediment depths of about 300?metres in West Antarctica and 700?metres in East Antarctica. Our results demonstrate the potential for methane hydrate accumulation in Antarctic sedimentary basins, where the total inventory depends on rates of organic carbon degradation and conditions at the ice-sheet bed. We calculate that the sub-Antarctic hydrate inventory could be of the same order of magnitude as that of recent estimates made for Arctic permafrost. Our findings suggest that the Antarctic Ice Sheet may be a neglected but important component of the global methane budget, with the potential to act as a positive feedback on climate warming during ice-sheet wastage.     

塔河地区西南缘东河砂岩的成岩作用与孔隙演化

分布于塔河地区西南缘东河砂岩的储层物性明显比塔里木盆地其他地区的东河砂岩的储层物性差。通过对岩心、岩石薄片的观察，结合电镜扫描、阴极发光等分析方法，对研究区东河砂岩储层的成岩变化作用及其对孔隙形成与演化的关系进行研究。研究结果表明：对孔隙形成与演化起主要控制作用的成岩作用是埋藏压实、石英的次生加大、碳酸盐的胶结及溶蚀溶解；埋藏压实使原始孔隙减少10％～15％，石英的次生加大则可使孔隙减少2％～5％，多期次的大量碳酸盐胶结物也使储层的物性变差及非均质性变强；溶蚀溶解作用可使储层孔隙增加5％～8％；导致区内东河砂岩储集物性较差的主要因素除了受沉积环境的影响之外，还受邻近碳酸盐岩剥蚀区大量的碳酸盐物质的注入和胶结的影响。     

Deep-water Earliest Oligocene Glacial Maximum （EOGM） in South Atlantic

The most prominent cooling event of the Earth surface during Cenozoic in the long-term transition from a non-glaciated planet, or “green-house world”, to a polar, glaciated planet, or “ice-house world”, is the Earliest Oligocene Glacial Maximum (EOGM) above the Eocene/Oligocene boundary at about 33.7 Ma. Planktonic and benthic foraminiferal oxygen and carbon isotopes, carbonate content, and coarse fraction, along with high-resolution color reflectance and magnetic susceptibility records during 35-30 Ma, from deep-water Sites 1262 and 1265, Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 208 in South Atlantic, reveal the global cooling event occurring in both surface and deep oceans. The results show that the earliest Oligocene δ^18O values during 33.5-33.1 Ma represent the magnitude of continental ice sheets on east Antarctica and indicate the large decrease in both surface and deep water temperatures of worldwideoceans. The δ^13C records show the large excursion during the period of EOGM event and indicate some types of shift in global carbon reservoir, probably demonstrating the sudden increase in organic carbon burial rates and the changes in the distribution and timing of production. At the same time, lithologic composition, carbonate content, color reflectance, and coarse fraction brought about significant changes close to the Eocene/Oligocene boundary, reflecting the abrupt deepening in the carbonate compensation depth (CCD). Changes in carbonate content were revealed from the color reflectance identify periodicities associated with eccentricity of the Earth‘s orbit (100 and 400 ka), further indicating orbitally forced global climate variations in the Early Oligocene.     

Ediacaran oxidation and biotic evolution

The link between the radiation of various lineages of eukaryotes in the latest Proterozoic and massive environmental changes--oxygenation, global ice ages and bolide impact--is the focus of much research interest. Fike et al. use carbon and sulphur isotope-chemostratigraphic data from Oman to propose three stages of oxidation in the Ediacaran oceans, and link the second and third stages to eukaryote diversification. The second stage, signalled by strongly 13C-depleted sedimentary carbonates (the 'Shuram excursion'), is believed to result from oxidation of a large, deep-ocean reservoir of organic carbon. Fike et al. use our data to assert that a correlative carbon isotope excursion in Australia coincided with the initial diversification of acanthomorphic acritarchs. Peak diversity is claimed to have coincided with subsequent deposition of 13C-enriched carbonate and the third oxidation stage. However, the authors seem to have misinterpreted our data, which instead indicate that diversification significantly preceded the Shuram excursion; this weakens their argument for a link between the inferred oxidation events and eukaryote evolution.     

柴北缘冷湖七号地区碳酸盐胶结物特征及其意义

碳酸盐胶结物是碎屑岩储层中最常见的胶结物类型,其形成环境、物质来源、反映的成岩温度对储层研究具有重要意义。通过对柴北缘冷湖七号下干柴沟组砂岩碳酸盐胶结物进行岩石学、矿物学和地球化学分析,研究区下干柴沟组砂岩碳酸盐胶结物包含方解石、含铁方解石、铁方解石和白云石等4种类型。碳同位素（δ¹³C_PDB）和氧同位素（δ¹⁸O_PDB）值分别为8.81‰~3.51‰和8.77‰~17.36‰,平均值分别为5.33‰及13.50‰;利用碳同位素和氧同位素计算出古盐度值和古温度值分别为113.61~102.85和63.03~123.06℃,平均值分别为109.66及94.47℃。反映出研究区下干柴沟组所处成岩阶段为早成岩阶段B期-中成岩阶段A期,形成过程受到有机质脱羧基作用影响,成岩环境偏酸性,成岩流体来自碎屑的析出水和大气淋滤淡水。储层物性除了受成岩环境和温度的影响外,与碳酸盐胶结物含量具有明显的负相关关系,随着碳酸盐胶结物含量的增加,储层的孔隙度和渗透率降低。     

川东大池干井构造带石炭系储层岩石学特征及沉积环境

根据川东大池干井构造带的钻井岩心和薄片资料，从岩性特征、古生物特征入手，结合区域地质综合分析，将上石炭统划分为三个段。文章详细地研究了沉积环境及演化特点，划分出５种沉积相，并研究了它们的识别标志，及在横向上的展布规律。认为受表生期溶蚀改造的白云岩段是最好的储层段，而碳酸盐砂滩相中的颗粒云岩则是最好的储集岩。     

Carbon dioxide release from the North Pacific abyss during the last deglaciation

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were significantly lower during glacial periods than during intervening interglacial periods, but the mechanisms responsible for this difference remain uncertain. Many recent explanations call on greater carbon storage in a poorly ventilated deep ocean during glacial periods, but direct evidence regarding the ventilation and respired carbon content of the glacial deep ocean is sparse and often equivocal. Here we present sedimentary geochemical records from sites spanning the deep subarctic Pacific that--together with previously published results--show that a poorly ventilated water mass containing a high concentration of respired carbon dioxide occupied the North Pacific abyss during the Last Glacial Maximum. Despite an inferred increase in deep Southern Ocean ventilation during the first step of the deglaciation (18,000-15,000 years ago), we find no evidence for improved ventilation in the abyssal subarctic Pacific until a rapid transition approximately 14,600 years ago: this change was accompanied by an acceleration of export production from the surface waters above but only a small increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. We speculate that these changes were mechanistically linked to a roughly coeval increase in deep water formation in the North Atlantic, which flushed respired carbon dioxide from northern abyssal waters, but also increased the supply of nutrients to the upper ocean, leading to greater carbon dioxide sequestration at mid-depths and stalling the rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Our findings are qualitatively consistent with hypotheses invoking a deglacial flushing of respired carbon dioxide from an isolated, deep ocean reservoir, but suggest that the reservoir may have been released in stages, as vigorous deep water ventilation switched between North Atlantic and Southern Ocean source regions.     

南祁连盆地三叠系烃源岩有机地球化学特征

通过系统的野外剖面测量和样品采集, 并运用岩石热解、有机碳测试、干酪根分析、镜质体反射率、饱和烃气相色谱、透射光照射等技术进行室内样品测试, 综合评价了南祁连盆地三叠系碳酸盐岩和泥岩露头样品的有机质丰度、类型和成熟度, 探讨了有机质的原始沉积环境和生源特征。结果表明: 尕勒得寺组(T₃g)属于好烃源岩, 有机质类型为Ⅰ~Ⅱ型, 大加连组(T₂d)为Ⅱ~Ⅲ型; 有机质演化程度高, 处于高?过成熟阶段; 碳酸盐岩和泥质岩沉积环境分别为海陆过渡相和陆源为主; 碳酸盐岩与泥岩有机质生源分别为生物降解的水生生物和陆生生物。     

中非地区B盆地下白垩统储层特征及其控制因素

目的分析中非地区B盆地下白垩统沉积环境、储层特征及其控制因素。方法利用沉积学、储层地质学理论及分析技术。结果B盆地中下白垩统碎屑岩储层大多形成在河流—三角洲、近岸水下扇等沉积环境中。碎屑岩储层岩性主要为中、细砂岩,不同地区、不同类型储层物性存在较大差异;物性最好的储层为河道、(扇)三角洲前缘水下分流河道及河口坝砂体。结论储层物性主要受压实作用、碳酸盐溶解与胶结作用及沉积环境四大因素控制,其中压实、溶蚀作用及胶结作用是主要控制因素,而沉积环境对物性的影响主要表现在控制原生孔隙的发育程度,并进一步控制溶蚀、胶结等成岩作用。     

珠江口盆地(东部)新近系珠江组碳酸盐台地沉积特征及其地震相特征

利用钻井、测井及地震资料,通过对珠江口盆地(东部)大量的岩心和薄片的观察鉴定以及对地震剖面资料的精细解释,进而探讨珠江组碳酸盐台地的沉积特征与地震响应特征.珠江口盆地(东部)碳酸盐岩由于古地貌及海侵时间的差异性,珠江组沉积序列,特别是碳酸盐台地的沉积厚度及发育时间,存在明显的差异性.碳酸盐台地沉积相带发育齐全,包括:开阔台地、台地边缘及其台地前缘斜坡3类沉积相.碳酸盐台地的地震相特征突出,易于识别.     

大港滩海地区沙一段下部储层中方解石脉的成因

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