封闭管道内瓦斯爆炸传播过程中障碍物形状影响效果研究

为研究封闭管道内不同形状障碍物对瓦斯爆炸的影响,运用数值模拟软件Fluent,对比分析不同形状障碍物影响下火焰传播速度、最大超压以及爆炸流场结构的变化;运用中尺度激波管道和激光纹影系统,研究封闭管道内无障碍物和矩形障碍物存在时,冲击波和火焰传播,最大超压和火焰传播速度变化情况,对数值模拟结果进行补充。研究发现,封闭管道内最大超压随传播距离的增加而增大,火焰经历“加速-减速”过程。障碍物对火焰的加速作用主要存在于障碍物附近,火焰经历“加速-减速-再加速-再减速”过程。火焰越过障碍物前受流动压缩影响产生加速,在障碍物上方受剪切层影响,火焰下侧产生湍流扰动,加速传播;火焰越过障碍物后,与障碍物下游涡旋相互作用,形成湍流火焰,加速向下游传播。薄板障碍物对火焰传播速度和最大超压的提升效果最大,其次为长方形,三角形和圆形障碍物。在障碍物附近和其下游,最大超压相较于无障碍物情况下有明显提升。     

单缝流体推力矢量喷管的气动特性

流体矢量喷管重量轻,便于维修,应用前景可观。但二次流的存在造成了流场振荡,因此研究矢量喷管的流动特性具有重要的理论和工程意义。运用数值模拟方法,通过在二元收扩(2DCD)喷管的扩张段引入二次流,研究激波控制的流体推力矢量喷管的气动特性。利用分离涡模拟(DES)湍流模型进行矢量喷管非定常流场的数值计算,先后得到了流场的流线、涡量系数、密度梯度和熵的分布。结果表明:随着流动的发展,激波不断发生振荡,上、下壁面唇口处生成的涡沿着剪切层外侧不断向下游脱落;尾流内上剪切层的摆动角度和熵增皆大于下剪切层。     

不同飞行高度下超声速来流/射流及其相互作用的数值模拟

采用高精度格式求解二维Navier-Stokes方程, 研究了不同飞行高度下超声速来流和射流在后台阶相互作用的流场基本结构. 时间推进采用三阶精度Runge-Kutta格式, 分别应用五阶精度加权本质无振荡(weighted essentially non-oscillatory, WENO)格式、六阶精度中心差分格式来离散对流项和粘性项, 并应用MPI非阻塞式实现并行化. 采用两步后台阶模型分别研究了不同高度下超声速后台阶流动、 射流的基本结构特征; 并进一步组合两种流动, 研究了超声速来流/射流组合流动下相互作用的流场结构. 通过改变后台阶上方来流条件, 模拟了不同飞行高度的环境, 研究了其对流场中涡、剪切层、激波等结构的影响. 研究结果发现, 超声速来流和射流发生相互作用后, 在后台阶附近产生回流区, 超声速来流的存在会对射流的流场结构产生影响.     

预混火焰面附近的湍流特性测量

为考察预混火焰面附近的湍流特性,以及湍流与化学反应相互作用的机理,采用激光多普勒技术(laser Doppler anemometry,LDA)对本生火焰和V型火焰的流场进行了诊断。分别通过固体粉末和雾化硅油液滴进行无条件和条件示踪,研究了全场及反应物来流的流动特性。无条件示踪的测量结果表明,火焰区的流场存在湍流度迅速增大然后衰减的现象,而速度的测值呈现双峰分布。条件示踪测量结果表明,在火焰区内反应物来流的流动特性并没有发生明显的改变。在剪切流场中,火焰面的脉动和皱褶不显著影响上游反应物的流动特性。     

预混火焰面附近的湍流特性测量

为考察预混火焰面附近的湍流特性,以及湍流与化学反应相互作用的机理,采用激光多普勒技术(laser Doppleranem ometry,LDA)对本生火焰和V型火焰的流场进行了诊断。分别通过固体粉末和雾化硅油液滴进行无条件和条件示踪,研究了全场及反应物来流的流动特性。无条件示踪的测量结果表明,火焰区的流场存在湍流度迅速增大然后衰减的现象,而速度的测值呈现双峰分布。条件示踪测量结果表明,在火焰区内反应物来流的流动特性并没有发生明显的改变。在剪切流场中,火焰面的脉动和皱褶不显著影响上游反应物的流动特性。     

不同入射激波条件下激波与湍流边界层干扰的实验研究

本文在Ma=3.4超声速低噪声风洞中开展了不同入射激波条件下激波与来流壁面湍流边界层干扰的相关实验研究,得到了不同入射激波条件下的精细流场结构、壁面压力、壁面温度分布以及他们之间的相互关系.利用基于纳米示踪的平面激光散射技术(NPLS)在单位雷诺数6.30×10~6m~(-1)条件下获得了激波与湍流边界层干扰典型流场精细的瞬态流动结构图像,并对瞬态流动图像进行统计分析,得到的诱导激波振荡位置满足正态分布.同时利用大气数据系统得到了不同入射激波条件下干扰区的壁面压力分布,以及不同入射激波强度下分离区流动结构与壁面压力变化的关系.利用温敏漆(TSP)技术,得到不同入射激波条件下干扰区模型壁面温度分布,分析了激波与湍流边界层干扰过程中出现G?rtler涡引起的条带结构与入射激波强度的关系.     

导流块深度对圆弧形凹面腔内激波聚焦过程的影响

为研究导流块深度对圆弧形凹面腔内径向入射激波聚焦过程的影响,对马赫数为1.4的径向入射激波在导流块深度分别为0、5、10、15、17.5、20、25 mm的凹面腔内反射聚焦过程进行了实验研究。用高速CCD拍摄了圆弧形凹面腔中气流流场纹影照片,并用动态压力传感器测量了聚焦过程中流场的压力变化,对径向入射激波在凹面腔内的反射聚焦过程进行了描述。通过对比不同导流块深度下激波反射聚焦过程,发现随着导流块深度的增加,凹面腔出口宽度减少,气流的排出受到限制,导致凹面腔内部的湍流度增强,由于受到湍流的较强影响,内部激波结构减弱,从而对于激波聚焦产生高温高压区产生影响,不利于激波触发爆震。     

马赫数及间距对串列双圆柱超声速绕流的影响

为揭示不同条件下超声速圆柱绕流流动机理，该文对等直径串列双圆柱超声速绕流进行了数值研究。该文基于有限体积法和欧拉方程，结合5阶高精度加权本质无振荡格式，对不同马赫数及不同圆柱间距对流场的影响规律进行了数值研究，获得了超声速串列双圆柱绕流流场稳定后的流场特性和升力、阻力系数变化规律。结果表明，计算域内的复杂波系主要由弓形激波、反射激波以及弱激波组成；马赫数的增加会使激波结构被拉伸，改变弓形激波在壁面发生的反射类型，并造成计算域出口壅塞进而影响升力、阻力系数的稳定；圆柱间距的增加使得圆柱后方速度剪切层发生摆动，并造成不同间距条件下升力、阻力系数间的差异。     

超燃冲压发动机凹腔内补氧的强化点火试验

在超燃冲压发动机扩张型燃烧室中,对凹腔内局部补氧的点火强化方法进行了试验研究。采用高速摄影手段研究了不同的补氧方式对凹腔内火焰分布特征和燃烧强度的影响,并针对并联双凹腔燃烧室构型,研究了在单侧凹腔补氧条件下向异侧凹腔的火焰传播过程。试验结果表明,采用凹腔内补氧的方式能调节凹腔内的燃料浓度分布、改善凹腔内的燃烧过程,控制燃烧放热强度;稳态燃烧情况下,观察到凹腔驻留火焰的两种存在特征,分别表现为:由回流区热量反馈机制作用下的凹腔局部驻留火焰和燃烧室全局压力反馈影响下的凹腔剪切层火焰。只有在单侧凹腔燃烧建立了全局压力反馈的条件下才能实现凹腔火焰的异侧传播。      

超音速风洞扩压器激波串现象的数值模拟

超音速扩压器性能研究具有非常重要的工程实际应用价值。该文为加深对超音速风洞扩压器内流场结构的理解,采用Fluent软件对“收缩段等直段扩张段”型扩压器流场进行了数值计算,较好模拟了扩压器中由激波/边界层干扰诱导的复杂流场的流场特性,再现了流场中的“激波串”和“伪激波”现象,与文献结果吻合较好。并以比较精细的二维网格计算结果对激波串的形成机理和典型流动结构进行了分析,同时应用于实际工程,对某超音速风洞扩压器不同二喉道长度状态下的扩压效率进行了比较。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the