Crust-mantle coupling in North China: Preliminary analysis from seismic anisotropy

Data from the CASN (Capital Area Seismograph Network), NSNC (National Seismograph Network of China), and IRIS (Incor-porated Research Institutions for Seismology) are compared with data from a temporary North China Seismic Array to obtain the background orientation of the horizontal crustal principal compressive stress at NE 95.1°±15.4° in North China. Data are corrected for disturbances of faults and irregular tectonics, and are used to constrain the fast SKS polarization at NE 110.2°±15.8° in North China. Individual station analyses suggests that there is consistently more than 10° difference between the polarizations of fast shear-wave in the crust and those of fast SKS phases. Azimuthally anisotropic phase velocities of Rayleigh waves at different periods also indicate an orientation change for fast velocity with depth. It suggests the crust-mantle coupling in North China follows neither the simple decoupling model nor the strong coupling model. Instead, it is possibly some inhomogeneous combination of two models or some gradual-change model of physical characteristics. This study shows that anisotropy in the crust and mantle could be multiply characterized more correctly and crust-mantle coupling could be analyzed further, if increasing near-field shear-wave splitting data that indicate crustal anisotropy, combined with the azimuthal anisotropy of Rayleigh waves, besides the result of SKS splitting travelling through lithosphere and surface GPS measurements.     

Shear-wave splitting and anisotropy in crust of Dabieshan orogenic belt

The shear-wave splitting was analyzed on the deep seismic sounding profile crossing the Dabieshan area. The direction difference between Sg and SmS fast wave polarization indicates that the modem regional tectonic stress field in the Dabieshan area exists only in uppcr crust, while the crack alignment caused by the Triassic collision between the North China and the Yangtze blocks had been preserved in mid-lower curst.     

利用剪切波分裂研究地壳介质各向异性

地壳介质的各向异性主要是裂隙各向异性,剪切波穿过各向异性介质传播会发生分裂现象.剪切波分裂的偏振特性和时间延迟特性与裂隙介质的几何特性和物理性质有关,可以用来研究地壳应力场及其动态变化.     

红河断裂以西大理‒永平地区上地壳各向异性分层特征

对中国地震科学台阵探测项目一期于2011—2013年布设在红河断裂以西大理永平地区的5个流动台站进行横波分裂研究, 分别得到18, 14, 7, 9 和5个横波分裂参数测量结果, 并使用更精确的实际横波路径, 通过过量归一化方法进行改正, 研究该区域各向异性分层特征。结果显示, 研究区上地壳10 km深度之上存在各向异性强度大小相间的3层各向异性层, 其中第2层各向异性强度最小, 厚度为2~2.4 km; 第1层各向异性强度稍强, 厚度为4.1~5.0 km; 第3层各向异性强度最强。各向异性分层特征与前人在该区域的大地电磁测深结果吻合。结合滇西地区地壳中的低速异常、低电阻率和低Q值现象, 认为第3层的强各向异性是地幔物质上涌造成裂隙发育以及热流上传所致。     

巴什基奇克组地层岩石力学及地应力特征

为深入认识克深地区巴什基奇克组地层岩石力学及地应力特征,以室内力学试验结果及压裂分析结果为依据,采用点-线-面、体逐步递进的技术思路开展研究区岩石力学参数三维空间展布及三维地应力反演分析.研究结果表明:地层弹性模量及抗压强度在分析区域西南角以及南部边缘相对较高,其余大部分区域相对较低.地层泊松比主要分布在区域西南角以及南部边缘泊松比相对较低,其余部分相对较高,弹性模量与抗压强度的分布规律相近,与泊松比分布规律相反.巴什基奇克组地层地应力状态以潜在走滑型为主,垂向主应力分布范围则为130.0～196.0 MPa,水平最大主应力分布范围为160.0～210.0 MPa,水平最小主应力平面分布范围则为110.0～175.0 MPa,断裂带附近主应力的大小变化较大,形成快速的应力变化带.断层下盘应力集中程度大,应力水平高,断层上盘呈现低应力水平,形成显著的低应力区.埋深对最大主应力影响显著,构造高点地应力水平相对较低.巴什基奇克组地层顶面地应力方位以近NS向为主,水平最大主应力方位范围为345°～25°.     

地应力作用下裂隙对锚杆预应力扩散机制的影响

为深入了解裂隙对锚杆预应力扩散机制的影响,采用将锚杆预应力在裂隙围岩中形成的应力场-锚杆预应力场从围岩应力场中分离出来的方法,系统地研究了地应力作用下裂隙位置、长度和倾角对锚杆预应力扩散机制的影响。研究发现:裂隙长度对锚杆预应力场的影响最显著、次为倾角、再次为位置。裂隙长度存在阈值;随其长度增加,拉、压应力峰值区位置发生转移,拉应力峰值单调增加,压应力峰值则先增大再减小。随裂隙向围岩深部移动,拉、压应力区位置发生互换,拉、压应力峰值总体呈减小趋势。裂隙倾角90°时的锚杆预应力场与30°~75°时的显著不同;随裂隙倾角增大,拉应力峰值按减小→增大→减小的规律变化,压应力峰值先减小再增大。     

阿克陶MW6.6地震的发震构造及滑动特征

2016年11月25日新疆阿克陶发生了M_W6.6地震。通常震中所处断层的破裂特性与周围区域应力场的动力学特征具有紧密的联系。通过对发震构造断层的精确刻画以及区域地壳中应力释放细节的深入探究,可以加深对发震构造周围地震动力学特征的认识,同时也对判定当地未来一段时间内的地震活动趋势提供了重要参考。首先搜集整理了震源附近的26条余震震源机制,利用网格搜索法反演得到震中附近的应力场,发现该地区主压应力方向为157.36°,倾伏角为1.15°,主张应力方向为66.56°,倾伏角为34.98°,与该地所处的帕米尔高原陆内俯冲形成近东西向断裂的右旋走滑兼有逆冲的背景相一致;然后利用389条余震精定位数据,结合高斯-牛顿算法和模拟退火算法拟合得到发震断层面的走向为103.64°、倾角为65.65°,这与木吉右旋走滑断裂的几何特征基本重合;将所求应力场投影到断层上,得到滑动角为152.77°,该地震表现为右旋走滑断层;最后利用本研究获得的区域应力张量模拟得到的该状态下的各种形状断层面的相对应力分布,发现该地震发生的断层面的相对剪应力接近1,破裂方向与震源区的最优剪切力方向相同,表明...     

四川LZ页岩储层现今地应力方向及主控因素——以龙一段为例

现今地应力场方向是影响页岩储层压裂改造效果的主要因素之一,进行现今应力场方向展布特征及其主要影响因素分析对页岩气开发应用具有重要的意义。利用古地磁结合波速各向异性法、微地震监测法、测井资料三种方法来判别地应力方向,对LZ地区地应力方向平面展布特征及主控因素分析。结果表明,宽缓向斜处三种解释方法都适用,准确度和可信度排序为岩心实验测试、偶极横波测井、电成像测井。断裂影响区域偶极横波测井不再适用,岩心实验测试结果可信度大于电成像测井。裂缝发育强构造变形区域对三种方法解释结果均有影响,需多种方法结合分析;LZ地区龙马溪组现今最大主应力方向变化范围在90°～125°之间。得胜、宝藏、云锦向斜的最大主应力方向在115°左右,福集向斜最大水平主应力方向偏转最大,在80°～100°之间,可能与西侧华蓥山断裂逆冲兼具走滑有一定关系。断裂规模越大其扰动范围和强度越大。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级断裂最大扰动范围分别为1100 m、850 m、500 m、300 m。紧闭背斜褶皱变形区,受褶皱顶部派生的拉张应力影响,地应力方向沿着褶皱轴向偏转,靠近褶皱顶部,受拉张应力影响大,偏转角度最大。该研究成果可为后期水平井井位轨迹优化及压裂改造工程提供理论支撑。     

塔北隆起中西部新近纪末构造应力场数值模拟

根据油田地震资料解释和构造分析,建立了新近纪末塔北隆起中西部平面与剖面地质模型,通过线弹性有限元方法的计算,得出该地区应力场模拟结果。构造应力场模拟结果表明,区域性南北向挤压应力控制了整个塔北隆起中西部新近纪末的构造应力场;研究区内牙哈断裂、轮台断裂、红旗断裂、英买7断裂在新近纪末为压扭性断裂,并具有左行走滑分量,喀拉玉尔滚断裂为右行走滑断裂,羊塔克断裂为纯压性逆冲构造;在区域挤压应力作用下,受主干断裂影响形成的局部构造应力场控制了局部次级构造类型的产生;从剖面应力场模拟结果来看,最大主应力方向在中央断隆区由水平变为倾斜,垂向应力分量变大,是导致压拱构造形成的主要因素。     

Mid-mantle deformation inferred from seismic anisotropy

With time, convective processes in the Earth's mantle will tend to align crystals, grains and inclusions. This mantle fabric is detectable seismologically, as it produces an anisotropy in material properties--in particular, a directional dependence in seismic-wave velocity. This alignment is enhanced at the boundaries of the mantle where there are rapid changes in the direction and magnitude of mantle flow, and therefore most observations of anisotropy are confined to the uppermost mantle or lithosphere and the lowermost-mantle analogue of the lithosphere, the D" region. Here we present evidence from shear-wave splitting measurements for mid-mantle anisotropy in the vicinity of the 660-km discontinuity, the boundary between the upper and lower mantle. Deep-focus earthquakes in the Tonga-Kermadec and New Hebrides subduction zones recorded at Australian seismograph stations record some of the largest values of shear-wave splitting hitherto reported. The results suggest that, at least locally, there may exist a mid-mantle boundary layer, which could indicate the impediment of flow between the upper and lower mantle in this region.     

塔北隆起中西部新近纪末构造应力场数值模拟

根据油田地震资料解释和构造分析,建立了新近纪末塔北隆起中西部平面与剖面地质模型,通过线弹性有限元方法的计算,得出该地区应力场模拟结果。构造应力场模拟结果表明,区域性南北向挤压应力控制了整个塔北隆起中西部新近纪末的构造应力场;研究区内牙哈断裂、轮台断裂、红旗断裂、英买7断裂在新近纪末为压扭性断裂,并具有左行走滑分量,喀拉玉尔滚断裂为右行走滑断裂,羊塔克断裂为纯压性逆冲构造;在区域挤压应力作用下,受主干断裂影响形成的局部构造应力场控制了局部次级构造类型的产生;从剖面应力场模拟结果来看,最大主应力方向在中央断隆区由水平变为倾斜,垂向应力分量变大,是导致压拱构造形成的主要因素。     

Measurement of light polarization characteristics from an oil-polluted soil surface in near-infrared bands

Oil pollution can be monitored by infrared remote sensing technology. In this work, the degree of po-larization (DOP) was established as a quantitative index of oil pollution. The crude oil and the local typical surface soil from the Songyuan oil field in Jilin province were collected. Some soil samples with four levels of oil content and three levels of water content were prepared and measured. The DOP of the polluted soil and the clean soil in the field was also measured at 180° relative viewing azimuth a...     

Latitudinal shift and tilt of the ring current during magnetic storms

The equatorial ring current (ERC) theory suggested that the distribution of global disturbed horizontal geomagnetic field only depends on the cosine of station’s latitude. However, we always observe a larger ΔH at higher latitude stations than lower ones, implying that the ERC could tilt or/and shift with respect to the equatorial plane during intense storms. In this paper, we analyze 11 intense magnetic storms from 2000 to 2004, and introduce two configurational factors to characterize the topology of storm time ring current. The results show that ERC has occasionally deviated off equatorial plane with both tilt angle δ_t≈13°―25° and latitude shift δ_s≈0°―21.8°. The ground disturbed field distribution should be improved as ΔH_k = ΔH_maxcos(φ_k-δ ), which agree well with the geomagnetic observations.     

Statistic characteristics and weather significance of infrared TBB during May―August in Beijing and its vicinity

In order to meet the demand of nowcasting convective storms in Beijing, the climatological characteristics of convective storms in Beijing and its vicinity were analyzed based on the infrared （IR） temperature of black body （TBB） data during May--August of 1997--2004. The climatological probabilities, the diurnal cycle and the spatial distribution of convective storms are given respectively in this paper. The results show that the climatological characteristics of convective storms denoted by TBB≤-52℃ are consistent with those statistic studies based on the surface and lightning observations. Furthermore, the climatological characteristics of May and June are very different from those of July and August, showing that there are two types of convective storms in this region. One occurs in the transient polar air mass on the midlatitude continent during the late spring and early summer. This type of convection arises with thunder, strong wind gust and hail over the mountainous area in the northern part of this region from afternoon to nightfall, the other occurs with heavy rainfall in the warm and moist air mass over the North China Plain and vicinity of Bohai Sea. This study also shows that the long-term data of IR TBB observed by geostationary satellite can complement the temporal and spatial limitation of the weather radar and surface observations.     

渤南油田义176区块三维应力场智能预测

为提高应力场数值模拟的运算效率，基于ANSYS中的APDL语言编译自适应边界程序，将边界条件的人为调整过程自动化，并借助Petrel与ANSYS的联合建模技术以及三维非均质岩石力学场的构建技术，开展了渤南油田176区块三维应力场的智能预测。结果表明，自适应边界程序大幅且有效地缩短了人工反复尝试边界条件的时间，提高了应力场模拟的效率，且保证了预测精度。义176区块现今最大水平主应力方向总体呈近EW-SEE向，边界断层对应力方向影响较为显著，引起了约5 °~10 °的偏转。现今地应力数值变化较大，离散性高，平面上呈带状展布，具有北高南低的分布趋势，在目的层范围内属于I_a类地应力，岩石的非均质性是造成应力数值差异的主要原因。在义176区块中部存在一片条带状展布的“应力甜点”，可以作为井位部署和压裂作业的优势区域。     

Estimation of emissions from field burning of crop straw in China

Emissions resulting from crop straw field burning in China, which have caused serious environmental problems in China, are estimated in this paper. From the county-level data of crop production in 2000-2003 from the government statistics, taking into account the ratio of residue and grain, the total amount of crop straw production is estimated to be about 600 Tg per year, 76% of which are rice, wheat and corn straw. With reference to the data of living standards, the percentage of crop straw burnt in fields for counties are obtained and consequently the total amount of burnt straws is approximately 140 Tg/year. With the emission factors from literature and experiments, appropriate emission factors have been obtained. The total amounts of PM, SO2, NOx3, NH3, CH4, BC, OC, VOC, CO, CO2 emissions from field burning of crop straw in China are estimated. All emissions are presented at county level. Some pollutants, such as BC, VOC, OC, CO and CO2, are contributing a major portion to the total emissions of China. This paper uses a map with resolution of 0.2°×0.2°to present the PM emissions distribution from crop straw burnt in 2003. The results show a significant regional unevenness of emissions, with larger amounts of pollutions coming from the provinces in eastern and northeast China. The regions with higher emissions per unit area are located as a belt stretching from northeast China to eastern China.     

含裂隙介质中横波分裂现象的数值模拟

波动方程高阶差分法具有精度高、数值频散小的优点,使用这种高阶差分解法,对裂隙介质中的弹性波的传播进行了模拟,对其中的横波分裂现象进行了分析研究,结果发现,在裂隙介质中,横波分裂后快横波与慢横波的能量分布与裂隙和测线的夹角有关;慢横波的能量衰减快;快、慢横波遇到反射界面时会产生各自的反射波、透射波和转换波、使记录复杂化,模拟结果对裂隙发育地区的地震资料的采集,处理和解释具有指导意义。     

中国大陆金属矿区实测地应力分析及应用

以迄今为止查阅到的中国大陆金属矿区实测地应力数据为基础,经优化处理后最终采用165组数据,基本覆盖了我国大陆主要金属矿山分布地区.采用回归分析法给出了中国大陆金属矿区测量埋深范围内的地应力场特征,并尝试从地应力的角度对中国大陆金属矿区断层的稳定性进行了讨论.结果显示,中国大陆金属矿区垂直主应力、最大与最小水平主应力总体上随埋深呈线性增加;最大与最小水平主应力之差Δσ随埋深的增加有增大的趋势,但规律性不显著;最大水平主应力与垂直主应力之比Kh,max主要集中在1.00~2.50之间,最小水平主应力与垂直主应力之比Kh,min主要集中在0.50~1.50之间,平均水平主应力与垂直主应力之比Kh,av主要集中在1.00~2.00之间,随着埋深的增加,3个侧压系数的变化幅度逐渐减小,Kh,max趋向于1.83,Kh,min趋向于0.80,Kh,av趋向于1.31;最大与最小水平主应力之比与埋深没有显著的关系,主要集中在1.5~2.0之间,近似服从正态分布;断层在埋深小于500 m范围内有滑动的可能,埋深超过500 m时,逆断层有滑动的可能,走滑断层处于相对稳定状态.     

Study on wavy distribution of rainfall associated with typhoon Matsa （2005）

An analysis is made to investigate the structure features of the extensive heavy rainfall left by typhoon Matsa, after its landfall in mainland China in August 2005, based on a range of observational results, including surface intensive observation data, TBB data from China's FY-2 satellite, and NCEP 1°×1° reanalysis data. The study tries to explore the interaction between atmospheric waves, 3-D atmospheric structures, and typhoon rainbands. Observational facts, diagnostic analysis, and atmospheric wave theory are used to look into the formation mechanism of distant typhoon rainbands. Results show that (1) Matsa rainbands have the features of noticeable wave train distribution and long distance propaga-tion; (2) the typhoon rainbands extend as far as 2000 km northwardly from the typhoon center, with a wavelength of 500―1000 km and a wave period of 12―24 h; (3) the wave structure of Matsa rainbands is closely associated with the corresponding wave variation of the ambient 3-D atmospheric structures, including disturbance vorticity, divergence field, vertical motion field, water vapor flux divergence field, etc. (4) both observational facts and theoretical analysis show that the northward extending typhoon rainbands are associated with the mixed effects of atmospheric inertia wave and internal gravity wave; (5) only under proper atmospheric stratification and vertical wavenumber of gravity wave, can a ty-phoon stimulate such a wave being able to reach such a distance, and result in extending wavy rain-bands.