微孔有机聚合物

微孔有机聚合物是一种新型的多孔材料,在非均相催化、吸附、分离和气体存储等方面具有潜在的应用.它是最近几十年发展起来的,全部由有机分子的构建块组装而成的微孔（孔径小于2.0nm）固体.依据设计策略的不同,主要可以分成以下4种：（1）通过交联反应阻止链密堆积的超交联聚合物;（2）通过刚性和扭曲基团阻止链密堆积的自具微孔聚合物;（3）通过大共轭？-体系刚性结构组建的共轭微孔聚合物;（4）通过适宜的官能团发生可逆地缩合反应来制备的共价有机骨架聚合物.本文根据国内外的研究背景,重点介绍自具微孔聚合物和共轭微孔聚合物.     

建筑节能及暖通空调仿真软件的现状和发展

在建筑及相关技术的研究中,建筑节能已经成为一个热点课题。长期以来,我国建筑节能分析研究主要集中在建筑转护结构和建筑材料,但其最终体现主要是建筑中的采暖空调系统的节能。国外已经将建筑节能研究确定在建筑围护结构和采暖空调系统相结合,而研究的主要手段是模拟和仿真。他们已经做了大量的基础研究工作,推出了大量的商业软件。本文较为详细地介绍和比较了国外建筑节能仿真软件的现状和发展趋势供国内同行参考。     

低碳经济视角下新型节能建材应用研究

建筑节能已成为实现可持续发展的重要研究课题之一,节能建材是建筑节能的重要物质基础.通过调查从新型节能建材内涵入手,阐述了新型墙体材料、新型防水密封材料、新型保温隔热材料和新型装饰装修材料等新型节能建材的发展状况,剖析了我国新型节能建材发展缓慢的原因,并提出新型节能建材的发展对策.     

A general strategy for nanocrystal synthesis

New strategies for materials fabrication are of fundamental importance in the advancement of science and technology. Organometallic and other organic solution phase synthetic routes have enabled the synthesis of functional inorganic quantum dots or nanocrystals. These nanomaterials form the building blocks for new bottom-up approaches to materials assembly for a range of uses; such materials also receive attention because of their intrinsic size-dependent properties and resulting applications. Here we report a unified approach to the synthesis of a large variety of nanocrystals with different chemistries and properties and with low dispersity; these include noble metal, magnetic/dielectric, semiconducting, rare-earth fluorescent, biomedical, organic optoelectronic semiconducting and conducting polymer nanoparticles. This strategy is based on a general phase transfer and separation mechanism occurring at the interfaces of the liquid, solid and solution phases present during the synthesis. We believe our methodology provides a simple and convenient route to a variety of building blocks for assembling materials with novel structure and function in nanotechnology.     

金属-有机骨架(MOFs)的最新研究进展

作为一种新型的多功能分子基材料,金属-有机骨架化合物因其有机-无机杂化特性、结构上的有序性和可裁剪性、微孔性、特殊的光电磁性质及工业上的潜在运用而备受关注。它作为多孔材料,与无机或有机的多孔材料相比具有特殊的优势,是目前新功能材料研究领域的一个热点。文中概述了近些年发展起来的新兴领域:金属-有机骨架薄膜,发光金属-有机骨架材料及纳米级金属-有机骨架材料,对它们的研究进展及设计合成进行了总结。     

Selection of peptides with semiconductor binding specificity for directed nanocrystal assembly

In biological systems, organic molecules exert a remarkable level of control over the nucleation and mineral phase of inorganic materials such as calcium carbonate and silica, and over the assembly of crystallites and other nanoscale building blocks into complex structures required for biological function. This ability to direct the assembly of nanoscale components into controlled and sophisticated structures has motivated intense efforts to develop assembly methods that mimic or exploit the recognition capabilities and interactions found in biological systems. Of particular value would be methods that could be applied to materials with interesting electronic or optical properties, but natural evolution has not selected for interactions between biomolecules and such materials. However, peptides with limited selectivity for binding to metal surfaces and metal oxide surfaces have been successfully selected. Here we extend this approach and show that combinatorial phage-display libraries can be used to evolve peptides that bind to a range of semiconductor surfaces with high specificity, depending on the crystallographic orientation and composition of the structurally similar materials we have used. As electronic devices contain structurally related materials in close proximity, such peptides may find use for the controlled placement and assembly of a variety of practically important materials, thus broadening the scope for 'bottom-up' fabrication approaches.     

我国绿色建材产业政策研究与产业园区发展特征探析

绿色建材的产业化发展是保障建筑节能和绿色建筑在我国持续稳定推进的重要支撑,是改善住宅人居环境的物质依托,对构建资源节约型和环境友好型社会具有重要意义。自“九五”时期开始,国家和行业着力推进绿色建材基础技术研究工作,取得了阶段性进展,特别是在当前良好的宏观环境条件下,绿色建材的技术孵化效应初步显现。近3年来,在我国绝大多数地区都出现了专门以生产、开发绿色建材为主题的产业园区的规划、建设和运营。为充分掌握我国绿色建材产业园区（基地）发展的特征并进行战略性思考,本文系统剖析了我国绿色建材产业化发展的宏观环境特征,基于调研指出支撑绿色建材产业化发展的基本形式和全国范围绿色建材产业园区（基地）的规划建设现状,归纳总结当前绿色建材产业园区（基地）的经验、问题,并为绿色建材产业（作为建材工业的升级版）保持稳定高效的发展态势提出对策建议。     

系列氮唑类含能配合物的合成及其性质

氮唑类金属配合物是含能材料中研究较为广泛的一类材料,其结构易于调控,且具有高能低感的特性。本文选用1,2,4-三氮唑、四氮唑和5-氨基四氮唑这三类配体,与Zn2+、Cd2+、Cu2+等金属离子合成得到系列金属有机骨架结构,并对这些物质进行了热重、差热分析和燃烧热性能测试,结果表明金属离子参与配位后,氮唑类配合物的热稳定性得到了明显增强,其密度也随之增加,而热能数据表明合适的金属离子与含能配体参与配位能有效提高含能配合物的标准摩尔生成焓,金属离子与有机配体的配位聚集程度对生成焓有一定的影响作用,这对今后如何选择合适的金属离子与含能配体进行含能配合物的合成具有指导意义.     

A guest-free germanium clathrate

The challenges associated with synthesizing expanded semiconductor frameworks with cage-like crystal structures continue to be of interest. Filled low-density germanium and silicon framework structures have distinct properties that address important issues in thermoelectric phonon glass-electron crystals, superconductivity and the possibility of Kondo insulators. Interest in empty framework structures of silicon and germanium is motivated by their predicted wide optical bandgaps of the same magnitude as quantum dots and porous silicon, making them and their alloys promising materials for silicon-based optoelectronic devices. Although almost-empty Na(1-x)Si136 has already been reported, the synthesis of guest-free germanium clathrate has so far been unsuccessful. Here we report the high-yield synthesis and characteristics of germanium with the empty clathrate-II structure through the oxidation of Zintl anions in ionic liquids under ambient conditions. The approach demonstrates the potential of ionic liquids as media for the reactions of polar intermetallic phases.     

住宅建筑建材准备阶段能耗和碳排放灰色分析——以合肥地区为例

建筑生命周期内,尤其是建材准备阶段的能耗和碳排放统计数据相对较少,缺乏精度高且可操作性强的模型.将非等间距灰色系统预测模型应用于合肥地区住宅建筑建材准备阶段能耗和碳排放的分析预测,获得住宅建筑建材准备阶段能耗和碳排放的预测公式,经后验差检验显示预测结果具有足够的精度水平.在此基础上,提出以标准煤作为参考指标的单位碳排放条件下能源利用能力的评价指标.通过对比发现,建材准备阶段单位碳排放条件下的能源利用能力具有较大的提升空间.     

A mass transfer model for predicting emission of the volatile organic compounds in wet building materials

A new mass transfer model is developped to predict the volatile organic compounds （VOCs） from fresh wet building materials. The dry section of wet materials during the process of VOC emission from wet building materials is considered in this new model, differing from the mass transfer-based models in other literatures. The mechanism of effect of saturated vapor pressure on the surface of wet building materials in the process of VOC emission is discussed. The concentration of total volatile organic compounds （TVOC） in the building materials gradually decreases as the emission of VOCs begins, and the vapor pressure of VOCs on the surface of wet building materials decreases in the case of newly wet building materials. To ensure the partial pressure of VOCs on the surface of wet building materials to be saturated vapor pressure, the interface of gas-wet layer is lowered, and a dry layer of no-volatile gases in the material is formed. Compared with the results obtained by VB model, CFD model and the experiment data, the results obtained by the present model agree well with the results obtained by CFD model and the experiment data. The present model is more accurate in predicting emission of VOC from wet building materials than VB model.     

建材吸放湿条件下室内环境的实验及数值研究

通过模型小室进行模型实验，定量评价研究具有吸放湿性的建材在不同加热加湿工况下的吸放湿规律及其对室内热湿环境的影响，利用简化的松本卫热水分同时传递理论，建立了考虑建材吸放湿的动态室内温湿度计算模型，该模型在模拟考虑建材吸放湿的室内热湿环境变化时与实验结果吻合较好。另外，通过具体算例发现，室内建材吸放湿性能对室内湿度环境的变动有很大影响。     

化学建材与化工原料市场前景展望

作为第四大类建筑材料的化学建材,在我国发展很快,但也存在许多问题,文章分析了化学建材发展的现状与目标,展望了化学建材与化工原料市场的发展前景。     

纳米孔洞金属-有机骨架材料对o,p-苯二酚的选择性催化氧化

以不同孔洞尺寸及不同中心离子的纳米孔洞金属-有机骨架材料M_3(BTC)_2(H_2O)x(M=Cu~Ⅱ,Zn~Ⅱ,Co~Ⅱ,Ni ~Ⅱ,BTC=benzene tricarboxylic acid苯三甲酸)为催化剂,采用动力学方法,讨论其对p-苯二酚和o-苯二酚的选择性催化氧化性能.重点考察了催化剂孔洞尺寸,骨架中心离子,催化反应介质,反应温度对催化选择性的影响,以期对MOFs材料的选择性催化动力学方面有比较全面的认识.     

建筑材料价格上涨的行业影响及走势

通过描述当前国内建材市场几种典型材料的价格走势,分析了建材价格上涨对建筑业的影响,并对建材市场的价格走势作了简单的判断。     

基于Ajax,Struts,Hibernate和Spring的J2EE架构

为有效提高Java技术在企业应用中的开发效率,缩短开发周期,减少开发成本,通过研究Ajax,Struts,Hibernate和Spring 4个开源框架的机制,依据MVC (Model-View-Controller)设计模式的基本思想,提出一种基于Ajax,Struts,Hibernate和Spring的J2EE(J...     

Modular and predictable assembly of porous organic molecular crystals

Nanoporous molecular frameworks are important in applications such as separation, storage and catalysis. Empirical rules exist for their assembly but it is still challenging to place and segregate functionality in three-dimensional porous solids in a predictable way. Indeed, recent studies of mixed crystalline frameworks suggest a preference for the statistical distribution of functionalities throughout the pores rather than, for example, the functional group localization found in the reactive sites of enzymes. This is a potential limitation for 'one-pot' chemical syntheses of porous frameworks from simple starting materials. An alternative strategy is to prepare porous solids from synthetically preorganized molecular pores. In principle, functional organic pore modules could be covalently prefabricated and then assembled to produce materials with specific properties. However, this vision of mix-and-match assembly is far from being realized, not least because of the challenge in reliably predicting three-dimensional structures for molecular crystals, which lack the strong directional bonding found in networks. Here we show that highly porous crystalline solids can be produced by mixing different organic cage modules that self-assemble by means of chiral recognition. The structures of the resulting materials can be predicted computationally, allowing in silico materials design strategies. The constituent pore modules are synthesized in high yields on gram scales in a one-step reaction. Assembly of the porous co-crystals is as simple as combining the modules in solution and removing the solvent. In some cases, the chiral recognition between modules can be exploited to produce porous organic nanoparticles. We show that the method is valid for four different cage modules and can in principle be generalized in a computationally predictable manner based on a lock-and-key assembly between modules.     

基于持续竞争优势的欧盟服务创新现状及其战略框架

欧洲经济的发展与其服务业的发展是密切相关的。但是,与美国、日本等发达国家相比,欧盟的服务业具有比较优势而缺乏相应的竞争优势,这使得欧盟的服务企业在国际市场中缺乏竞争力。近年来,知识密集型服务活动、服务创新和服务外包在欧盟各成员国中得到了迅猛的发展。有关服务创新的政策也得到了成员国内部的高度重视。通过对欧盟服务创新现状的分析,可以使我们管窥当前及未来一段时间内欧盟支持服务创新活动的政策走向与战略框架,从而为我国建设新型工业化道路提供有益的借鉴。     

上海市建筑碳排放核算研究

为有效实现建筑业的节能减排,实现碳达峰和碳中和,对建筑碳排放核算方法进行研究。以生命周期理论为基础建立了城市层面的建筑碳计算模型,并以上海市住宅及非住宅建筑为研究对象核算出上海市建筑领域碳排放。对比上海市住宅建筑及非住宅建筑碳排放量,研究上海市建筑碳排放趋势。研究结果表明,2010—2020年,上海市建筑领域碳排放持增长态势,其中建材生产阶段和建筑运行阶段是对建筑总体碳排放量贡献最大的两个阶段。从不同建筑材料碳排放量占比来看,钢材的碳排放量是建材碳排放量中最高的,所占比例超过了50%,其次是水泥、铝材。在建筑减碳路径方面,结合建筑各生命周期阶段的碳排放核算结果,提出了对应的减排对策。     

试论我国违宪审查制度的确立

违宪审查制度在监督宪法实施中的作用是不可替代的,它是我们建设社会主义法治国家的有效保障。当前,我国的违宪审查制度尚未完整建立,还存在一些问题,而且解决这些问题也遇到了一定困难。我们应当以一种渐进式的方式逐步建立和完善违宪审查制度。