Origin of ore-forming fluid in the Piaotang tungsten deposit in Jiangxi Province: Evidence from helium and argon isotopes

The Piaotang tungsten deposit in Jiangxi Province is one of the most important tungsten deposits in the South China Tungsten Metallogenic Province.In this study,we selected wolframite and chalcopyrite from the main mineralizing stage of the Piaotang tungsten deposit,and analyzed the helium and argon isotopic compositions in fluid inclusions of these minerals.The results show a 3He/4He ratio of 0.17 to 0.86 R/Ra,which fall within the range between continental crust(0.01―0.05 R/Ra) and air-saturated water(1 R...     

He-Ar isotope geochemistry of the Yaoling-Meiziwo tungsten deposit,North Guangdong Province: Constraints on Yanshanian crust-mantle interaction and metallogenesis in SE China

Isotopic abundances and ratios of He and Ar found in inclusion fluids in pyrites formed in the Yaoling-Meiziwo tungsten miner-alization epoch show that the concentration of 4He varies widely,from 1.54×10-7 cm3 STP/g to 2609×10-7 cm3 STP/g.3He is 0.759×10-12 cm3 STP/g-3.463×10-12 cm3 STP/g.3He/4He is 0.0043-4.362 Ra,varying from crustal to mantle values.The concen-tration of 40Ar ranges from 0.624×10-7 cm3 STP/g to 8.89×10-7 cm3 STP/g.The 40Ar/36Ar varies extensively,from 330 to 2952,between atmospheric and crustal or mantle radiogenic values.Mantle-derived He is present in ore-forming fluids and the calcu-lated average proportion of the mantle He is 22%;the maximum is 67%.Our research results show that mantle-derived fluids play a significant role in tungsten mineralization.The fractionation of He and Ar indicate that there was 4He-enriched air-saturated water(MSAW) in the ore-forming fluid.The ore-forming fluid was a mixture of mantle fluid,crustal magmatic fluid and MSAW.The occurrence of a mantle component in ore-forming fluid indicates the large-scale W and Sn mineralization,including Yaol-ing-Meiziwo,in southeastern China was the result of crust and mantle interaction.The underplating or intrusion of voluminous basaltic magma formed by partial melting of the upper mantle provided the necessary heat to cause partial melting of the crust and the generation of voluminous S-type granitic magmas.Crustal magmatic fluid and mantle fluid with high 3He/4He were released from magma crystallization and fractionation,mixed with the circulating modified air-saturated water,and filled the extensional tectonic fractures,leading to the formation of world-class W and Sn deposits in southeastern China.     

Ore-forming event and geodynamic setting of molybdenum deposit at Wenquan in Gansu Province, Western Qinling

The Wenquan molybdenum deposit is associated with a Triassic granite in this area. The Wenquan granite is enriched in LILE and LREE, poor in HFSE, and has significantly higher contents of alkali （K2O＋Na2O） and Sr, Ba than those of the island arc volcanic rocks. These geochemical characteristics are similar to post-collisional granites in high K calc-alkaline series. Studies of major elements, trace elements, REEs and chronology of the Wenquan pluton show that, in the geodynamic transition stage of continent-continent convergence to extension, the partial melting of the enriched lithospheric mantle generated the basaltic magma and triggered the partial melting of the thickened lower crust which produceded the acidic magma, and the Wenquan pluton was formed by mixing of the two magmas. Molybdenite Re-Os isotopic dating gave Os model ages of 212.7±2.6 Ma to 215.1±2.6 Ma with a weighted mean of 214.1±1.1 Ma, and an Re-Os isochron age of 214.4±7.1 Ma. These ages are close to K-Ar ages （223 to 226 Ma） and a SHRIMP zircon U-Pb age （223±7 Ma） for the Wenquan granite within the error range, but relatively younger. This implies that the Mo mineralization occurred in a late stage of the magmatic intrusion, and the metallogenesis took place in the transition stage from syn-collision to post-collision in the tectonic setting of the Qinling Orogenic Belt （QOB） after continental collision between the North China Block （NCB） and the South China Block （SCB）. This process is also corresponding to the geological events of metamorphism and deformation in South Qinling, closure of the Mian-Lue oceanic basin, and exhumation of the Dabie-Sulu ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks. The large-scale continent-continent collision between NCB and SCB in the middle Triassic triggered significant crustal thickening and exhumation of subducted slab. In the late Triassic, the tectonic setting was transformed to the transition stage from collision to extension. Materials from the asthenospheric mantle would ascend into the root of the lower crust, which could induce partial melting of the lower crust and generate Mo-enriched granitic magma. The ore-forming elements enriched in the fluid derived from the condensation and fraction of the magma resulted in the Mo mineralization. The Mo deposits in the QOB are mainly formed in two episodes, namely 220± Ma and 140± Ma. The two episodes of metallogenesis were developed in the tectonic transition settings from compression to extension, but they were in the different stages of the tectonic evolution. The occurrence of the Wenquan Mo-bearing pluton indicates that the Triassic tectonic-magmatic belt of Western Qinling is another favorable region for Mo mineralization in the QOB. Therefore, it is significant to pay more attention to evaluation of the ore-forming potentiality in the Triassic granites in Western Qinling.     

Age of the Shahewan rapakivi granite in the Qinling Orogen, China, and its constraints on the end time of the main orogenic stage of this orogen

The Qinling Mountains in central China are a joint orogenic zone between the Sino-Korean (or North China) and the Yangtze (or South China) craton blocks, the two major tectonic units of eastern Asia. On the end time of the main orogenic stage in this orogenic belt there are different opinions. The⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar Rb-Sr and zircon U-Pb ages of a recently discovered rapakivi granite in the Qinling Orogenic Belt are reported and the end time of the main orogenic stage for subduction-collision in this belt is discussed.     

滇西富碱斑岩型多金属矿稀有气体同位素组成特征及地质意义*

通过对滇西富碱斑岩型多金属矿区稀有气体同位素组成的研究表明,黄铁矿和石英脉等流体包裹体中3He/4He值主要为0.160 8~3.470 0 Ra,远高于地壳特征值,而整体略低于地幔特征值;20Ne/22Ne和21Ne/22Ne平均值分别为11.271和0.032 2,接近地幔同位素组成;40Ar/36Ar和38Ar/36Ar平均值分别为395.51和0.197 6,均高于大气比值,而低于MORB比值;128~136Xe/130Xe值与大气相比均表现出过剩的特征。综合研究表明,滇西多金属矿区包裹体中稀有气体同位素组成在显示含矿流体的幔源特征的同时,又表现出强烈的地壳特征;成矿流体主要源于深部地幔,在参与交代蚀变过程中,其性质由熔浆向热液过渡,同时引发壳幔物质叠加混染,正是这种流体作用构成了滇西新生代富碱斑岩多金属成矿的内在统一制约因素。     

佛坪地区印支期花岗岩的成因

通过地质、岩石学及地球化学研究,认为秦岭造山带佛坪地区印支期花岗岩是基性岩浆和酸性岩浆混合的产物,属岩浆混合型(H型)花岗岩;佛坪地区在秦岭主造山过程中曾发生强烈的壳慢相互作用,是一个深层岩浆活动中心。     

Helium and argon isotope trace in ore-forming fluid of Sawuer gold belt in Xinjiang,China

The helium and argon isotope compositions of fluid inclusions hosted in pyrite have been measured from Kuoerzhenkuola and Buerkesidai gold deposits in Sawuer gold belt, northern Xinjiang. The results show that fluidinclusion ^3He/^4He ratios are 0.64 Ra-4.25 Ra and 1.16 Ra-9.48 Ra, ^40Ar/^36Ar ratios are 282-359 and 312-525 for Kuoerzhenkuola and Buerkesidai gold deposits respectively.The ore-forming fluids of two deposits possessed the same source and derived mainly from mantle beneath the island arc (including oceanic crust and oceanic sediments by subduction of oceanic plate). They were diluted by incorporating meteoric water to form a mixture of mantle- and partial meteoric water-derived fluid. The ore-forming fluids of twodeposits are of the same evolutionary histories. From the early to the late mineralization stages, the ratios of meteoric water/mantle- derived fluid in ore-forming fluid increasedgrad ually. Based on these results and detailed geological and geochemical studies on the two deposits, it is proposed that the geneses of the two gold deposits are the same, being volcanogenic late-stage hydrothermal gold deposits occurring in the same volcanic apparatus.     

Helium isotope compositions of Machangqing copper deposit in western Yunnan, China

Helium isotopic composition of inclusion fluid in pyrites from Machangqing copper deposit, China, has been measured. The measurements, with³He/⁴He ratios ranging from 0.46–2.08 Ra, indicate that the helium in ore-forming fluid is a mixture of crust and mantle, and are consistent with the fact that the parental magma responsible for the formation of ore-forming fluid of the deposit is of crust-mantle provenance.     

蟒西地区中酸性岩体地质特征及找矿潜力

通过对陕西蟒西地区中酸性岩体地质、地层、岩体构造等进行论述,归纳总结了区域中酸性岩体的特征,并通过矿床分析得出,陕西秦岭东部地区钼矿床地质学基本特征与中国内陆地区的大部分钼矿床的地质特征大致相同,其中Eu含量有所异常,K、Ra、Ba、Nb、Ta等元素的含量较为丰富,Ti为亏损状态;造山环境下易形成矿与岩;秦岭北部地区含矿岩浆中含有更多的壳液物质,南秦岭北部钼矿床含矿岩浆中含有较多的幔源物质。秦岭南部的大型岩体中原位Hf同位素特征值较高(-6.0～5.0,通常为负数),但是亏损地幔二阶段年龄的值较低(1.47～0.79 Ga),相关数据结果表明岩浆的来源为幔源物质与新生的加厚地壳。可见,地质和地球化学特征指示,秦岭地区有形成钼矿床的有利条件,形成小-中型铜、钼矿床的潜力大。     

Helium isotope investigation on magnetic reversal boundaries of loess-paleosol sequence at Luochuan, central Chinese Loess Plateau

Extraterrestrial particles have higher 3He/4He ratios than those of terrestrial sediments ( > 100 Ra versus < 0.03 Ra, where Ra is the 3He/4He ratio normalized to the atmospheric value of 1.4×10?6). The inter- planetary dust particles (IDPs), which are very rich in 3He, continuously bombard the Earth and can accumulate in deposits. IDPs sedimentation rate changes can significantly influence 3He concentration in the Earth surface sediments. Since IDPs are not easy to detect in terrestrial deposits, measuring helium isotopes is a helpful approach to examine changes in IDPs. Helium concentration and helium isotopic composition magnetic substances and the quartz particles were examined for helium concen- tration and helium isotopic ratio. Results show that the 3He/4He ratio and the 3He concentrations of the magnetic substances are clearly higher than those of the bulk samples and the quartz particles, and, the 3He/4He ratio of the extracted magnetic substances is also higher than that of the average level of the Earth’s crust. The higher helium content in the magnetic fractions can be explained by an influx of IDPs.     

Helium isotopic study on mantle degassing in the Altay orogenic zone, China

New helium isotopic data of ores and rocks from the Altay orogenic zone, Xinjiang, China are reported, which show that the pegmatites from No. 3 vein in the Keketuohai area have high³He/⁴He ratios up to 1.795 × 10⁻⁶ and 2.54 × 10⁻⁶. Such a result suggests that the metallogenic process of rare metal deposits in the Altay orogenic zone might be related to mantle degassing.     

Noble gases in corundum megacrysts from the basalts in Changle, Shandong Province, eastern China

This study presents noble gaseous data of the corundum megacrysts from the Cenozoic basalts in Changle, Shandong Province, eastern China. It is known that no noble gaseous data of corundum megacryst have been documented before. The 3He/4He ratios (1.13-7.37 Ra) of the corundums from Changle vary from atmosphere to MORB values; the 20Ne/22Ne (9.67-10.75) and 21Ne/22Ne (0.0280-0.0372) data define two linear trends on Ne three-isotope diagram, respectively, along the MFL and the correlation line between atmosphere and MORB; the 38Ar/36Ar (0.177-0.194) ratios, the 40Ar/36Ar (280.9 -404.2) ratios and the 128-136Xe/132Xe ration with obvious 129Xe excess are generally higher than at-mospheric component, but the 40Ar/36Ar ratios are much closer to atomospheric ratio. The isotopic compositions of noble gases (particularly for He and Ar) of the corundums are similar to those of py-roxene, anorthoclase megacrysts, and mantle-derived xenoliths from this area, and those of man-tle-derived xenoliths from several areas in eastern China. Therefore, the noble gases trapped in the corundums probably are from mantle source, representing a ‘mixed fluid' produced by the interaction between the lithospheric mantle and fluids releasing from the convective plate. Both the noble gas isotopic compositions and the oxygen isotopic compositions of the solid corundums are not the characteristics of crustal source. These suggest that the corundums crystallized from mantle-derived magmas with minimal crustal contamination.     

Precise timing of the Early Paleozoic metamorphism and thrust deformation in the Eastern Kunlun Orogen

In Dulan County, Qinghai Province NW China, the arc volcanic sequences in the northern side of the Central Fault of the East Kunlun were metamorphosed progressively from upper greenschist facies in the south to epidote-amphibolite facies in the north. High-angle thrust deformation was developed synchronously with the peak metamor-phim and superimposed with later low-angle striking-slip deformation. Zircon U-Pb dating yields a concordant age of(448 ± 4) Ma for the metavolcanics. Syn-kinematic horn-blende and muscovite separated from the high-angle thrusting belt give ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar plateau age of (427 ± 4) Ma and 408 Ma, respectively. These results precisely constrain the timing of the closure of early Paleozoic volcanic basin (Proto-Tethys) over the eastern portion of the East Kunlun Orogen, and the thrust tectonic slice had a cool rate of ca. 9℃/Ma. Keywords: East Kunlun Mountains, metamorphic and deformation event, geochronology.     

河南南泥湖—三道庄钼（钨）矿床地质特征

南泥湖矽卡岩～斑岩型超大型钼（钨）矿田位于栾川县南部,栾川县城北西20km左右的冷水镇境内,处于东秦岭钼多金属成矿带的东端,华北地台西南边缘的坳陷带内,三川-栾川断陷带NE向构造由NWW向NW弧形转折部位。包括南泥湖斑岩型钼（钨）矿床、三道庄矽卡岩型钼（钨）矿床、上房沟斑岩型钼（铁）矿床等3个超大型矿床,外围尚有马圈、石宝沟、鱼库、黄背岭等斑岩型、矽卡岩型中～小型钼矿床（点）,面积约20km2。     

New chronological evidence for Yanshanian diagenetic mineralization in China’s Altay orogenic belt

Granitoids and related pegmatitic rare-metal deposits are widespread in China’s Altay region, they used to be considered as Hercynian rocks and mineral deposits. Reported here are the⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar ages of potassium-rich minerals (muscovite and microcline) in the Koktokay pegmatitic rare-metal orefield and whole-rock as well as quartz fluid-inclusion Rb-Sr isochron ages of granite and ores in the Shangkelan pegmatite rare-metal orefield. The ages indicate that there are Yanshanian Diagenetic Mineralization events happening in China’s Altay orogenic belt and that formation of the famous Koktokay No.3 pegmatitic rare-metal deposit endured about 30 Ma of magmatic crystallization differentiation.     

Timing and setting of Guanjiagou conglomerate in South Qinling and their tectonic implications

TheGuanjiagouFormationisafault-boundterranelocatedintheSouthQinlingMountains,centralChina.Theageandtectonicsettingoftheconglomerateinthisformation(Guanjiagouconglomerate,GC)havebeencontroversialsincethe1940s,withnumerousconflictinginterpretationsandcorrelationsproposedbydifferentworkers.Forexample,itwasinitiallydescribedbyYeetal.(1944)[1],whointerpretedtheGCasSinian(LatestNeo-proterozoic)tillites.However,Huang[2]regardedtheGC,plustheBikouSystem(composedoftheBikouvolcanicandtheHengdant…     

秦岭造山带岩石圈动力学模型--来自大地电磁测深的证据

目的 建立秦岭造山带的岩石圈动力学模型是探索大陆动力学的前沿问题。方法 以地质和综合地球物理资料为约束，在对秦岭造山带东、西两段电性结构对比分析基础上建立了相应的动力学模型。结果 自中新生代以来，尤其是晚白垩世之后华北和扬子两地块向秦岭造山带持续陆内深俯冲作用，导致南秦岭岩石圈强烈向北挤入，秦岭造山带的后陆冲断褶带和北秦岭厚皮叠瓦逆冲带，现今处于以岩石圈叠置加厚的构造作用为主与拆沉作用初始发动并存状态；南秦岭正在经历拆沉-底侵的物质再循环作用，佛坪和南阳-邓县之间可能发育新的地幔柱；在造山带北、南深部边界与内部不同岩石圈块体之间还伴随不同性质的强烈走滑作用，导致物质的侧向传输。结论 秦岭造山带现今深部动力学状态直接制约着今后大地构造、气候和地表过程的动态相互作用，潜在地影响着人类社会、经济的可持续发展。     

Paleoproterozoic reworking of ancient crust in the Cathaysia Block, South China: Evidence from zircon trace elements, U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopes

A combined study of zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating, trace elements and Hf isotope was carried out for gneissic granite from the Sanzhishu area in Jingning, SW Zhejiang Province. Nearly all the zircons separated from the granite exhibited oscillatory zoning and high Th/U ratios (>0.1). The REE profile showed a pronounced positive Ce anomaly, negative Eu anomaly and an enrichment of HREE, which are typical characteristics of magmatic zircon. Thirteen concordant or nearly concordant analytical data yielded a weighted mean ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb age of 1860±13 Ma (MSWD=0.084), representing the formation age of the granite. The magmatic zircons had negative εHf(t) values of −15.6 to −10.0 and two-stage Hf model ages of 3.1 to 3.4 Ga, indicating that the granites were formed by reworking of ancient crust. The major- and trace-element data indicate that the gneissic granites are metaluminous high-K calc-alkaline rocks and exhibit the same geochemical characteristics as aluminous A-type granites, implying the emplacement of the granite in a post-orogenic extensional tectonic setting. We conclude that the Paleoproterozoic crustal reworking event in the Cathaysia Block of South China marked the transition from assembly to break-up of the Columbia supercontinent. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40873004), Special Funds for National Scientific Research of Commonweal Industries, the Ministry of Land and Resources of China (Grant No. 2008110015), Opening Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Northwest University (Grant No. 06LCD12) and the Project of Land and Resources Bureau of Zhejiang Province (Grant No. 2004005)     

浙江大桥坞铀矿床铅、氢、氧同位素研究

大桥坞矿床是是赣杭火山岩铀成矿带重要的铀矿床之一。通过对大桥坞铀矿床铅、氢和氧同位素及前人资料的综合研究,探讨了矿床成矿流体来源。研究表明,花岗斑岩、凝灰岩、辉绿岩、铀矿石中黄铁矿、蚀变围岩中黄铁矿的Pb同位素组成变化较小,可能指示它们具有具有相似的源区。在铅构造模式图中,铅同位素投影点分布范围较广,但多数集中于地幔和造山带演化线附近,反映了铅的来源与岩浆活动有关。氢、氧同位素组成显示,成矿流体具有大气降水的性质。研究认为,大桥坞铀矿床成矿物质来源具有壳幔源混合特点。     

On the genetic classification and tectonic implications of the Early Yanshanian granitoids in the Nanling Range, South China

Early Yanshanian (Jurassic) granitoids are widespread in the Nanling Range of South China, and are associated with numerous non-ferrous and rare metal mineral deposits. These granitoids consist mainly of slightly peraluminous biotite monzogranites and K-feldspar granites that are closely associated in time and space with subordinate amphibole-bearing granites and muscoviteand garnet-bearing granites. In most previous studies, the biotite-bearing granites were classified as crustal transformation-type (corresponding to the S-type) granites which were interpreted to be derived from the regional Paleoproterozoic meta-sedimentary rocks. In this paper, we re-analyze the geochemical characteristics of a number of representative Early Yanshanian Nanling granitoids. There exists a clear negative correlation between SiO2 and P2O5 for the studied granitoids. The Early Yanshanian Nanling granitoid suites (including amphibole-bearing granodiorites→biotite monzogranites→K-feldspar granites→two-mica (muscovite) granites) are metaluminous to slightly peraluminous I-type or fractionated I-type granites. They were derived predominantly from Proterozoic igneous protoliths. The juvenile crust and/or newly mantle-derived materials might also have been involved in some of these granites. In addition, the Iand fractionated I-type granites are closely associated in time and space with minor amount of A-type felsic and mafic volcanic and intrusive rocks as well as alkaline rocks. All these rocks constitute a typical assemblage of anorogenic, intraplate magmatism, suggesting a dominant lithospheric extensional regime for the Nanling Range and neighboring region during the Early Yanshanian period.