集中供暖区大气PM2.5季节动态及其影响因素——以陕西省宝鸡市为例

目的 研究集中供暖区大气PM2.5的现状、动态及其主要影响因素.方法 2012年4月～2013年3月利用E-BAM粒子监测仪连续监测了宝鸡市建成区的大气PM2.5浓度,结合气象因子、燃煤锅炉烟尘排放量和工业生产总值等数据进行分析.结果 宝鸡市大气PM2.5在非供暖期（4月～10月）污染程度较轻,供暖期（11月～翌年3月）污染程度较重;燃煤锅炉烟尘对PM2.5的贡献率约为10.9％;PM2.5浓度与日均湿度正相关,与日均温度、日均大气压负相关.结论 集中供暖区供暖期（11月～翌年3月）是治理PM2.5污染问题的关键期.     

近半世纪宝鸡市干旱特征及模型预测研究

根据1952-2004年西北干旱区宝鸡市降水资料,对年际、年内降水序列进行干旱统计,通过趋势、频率分析法和突变检测方法分析了宝鸡市53 a降水的变化规律及干旱变化特征;针对降水序列变化特征建立门限自回归模型,对干旱情灾害进行预测,利用实测资料进行检验研究等分析.结果表明,宝鸡市降水量自1984年后存在减少的趋势.降水序列存在阶段性震荡变化,90年代后旱情发生频率增加,2000年左右降水量序列发生突变,降水资源量略有增加,干旱情况有所缓解.     

宝鸡市城市发展研究

在实地调查研究基础上，着重分析了宝鸡市城市发展优势条件，认为宝鸡市是陕西省最有希望在本世纪末发展成为大城市的中等城市．同时对宝鸡市今后城市化建设中应注意的问题作了初步分析，并提出对策．对宝鸡市城市发展有现实指导意义．     

宝鸡市土地生产潜力分析

土地生产潜力表明人们对资源利用的可能程度，反映一个地区生产所能达到的最大水平，本文根据宝市自然、社会经济的统计数据，通过一系列模型的测算，得出宝鸡市土地水平潜力，即耕地单产粮食为生亩５４４公斤，复种指１．７０。在此基础上，利用宝鸡市粮食产和复种指数的时间序列数据，依据数学模型和专家系统，预测出宝鸡市在公元２０００年和２０１０年的土地实际生产水平，它们分别是２０００年，２６７公斤／亩，１．２１；２０     

安徽巢湖杭埠河流域近50a来降水和径流特征探讨

通过对安徽杭埠河流域近50a来水文资料分析，得出以下结论：（1）杭埠河的水源主要以降水补给为主，年径流量的变化随年降水量的变化而变化．流域内特大的降水发生在1954年、1969年、1991年，干旱发生在1978年，其次是1965年～1968年．（2）典型水文站的水位主要受降水影响，晓天站的年均水位整体趋势在1952年～2000年是下降的；龙河口水库坝上站的水位、年径流量变化较大，是由于水库的调蓄作用引起的；但巢湖的年均水位在20世纪50年代以后整体是上升的，这是由于上游泥沙汇入引起淤积导致的．（3）流域内的年降水量较大的年份与该年的太阳黑子相对数峰值具有较好的对应关系，由此可见影响降水的因素与太阳活动密切相关；通过与厄尔尼诺现象的发生对比，发现流域内的降水异常年主要发生在厄尔尼诺年，流域的降水主要是受全球的大气候影响而变化．     

品种及地势对梨树返青和二次开花的影响

1998～1999年,连续两年秋季高温干旱,造成了梨树大量的叶片反青和二次开花现象．本对不同品种和地势的梨树叶片反青和二次开花现象进行了调查,结果表明：不同的品种在相同的环境和栽培条件下,树势强、枝条粗壮、落叶较晚和抗病虫力强的品种,叶片返青和二次开花现象较轻,否则相反;同一品种栽培条件相似的高山梨园叶片反青和二次开花现象严重,丘陵地段次之,而平原梨园较少．本还对产生梨树返青及二次开花的原因及危害进行了分析,并提出了防治措施．     

山东春季降水的时空分布特征

根据1961～1998年共38年的山东省81个地面站的降水资料，应用自然正交函数展开(EOF)方法，分析了山东省38年春季月、季降水量．根据总体累积贡献率和空间分布特征，发现前1个典型场就基本能全面地反映山东省春季降水分布的主要特征，其贡献率高达92．27％，据得出山东省春季降水分布类型：总体一致型．山东3、4、5月份降水第2特征向量的变化特征反映了山东春季季节转换的特点．山东春季易出现干旱．山东春季降水有明显的年际变化，存在4．8年的周期振荡。     

沙坡头人工固沙区油蒿叶片氮质量分数及其影响因素

通过对沙坡头人工固沙区和过渡区荒漠植物油蒿叶片氮质量分数的测定,研究了土壤水分和油蒿叶片N质量分数的年际、季节和微生境变化,并对影响油蒿叶片N质量分数的主要限制因子进行探讨．结果表明：年际间、季节和微生境间油蒿叶片N质量分数差异显著．极端干旱年（2005年）油蒿叶片N质量分数显著高于干旱年的（2004年）．与干旱年相比,极端干旱年油蒿叶片N质量分数增加15．31％．在干旱年,油蒿叶片N质量分数无一致的季节变化规律,而与微生境深层土壤水分变化趋势一致．叶片N质量分数与100cm土层土壤含水量和相对湿度显著正相关,说明干旱年油蒿叶片N质量分数主要受深层土壤水分和相对湿度等因素控制。但在极端干旱年,不同微生境下油蒿叶片N质量分数有较为一致的季节变化规律,叶片N质量分数与地面温度和气温呈显著负相关关系,表明极端干旱年温度是影响油蒿叶片N质量分数的主要限制因子。     

仁和区应对农作物干旱的措施

攀枝花市2003年干旱严重，特别是7—8月持续干旱，雨量极少，导致仁和区大春粮食产量50802吨，减产1．76％。其中水稻34134吨，增0．65％；玉米13782吨，减7．58％。去年蓄水量偏少：正常年份，全区应蓄水7160万m^3，而去年只有4011万m^3，相当于常年的     

宝鸡市可吸入颗粒物与气象要素的关系分析

讨论了宝鸡市2003--2005年可吸入颗粒物（PM10）API指数的季节分布、区域分布状况；运用统计软件SPSS分析了宝鸡市2003-2005年的API指数与同期气象要素的相关性．结果表明，宝鸡市API〉100日数百分数的季节变化为春季〉冬季〉秋季〉夏季，区域分布为1#〉3#〉2#〉4#；宝鸡市API与S02、N02、日均气压、08气压、08气温呈正的强相关，与湿度呈正的弱相关，与气温、风速、能见度呈负的强相关，与日照时数、降水量呈负的弱相关．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the