基于遗传神经网络的多元渣系活度预测模型

基于遗传神经优化BP神经网络权值和阈值建立了多元熔渣活度模型.人工神经网络能实现任意函数逼近,结构简单;遗传算法是建立于遗传学和自然选择原理基础上的一种全局优化搜索算法,能根据个体的适应度函数,通过对个体施加遗传操作实现群体内个体结构重组的迭代处理,逐代演化出越来越好的近似解.通过对CaO-SiO2,CaO-SiO2-Al2O3,CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO渣系组元活度的计算和仿真表明,遗传神经网络具有很强的非线性拟合能力,计算结果在不同的情况下均能很好地吻合文献值,因此能够准确预报多元渣系中组元活度值.     

Reinforcement drives rapid allopatric speciation

Allopatric speciation results from geographic isolation between populations. In the absence of gene flow, reproductive isolation arises gradually and incidentally as a result of mutation, genetic drift and the indirect effects of natural selection driving local adaptation. In contrast, speciation by reinforcement is driven directly by natural selection against maladaptive hybridization. This gives individuals that choose the traits of their own lineage greater fitness, potentially leading to rapid speciation between the lineages. Reinforcing natural selection on a population of one of the lineages in a mosaic contact zone could also result in divergence of the population from the allopatric range of its own lineage outside the zone. Here we test this with molecular data, experimental crosses, field measurements and mate choice experiments in a mosaic contact zone between two lineages of a rainforest frog. We show that reinforcing natural selection has resulted in significant premating isolation of a population in the contact zone not only from the other lineage but also, incidentally, from the closely related main range of its own lineage. Thus we show the potential for reinforcement to drive rapid allopatric speciation.     

改进的遗传算法在SVM参数优化中的应用

遗传算法是一种具有随机、高度并行、自适应特点的全局最优搜索技术,即以生物界自然选择和遗传机理为基础的智能计算模型,模拟生物的自然进化过程。文章利用改进的遗传算法优化SVM参数,提高SVM分类器的学习能力和推广能力,实验仿真表明,优化的SVM不仅能高准确地预训练集,而且使分类准确率维持在一个较高的水平。     

Parameter Optimization of Linear Quadratic Controller Based on Genetic Algorithm

The selection of weighting matrix in design of the linear quadratic optimal controller is an important topic in the control theory. In this paper, an approach based on genetic algorithm is presented for selecting the weighting matrix for the optimal controller. Genetic algorithm is adaptive heuristic search algorithm premised on the evolutionary ideas of natural selection and genetic. In this algorithm, the fitness function is used to evaluate individuals and reproductive success varies with fitness. In the design of the linear quadratic optimal controller, the fitness function has relation to the anticipated step response of the system. Not only can the controller designed by this approach meet the demand of the performance indexes of linear quadratic controller, but also satisfy the anticipated step response of close-loop system. The method possesses a higher calculating efficiency and provides technical support for the optimal controller in engineering application. The simulation of a three-order single-input single-output (SISO) system has demonstrated the feasibility and validity of the approach.     

Genetic linkage of ecological specialization and reproductive isolation in pea aphids

The evolution of ecological specialization generates biological diversity and may lead to speciation. Genetic architecture can either speed or retard this process. If resource use and mate choice have a common genetic basis through pleiotropy or close linkage, the resulting genetic correlations can promote the joint evolution of specialization and reproductive isolation, facilitating speciation. Here we present a model of the role of genetic correlations in specialization and speciation, and test it by analysing the genetic architecture of key traits in two highly specialized host races of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum pisum; Hemiptera : Aphididae). We found several complexes of pleiotropic or closely linked quantitative trait loci (QTL) that affect key traits in ways that would promote speciation: QTL with antagonistic effects on performance on the two hosts are linked to QTL that produce asortative mating (through habitat choice). This type of genetic architecture may be common in taxa that have speciated under divergent natural selection.     

杉木遗传改良中的若干基本问题

<正> 自1964年以来,南京林学院和福建省林业厅林木种苗公司合作,开展了杉木遗传改良工作。20年的实践证明,按我们所制定的原则标准和方法,在现有杉木人工林分中进行选择,其遗传增益是明显的。在闽中、闽西北地区,应用杉木普通无性系种子园的种子造林,在相同的立地条件和经营管理下,立木材积生长量平均增长15％,优良家系可增长50％以上,而且抗杉木针叶炭疽病的能力也有所提高。早期在福建洋口林场营建的种子园,预计到1985年可满足建阳地区每年十五万亩人工更新造林用种。随着普通种子园种子产量的提高与造林面积的扩大,杉木遗传改良将会取得更大的经济效益。 七十年代中期,我们致力于杉木第二代改良的准备工作。八十年代初,进行了第二代改良的选优和育种园、种子园的营建工作。目前,育种园中收集第二代育种材料350株,部分已进入始花期。1984年将完成第二代种子园的嫁接工作。随着杉木遗传改良工作的深入,在理论和实践上都面临着一些基本的而又是十分重要的问题,现就这些问题探讨于后。     

云南松的种群遗传与进化

本文从种群遗传学的角度研究了云南松（pinus yunnanensis)的遗传体制，种群内的多态现象，种群的遗传结构，演化潜力，生态小种和地理小种以及共交种等问题，得出的若干结论如下：（1）种内存在巨大的遗传变异，如在自然 群中表明的，几乎所有可见的形态性状都具有多态现象，这种巨大的遗传变异是自然选择进化的一个必要条件。（2）自然种群中，大多数个体的基因型很多座位都是杂合的，它们常表现出杂种优势，并且也可能表明增强了生理上发育上的体内平衡。（3）由于种群大，而且又分割成许多相对独立的亚群，各种进化要素都有能同时起作用，并已分化出生态种和地理小种，（4）云南松具有拟态种子，其起源和适应意义作了初步讨论。     

Sexually antagonistic genetic variation for fitness in red deer

Evolutionary theory predicts the depletion of genetic variation in natural populations as a result of the effects of selection, but genetic variation is nevertheless abundant for many traits that are under directional or stabilizing selection. Evolutionary geneticists commonly try to explain this paradox with mechanisms that lead to a balance between mutation and selection. However, theoretical predictions of equilibrium genetic variance under mutation-selection balance are usually lower than the observed values, and the reason for this is unknown. The potential role of sexually antagonistic selection in maintaining genetic variation has received little attention in this debate, surprisingly given its potential ubiquity in dioecious organisms. At fitness-related loci, a given genotype may be selected in opposite directions in the two sexes. Such sexually antagonistic selection will reduce the otherwise-expected positive genetic correlation between male and female fitness. Both theory and experimental data suggest that males and females of the same species may have divergent genetic optima, but supporting data from wild populations are still scarce. Here we present evidence for sexually antagonistic fitness variation in a natural population, using data from a long-term study of red deer (Cervus elaphus). We show that male red deer with relatively high fitness fathered, on average, daughters with relatively low fitness. This was due to a negative genetic correlation between estimates of fitness in males and females. In particular, we show that selection favours males that carry low breeding values for female fitness. Our results demonstrate that sexually antagonistic selection can lead to a trade-off between the optimal genotypes for males and females; this mechanism will have profound effects on the operation of selection and the maintenance of genetic variation in natural populations.     

Frequency-dependent survival in natural guppy populations

The maintenance of genetic variation in traits under natural selection is a long-standing paradox in evolutionary biology. Of the processes capable of maintaining variation, negative frequency-dependent selection (where rare types are favoured by selection) is the most powerful, at least in theory; however, few experimental studies have confirmed that this process operates in nature. One of the most extreme, unexplained genetic polymorphisms is seen in the colour patterns of male guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Here we manipulated the frequencies of males with different colour patterns in three natural populations to estimate survival rates, and found that rare phenotypes had a highly significant survival advantage compared to common phenotypes. Evidence from humans and other species implicates frequency-dependent survival in the maintenance of molecular, morphological and health-related polymorphisms. As a controlled manipulation in nature, this study provides unequivocal support for frequency-dependent survival--an evolutionary process capable of maintaining extreme polymorphism.     

Genetic mechanisms of floral trait correlations in a natural population

Genetic correlations among traits are important in evolution, as they can constrain evolutionary change or reflect past selection for combinations of traits. Constraints and integration depend on whether the correlations are caused by pleiotropy or linkage disequilibrium, but these genetic mechanisms underlying correlations remain largely unknown in natural populations. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping studies do not adequately address the mechanisms of within-population genetic correlations because they rely on crosses between distinct species, inbred lines or selected lines (see ref. 5), and they cannot distinguish moderate linkage disequilibrium from pleiotropy because they commonly rely on only one or two episodes of recombination. Here I report that after nine generations of enforced random mating (nine episodes of recombination), correlations between six floral traits in wild radish plants are unchanged, showing that pleiotropy generates the correlations. There is no evidence for linkage disequilibrium despite previous correlational selection acting on one functionally integrated pair of traits. This study provides direct evidence of the genetic mechanisms underlying correlations between quantitative traits in a natural population and suggests that there may be constraints on the independent evolution of pairs of highly correlated traits.     

寒温带水曲柳自然群体变异分析及 优良个体的早期选择与评价

以寒温带水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr.)自然群体及子代测定林为对象,采用固定标准地定位观测的方法,以群体选择、变异分析和遗传效应评价为基础,探讨自然群体及其子代树高和胸径性状的遗传变异,系统分析这些生长性状的遗传力和遗传增益,从中选择出生长势、抗逆性和适应能力兼优的优异群体及优良个体.结果表明:寒温带水曲柳自然群体间的生长性状存在极显著差异,其中,树高性状的变异较小,胸径性状的变异较大,平均变异系数分别为24.29%和45.02%.另外,群体内自由授粉子代间生长性状的差异亦极显著.寒温带水曲柳的生长性状受遗传基因的控制程度较强,遗传力强,遗传增益较大,树高和胸径的遗传力分别为0.858和0.860,遗传增益分别为16.68%和30.98%.因此,以生长性状为主要评价指标,兼顾各种影响因素,确定五常(WCH)群体为优异群体,WCH25,WCH12和WCH27为优良个体,可广泛应用于多世代遗传改良育种中.     

人工生育方式的法律思考

能够生育自己的子女是每个已婚成年人的美好愿望,自己的子女是克隆的自己,自己的子女可以说是自己生命的延续,然而由于种种原因,某些已婚的成年人却无法通过自然而然的方式生育自己的子女,不过值得庆幸的是,随着社会经济的高度发达,人类科学技术的提高,一种新的生育方式出现了,也就是人工生育方式,人工生育方式为一些无法自然生育的人们提供拥有自己亲生子女的权利,人工生育的优势已无可否认,很多国家都已立法确定这一生育方式.但在具体的实施过程中却存在着很多问题.本文从法律的角度出发,结合我国人工生育的实际情况,论述了人工生育的方式、对人工生育的主体的思考、人工生育子女知情权的保障等问题.     

反思达尔文

Ｃａｉｒｎｓ提出，Ｌｕｒｉａ和Ｄｅｌｌｂｒｕｃｋ的波动试验只是产了随机突变－－选择留存机制，并不能否定有定向突变存在，天然遗传工程的存在则表明，生物在进化 过程中并不总是被动地承受选择，有时也会主动地改变自己的遗传结构以适应环境，这些新成果表明，自然选择不是驱动生物进化的唯一动力，再者，无论是定向突变还是自然选择，它们解释的都是适应性进化，而适应性进化则只是生物进化中的一种非本质形式，事实上，解释     

A closely linked genetic marker for cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis is a recessive genetic disorder, characterized clinically by chronic obstructive lung disease, pancreatic insufficiency and elevated sweat electrolytes; affected individuals rarely live past their early twenties. Cystic fibrosis is also one of the most common genetic diseases in the northern European population. The frequency of carriers of mutant alleles in some populations is estimated to be as high as 1 in 20, carrying a concomitant burden of about one affected child in 1,500 births. Because little is known of the essential biochemical defect caused by the mutant gene, a genetic linkage approach based on arbitrary genetic markers and family studies is indicated to determine the chromosomal location of the cystic fibrosis (CF) gene. We have now obtained evidence for tight linkage between the CF locus and a DNA sequence polymorphism at the met oncogene locus. This evidence, combined with the physical localization data for the met locus presented in the accompanying paper, places the CF locus in the middle third of the long arm of chromosome 7, probably between bands q21 and q31.     

Contemporary fisherian life-history evolution in small salmonid populations

The relative importance of natural selection and random drift in phenotypic evolution has been discussed since the introduction of the first population genetic models. The empirical evidence used to evaluate the evolutionary theories of Fisher and Wright remains obscure because formal tests for neutral divergence or sensitive attempts to separate the effects of selection and drift are scarce, subject to error, and have not been interpreted in the light of well-known population demography. We combined quantitative genetic and microsatellite DNA analyses to investigate the determinants of contemporary life-history evolution in isolated populations of grayling (Thymallus thymallus, Salmonidae) that originated from a common source 80-120 years ago. Here we show that natural selection was the dominant diversifying agent in the evolution of the quantitative traits. However, the populations were founded by a small number of individuals, exhibit very low microsatellite-based effective sizes and show genetic imprints of severe 'bottlenecks'; which are conditions often suggested to constrain selection and favour drift. This study demonstrates a very clear case of fisherian evolution in small natural populations across a contemporary timescale.     

Convergent evolution in mechanical design of lamnid sharks and tunas

The evolution of 'thunniform' body shapes in several different groups of vertebrates, including whales, ichthyosaurs and several species of large pelagic fishes supports the view that physical and hydromechanical demands provided important selection pressures to optimize body design for locomotion during vertebrate evolution. Recognition of morphological similarities between lamnid sharks (the most well known being the great white and the mako) and tunas has led to a general expectation that they also have converged in their functional design; however, no quantitative data exist on the mechanical performance of the locomotor system in lamnid sharks. Here we examine the swimming kinematics, in vivo muscle dynamics and functional morphology of the force-transmission system in a lamnid shark, and show that the evolutionary convergence in body shape and mechanical design between the distantly related lamnids and tunas is much more than skin deep; it extends to the depths of the myotendinous architecture and the mechanical basis for propulsive movements. We demonstrate that not only have lamnids and tunas converged to a much greater extent than previously known, but they have also developed morphological and functional adaptations in their locomotor systems that are unlike virtually all other fishes.     

Selection overrides gene flow to break down maladaptive mimicry

Predators typically avoid dangerous species, and batesian mimicry evolves when a palatable species (the 'mimic') co-opts a warning signal from a dangerous species (the 'model') and thereby deceives its potential predators. Because predators would not be under selection to avoid the model and any of its look-alikes in areas where the model is absent (that is, allopatry), batesian mimics should occur only in sympatry with their model. However, contrary to this expectation, batesian mimics often occur in allopatry. Here we focus on one such example--a coral snake mimic. Using indirect DNA-based methods, we provide evidence suggesting that mimics migrate from sympatry, where mimicry is favoured, to allopatry, where it is disfavoured. Such gene flow is much stronger in nuclear genes than in maternally inherited mitochondrial genes, indicating that dispersal by males may explain the presence of mimetic phenotypes in allopatry. Despite this gene flow, however, individuals from allopatry resemble the model less than do individuals from sympatry. We show that this breakdown of mimicry probably reflects predator-mediated selection acting against individuals expressing the more conspicuous mimetic phenotype in allopatry. Thus, although gene flow may explain why batesian mimics occur in allopatry, natural selection may often override such gene flow and promote the evolution of non-mimetic phenotypes in such areas.     

Approaches for improving the performance of filament-type resistive switching memory

Resistive random access memory (RRAM) has received significant research interest because of its promising potential in terms of down-scaling, high density, high speed and low power. However, its endurance, retention and uniformity are still imperfect. In this article, the physical mechanisms of filament-type RRAM and the approaches for improving the switching performance, including doping, process optimization and interface engineering, are introduced.     

Approaches for improving the performance of filament-type resistive switching memory

Resistive random access memory (RRAM) has received significant research interest because of its promising potential in terms of down-scaling,high density,high speed and low power. However,its endurance,retention and uniformity are still imperfect. In this article,the physical mechanisms of filament-type RRAM and the approaches for improving the switching performance,including doping,process optimization and interface engineering,are introduced.     

The origin of protein interactions and allostery in colocalization

Two fundamental principles can account for how regulated networks of interacting proteins originated in cells. These are the law of mass action, which holds that the binding of one molecule to another increases with concentration, and the fact that the colocalization of molecules vastly increases their local concentrations. It follows that colocalization can amplify the effect on one protein of random mutations in another protein and can therefore, through natural selection, lead to interactions between proteins and to a startling variety of complex allosteric controls. It also follows that allostery is common and that homologous proteins can have different allosteric mechanisms. Thus, the regulated protein networks of organisms seem to be the inevitable consequence of natural selection operating under physical laws.