论"发展伦理学"的人学基础

"发展是为了人"和"以人为本"的命题是传统人道主义的命题,它不能解决我们的时代提出来的新问题.我们的时代需要一种新人道主义.它提出来的问题是"人应当是什么"的问题,这正是发展伦理学的基本问题.新人道主义实现了从"个人本位"到"类本位"、从"绝对主体意识"到"有限主体意识"、从"享乐意识"到"生存意识"、从"现世主义意识"到"未来意识"的历史性转变.     

浅析"生态"内涵及主体的演变

本文详尽论述"生态"内涵以及主体的演变过程.阐释了"生态"的内涵经历了由"关系论"到"和谐论"、"生态"主体从生物有机体到人类的演变历程以及相关原因.     

"和平号"空间站的兴衰史

1986年2月20日,"和平号"空间站的核心舱升空,开始了它长达15年的太空遨游.可以说从它升空开始,就吸引着众多的目光,从结构特点到功能用途,从走向辉煌到"伤心太平洋".它的太空之旅创下了许多世界航天史的奇迹,为人类进一步征服太空做出了不可磨灭的功勋.     

孙家栋:中国航天"总总师"

他是最年轻的"两弹一星"元勋,也是最年老的卫星工程总设计师.从"东方红一号"到"嫦娥一号",从"风云气象卫星"到"北斗导航卫星",背后都有他主持负责的身影;翻开他的人生履历,就如同阅读一部新中国航天事业的发展史……     

让他人献"身"的"艺术"

让别人献"身"的艺术 如果吉尼斯有"让最多人脱光衣服"的纪录,那么创造者非斯宾赛·图尼克莫属.从1992年起,图尼克就开始在美围组织裸体摄影活动,后来便冲出美国,走遍七大洲,让越来越多人"脱光"给他拍照.到目前为止,到底有多少人为图尼克献"身"?     

"平常心"看待谷爱凌式"顶流人生"

近日,谷爱凌的"顶流人生"事迹霸屏各大热搜榜.很多家长更是目不转睛紧盯谷爱凌的动向,跃跃欲试以谷爱凌为标杆审视自己的孩子,要求自己的孩子,期望从谷爱凌身上,获取成功的秘诀,或者从其成长轨迹上挖掘到值得借鉴的东西,以指导自己孩子的成长,从而拥有谷爱凌式的成功人生.     

看,那枚蓝白色徽标聚焦"十三五"科技创新成就

10月27日,国家"十三五"科技创新成就展的最后一天.一大早,北京展览馆的大门口就排起了长队.秋日暖阳里,人们抓紧最后的时间,触摸创新之于国家的强劲脉搏,感受科技之于生活的无穷魅力. 走进展览馆,人们会发现,从"九章"量子计算原型机,到煤经合成气直接制高值化学品模型;从"奋斗者"号全海深载人潜水器模型,到传染病病毒模型和新冠肺炎相关疫苗……不少重大科技创新成就展品上都印着一个蓝白色的圆形徽标.这个频繁出现的院徽外环,写着"中国科学院"5个字.     

看,那枚蓝白色徽标聚焦"十三五"科技创新成就

10月27日,国家"十三五"科技创新成就展的最后一天.一大早,北京展览馆的大门口就排起了长队.秋日暖阳里,人们抓紧最后的时间,触摸创新之于国家的强劲脉搏,感受科技之于生活的无穷魅力. 走进展览馆,人们会发现,从"九章"量子计算原型机,到煤经合成气直接制高值化学品模型;从"奋斗者"号全海深载人潜水器模型,到传染病病毒模型和新冠肺炎相关疫苗……不少重大科技创新成就展品上都印着一个蓝白色的圆形徽标.这个频繁出现的院徽外环,写着"中国科学院"5个字.     

看,那枚蓝白色徽标聚焦"十三五"科技创新成就

10月27日,国家"十三五"科技创新成就展的最后一天.一大早,北京展览馆的大门口就排起了长队.秋日暖阳里,人们抓紧最后的时间,触摸创新之于国家的强劲脉搏,感受科技之于生活的无穷魅力. 走进展览馆,人们会发现,从"九章"量子计算原型机,到煤经合成气直接制高值化学品模型;从"奋斗者"号全海深载人潜水器模型,到传染病病毒模型和新冠肺炎相关疫苗……不少重大科技创新成就展品上都印着一个蓝白色的圆形徽标.这个频繁出现的院徽外环,写着"中国科学院"5个字.     

20世纪50～70年代我国关于数学"唯心论"的批判

从新中国成立到"文革"结束,在各种因素的影响下,我国数学界对数学领域中的各种"唯心论"内容进行过反复的批判.本文简单讨论了这方面的批判情况,初步分析了各个时期开展批判的社会历史原因,并对这一历史现象作了简单评价.     

休闲、信仰与对生命意义的追寻

休闲不是简单的放松、娱乐、玩.通过对历史上休闲与宗教之关系的梳理及对休闲之深层意义的探讨能够看到,在更本质的意义上休闲是我们形成自己信仰的一个基础,从而跟人类最高层次的精神生活有着密切的联系.在休闲中建立信仰要求我们对自己的欲望有一定的节制,但这跟休闲理论中经常强调的自由要素并不相悖,甚至可以说是相辅相成的.     

科学规范的内涵、类别、功能、结构和形式

提出科学规范论的十大问题。阐述科学规范的内涵、功能与类别;阐述科学规范系统的逻辑结 构与科学规范的存在和表达形式。     

Gould, Hull, and the Individuation of Scientific Theories

When is conceptual change so significant that we should talk about a new theory, not a new version of the same theory? We address this problem here, starting from Gould’s discussion of the individuation of the Darwinian theory. He locates his position between two extremes: ‘minimalist’—a theory should be individuated merely by its insertion in a historical lineage—and ‘maximalist’—exhaustive lists of necessary and sufficient conditions are required for individuation. He imputes the minimalist position to Hull and attempts a reductio: this position leads us to give the same ‘name’ to contradictory theories. Gould’s ‘structuralist’ position requires both ‘conceptual continuity’ and descent for individuation. Hull’s attempt to assimilate into his general selectionist framework Kuhn’s notion of ‘exemplar’ and the ‘semantic’ view of the structure of scientific theories can be used to counter Gould’s reductio, and also to integrate structuralist and population thinking about conceptual change.     

社会需求、技术缺失与机器的诞生

在肯定前人关于技术发展根奉动力是“需求”的观点基础上,提出了技术改进和技术发明的一般性机制——“技术缺失”的显现和对这种显现的领会,并结合原始手工工具和机器的发明历史予以论证。机器的诞生是资本主义生产需求引发的,没有这种社会需求便不会有“机器缺失”的显现,也就没有弥补“缺失”的发明活动。机器技术的每一步进展,都是从手工工具使用时的局限中发现了改进的方向,前一阶段的技术缺失是后采改进和发明的向导;前一阶段的功能结构,在后一阶段都有一定的保留。现代技术尽管异常复杂,它的发明仍然是以另一个层次的“技术缺失”为基本条件的。     

Newtonian Emanation, Spinozism, Measurement and the Baconian Origins of the Laws of Nature

The first two sections of this paper investigate what Newton could have meant in a now famous passage from “De Graviatione” (hereafter “DeGrav”) that “space is as it were an emanative effect of God.” First it offers a careful examination of the four key passages within DeGrav that bear on this. The paper shows that the internal logic of Newton’s argument permits several interpretations. In doing so, the paper calls attention to a Spinozistic strain in Newton’s thought. Second it sketches four interpretive options: (i) one approach is generic neo-Platonic; (ii) another approach is associated with the Cambridge Platonist, Henry More; a variant on this (ii*) emphasizes that Newton mixes Platonist and Epicurean themes; (iii) a necessitarian approach; (iv) an approach connected with Bacon’s efforts to reformulate a useful notion of form and laws of nature. Hitherto only the second and third options have received scholarly attention in scholarship on DeGrav. The paper offers new arguments to treat Newtonian emanation as a species of Baconian formal causation as articulated, especially, in the first few aphorisms of part two of Bacon’s New Organon. If we treat Newtonian emanation as a species of formal causation then the necessitarian reading can be combined with most of the Platonist elements that others have discerned in DeGrav, especially Newton’s commitment to doctrines of different degrees of reality as well as the manner in which the first existing being ‘transfers’ its qualities to space (as a kind of causa-sui). This can clarify the conceptual relationship between space and its formal cause in Newton as well as Newton’s commitment to the spatial extended-ness of all existing beings. While the first two sections of this paper engage with existing scholarly controversies, in the final section the paper argues that the recent focus on emanation has obscured the importance of Newton’s very interesting claims about existence and measurement in “DeGrav”. The paper argues that according to Newton God and other entities have the same kind of quantities of existence; Newton is concerned with how measurement clarifies the way of being of entities. Newton is not claiming that measurement reveals all aspects of an entity. But if we measure something then it exists as a magnitude in space and as a magnitude in time. This is why in DeGrav Newton’s conception of existence really helps to “lay truer foundations of the mechanical sciences.”     

全球化,科学词汇和生物学的未来

1 Biology for the 21st Century In a recent article in the New York Times (3/23/05), reporting on yet another upset to received views of the ways in which cells make use of their DNA, a prominent geneticist is quoted as remarking, "biologists have gotten used to the unexpected." Indeed, they have, as indeed, they have had to. Over the last few years, our understanding of molecular and developmental genetics has mutated dramatically in response to ever more complex analyses of ever more abundant and more complex data.     

"生物积累"等三个术语概念的探讨

对辞书术语的定义格式作了查证,并通过与教材中的术语定义的对比,探讨两种定义格式的特点。根据参与术语翻译和标准评审的点滴积累与正反体验,将翻译定名中的常见问题尝试概括为十种。每种问题都举出实例,从逻辑、语法与格式三方面加以分析。文中举例虽取自信息技术和对定义的翻译,但所概括的定义的特点和常见问题适用于科学技术其他学科,适用于自行撰写定义。     

“磷、膦、钅粦”“氨、胺、铵”系列名词辨析

系统分析和归纳了“磷、膦、钅粦”“氨、胺、铵”系列名词的定义和知识点,探讨了易混淆、错用的各类情况,为科技编辑及其他技术人员正确、规范使用该系列名词术语提供借鉴。     

Towards a Hierarchical Definition of Life,the Organism,and Death

Despite hundreds of definitions, no consensus exists on a definition of life or on the closely related and problematic definitions of the organism and death. These problems retard practical and theoretical development in, for example, exobiology, artificial life, biology and evolution. This paper suggests improving this situation by basing definitions on a theory of a generalized particle hierarchy. This theory uses the common denominator of the “operator” for a unified ranking of both particles and organisms, from elementary particles to animals with brains. Accordingly, this ranking is called “the operator hierarchy”. This hierarchy allows life to be defined as: matter with the configuration of an operator, and that possesses a complexity equal to, or even higher than the cellular operator. Living is then synonymous with the dynamics of such operators and the word organism refers to a select group of operators that fit the definition of life. The minimum condition defining an organism is its existence as an operator, construction thus being more essential than metabolism, growth or reproduction. In the operator hierarchy, every organism is associated with a specific closure, for example, the nucleus in eukaryotes. This allows death to be defined as: the state in which an organism has lost its closure following irreversible deterioration of its organization. The generality of the operator hierarchy also offers a context to discuss “life as we do not know it”. The paper ends with testing the definition’s practical value with a range of examples.