Effects of water mist addition on kerosene pool fire

The use of water mist to extinguish fire is a problem of particular interest since the banning of halogen-based agents for environmental reasons. This interest is reflected in the large number of researches performed on the main fire-extinguishing mechanisms of water mist： heat extraction, oxygen displacement and attenuation of heat fluxes. In contrast, there are still little known about the chemical and some other aspects of water mist addition on the pool fire. In this paper, a phenomenological study was conducted of the effect of water mist addition on the kerosene pool fire through the measurement of the heat release rate, CO, CO2 and O2 species concentration in combustion. The experimental results show that there is a significant enhancement effect at the beginning stage of water mist addition. Then, the flame size was decreased abruptly. By physical suppression effect combined with chemical effect, the experiments＇ results are explained especially. The study of effects of water mist on pool fire will be useful for optimizing designation of water mist fire-suppression system, improving the fire suppression efficiency and extending their application field.     

新型气溶胶灭火剂研究

以研究实例论述了气溶胶灭火剂的灭火原理和特性 ,提出了超细粉体有关理论在研制工作中的重要性。在“零氧平衡”的前提下 ,由微细粉体组成的灭火剂具有更优的特性     

煤矿矸石山浇注浆灭火研究

通过小康煤矿矸石山自然特征及堆积特征分析，提出浇－注浆灭火方案。浇注浆灭火，是浇浆与注浆配套使用的综合灭火方法。用于煤矿矸石山浅层自燃灭火是行之有效的。讨论了矸石中可燃物的成分、硫化物的含量，是确定灭火浆液PH值、灭火材料选取的重要依据，矸石的堆积形式、力学性质、粒度级配等，是确定灭火浆液浓度的主要因素。介绍了浇注浆灭火方法与技术有其可行性。     

EBM气溶胶灭火技术的研究和应用

本文介绍了我国首创并已为消防界接受的EBM气溶胶灭火技术,着重讨论了EBM气溶胶的灭火机理及其应用,并提出了其发展方向。     

淀粉接枝丙烯酸制备高分子灭火剂

.以淀粉/丙烯酸为原料,用二乙烯苯为交联剂,过硫酸钾和亚硫酸氢钠为引发体系.经接枝共聚制备淀粉/丙烯酸高吸水性树脂,再由高吸水性树脂制取高分子灭火剂.本文分析了交联剂用量、引发体系配比、单体中和度以及淀粉与单体配比等因素对吸水率的影响,并考察了高分子灭火剂的灭火性能.实验证明高吸水性树脂可吸蒸馏水600g/g,用它配制的高分子灭火剂是自来水灭火效能的14倍.     

事件树分析法评价消防系统地震灾害风险

事件树分析法的研究步骤包括确定初始事件、环节事件,绘制、分析事件树图。建立了大型化工企业消防系统地震灾害风险评价模型,研究了单元火灾与损失震害形态、单元间延烧与控制对策。增加无震害环节事件概率,减少有震害环节事件概率是消防系统地震风险分析与控制的重要研究方向。消防水源多样化、减少消防系统震害损伤、增加消防能力有助于降低消防系统的地震灾害风险。     

谈自动喷水灭火系统设计

介绍了在进行自动喷水灭火系统设计中应考虑的问题，包括消防给水中的供水源、自动喷水灭火系统的类型选择、喷水灭火系统主要组件动作基本原理和要求以及自动喷水灭火系统水力计算方法．     

均压灭火监测技术在六道湾煤矿的应用

针对六道湾煤矿急倾斜水平分层放顶煤开采过程中经常遇到的工作面及上分层采空区易发火的问题，通过合理分析与现场实践，采用对上分层开探孔监测的方法，即利用探孔作为观测孔，安装水柱计来动态监测上分层采空区与工作面之间的压差，并通过对调节风窗的适时调节及对上分层采空区进行开式注N2形成氮气蔽的方法，有效阻止了对工作面及上分层采空区的漏风，将供氧量降低到了相对较低的程度，达到了均压防灭火的目的，是均压灭火监测技术在煤矿的成功应用。     

硼酸锌协同膨胀阻燃环氧涂层耐火作用及其机理研究

将硼酸锌(ZB)作为促进成炭的协同剂与双环笼状磷酸酯Trimer膨胀阻燃剂(T-IFR)复配,应用于膨胀阻燃环氧涂层,研究了ZB的协同耐火行为及作用机理.燃烧背温测试仪及锥形量热仪燃烧测试表明,适量添加ZB可产生良好的协同耐火作用,涂层的耐火时间由17 min提高到30 min,最大热释放速率由379.8 kW/m2降低到258.5 kW/m2,最大烟释放速率由0.11 m2/s降低到0.05 m2/s.热失重分析、傅里叶红外光谱、X-射线光电子能谱及扫描电镜研究表明,涂层耐火作用的提高与ZB增加了T-IFR热解残炭量,在残炭中形成了BPO4等耐热产物及改善了涂层燃烧产生的膨胀炭层的均匀性和致密性有关.     

表面活性剂在制作高效灭火剂方面的应用

表面活性剂已大量用作灭火剂的添加剂,从而大大改进与提高了灭火剂的灭火性能。本文对这些表面活性剂的种类、结构、性能及应用配方等作了评介。     

Interdiffusion in the Fe2O3-TiO2 system

Interdiffusion in the Fe₂O₃-TiO₂ system was investigated by the diffusion couple method in the temperature range of 1323 to 1473 K. The diffusion concentration curves of Ti⁴⁺ cations were obtained by electron probe microanalysis, according to which the Boltzmann-Matano method optimized by Broeder was used to calculate the interdiffusion coefficients. The interdiffusion coefficients almost increased linearly with the mole fraction of Ti⁴⁺ cations increasing, and they were in the range of 10^?12–10^?11cm²·s^?1. The increase of temperature could also lead to the increase of the interdiffusion coefficients at a constant concentration of Ti⁴⁺ cations. It was also found that the thickness growth of the diffusion layer obeyed the parabolic rate law.     

新型高分子水系灭火剂的制备及其灭火性能研究

以玉米淀粉、丙烯酸为原料,过硫酸铵为引发剂,经接枝共聚,制备了高吸水性树脂,再利用高吸水性树脂制得高分子灭火剂,并测试了其灭火性能。结果表明,所制备的高吸水性树脂每克可吸水300g,用它配制的高分子灭火剂的灭火效能优于普通水的灭火效能,而且不易复燃。     

高层民用建筑防火阀的选用

介绍了地下车库通风系统、加压送风及走廊排烟系统、空调系统防火阀的选定,指出防火阀在高层建筑消防工程中的重要地位。     

Reduction mechanisms of pyrite cinder-carbon composite pellets

The non-isothermal reduction mechanisms of pyrite cinder-carbon composite pellets were studied at laboratory scale under argon (Ar) atmosphere. The composite pellets as well as the specimens of separate layers containing pyrite cinder and coal were tested. The degree of reduction was measured by mass loss. The microstructures of the reduced composite pellets were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It is found that the reduction processes of the composite pellets may be divided into four stages:reduction via CO and H₂ from volatiles in coal at 673-973 K, reduction via H₂ and C produced by cracking of hydrocarbon at 973-1123 K, direct reduction by carbon via gaseous intermediates at 1123-1323 K, and direct reduction by carbon at above 1323 K. Corresponding to the four stages, the apparent activation energies (E) for the reduction of the composite pellets are 86.26, 78.54, 72.01, and 203.65 kJ·mol-1, respectively.     

马房沟提水工程泵站的消防设计

结合工程实际,详细介绍了马房沟提水工程泵站的消防总体设计、灭火器配置及火灾自动报警装置的设计。     

测氡法探测自燃火源位置在万柏林煤矿的应用

采用α杯积分测量测氡法对太原市万柏林煤矿的自燃火源位置进行了实地探测,得出了高温火源位置的平面图,为灭火方案设计提供了科学依据.     

有机海水围塘养殖生态系统氮磷的变化规律及相关性研究

为了解海水围塘养殖区氮磷的变化规律以及围塘养殖对水环境的影响,以沿海滩涂地区的海水围塘养殖池为研究案例,定点监测了虾-鱼-贝混合养殖池和对虾单养池的无机氮(氨氮、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐)、总氮、磷酸盐、总磷和高锰酸盐指数等指标,并分析了该养殖区各种水化学要素在养殖期间的变化特征以及它们之间的相关性。研究结果表明:两种养殖方式下水环境中无机氮之间的转化是完全的,在高溶解氧时硝酸盐氮含量始终较高,而在混合养殖中,硝酸盐氮是该养殖区水体无机氮的主要存在形态;混养池中总磷和总氮、磷酸盐均正相关,与无机氮之间无相关;而单养区总磷也与总氮显著正相关,但与磷酸盐和无机氮无相关;在混养区对总氮主要作用的是物理过程,单养区则是物理过程和化学过程同时起作用;对NH3+-N的影响虽然同是物理过程起作用,但混养区是盐度,而单养区是pH值和溶解氧;影响磷的各种形态变化的主要是化学过程起作用,但在单养区对PO43--P的影响还有pH值;通过采用有机养殖技术,围塘养殖的水质基本符合养殖要求标准,说明有机养殖、混合养殖等可以减少环境污染,应加强对这方面养殖技术的推广和应用。     

Novel approaches to produce Al2O3– TiC/TiCN– Fecomposite powders directly from ilmenite

Al2O3 –TiC/TiCN–Fe composite powders were successfully prepared directly from ilmenite at 1300–1400℃.The effects of Al/C ratio,sintering atmosphere,and reaction temperature and time on the reaction products were investigated.Results showed that the nitrogen atmosphere was bene cial to the reduction of ilmenite and the formation of Al2O3 –TiC/TiCN–Fe composite powders.When the reaction temperature was between 600 and 1100℃,the intermediate products,TiO2,Ti3O5 and Ti4O7 were found,which changed to TiC or TiCN at higher temperature.Al/C ratio was found to affect the reaction process and synthesis products.When Al addition was 0.5 mol,the Al2O3 phase did not appear.The content of carbon in TiCN rose when the reaction temperature was increased.     

硝酸铵+酰胺二元相图的研究

在充有高纯氮气的干燥手套箱内,将硝酸铵和乙酰胺+尿素混合,用称重法准确配制含不同硝酸铵摩尔分数的硝酸铵和乙酰胺+尿素混合样品,利用差示扫描量热法建立了硝酸铵和乙酰胺+尿素二元相图·提出了室温熔盐窗口和室温熔盐深度两个概念,用来衡量形成室温熔盐的能力及其性质·依据相图,指出了该体系能形成室温熔盐,室温熔盐窗口的组成范围是x(NH4NO3)=15%～40%;室温熔盐深度为32K·     

应用生物强化技术对含食品废水的污水中菌群的改造研究

为改良活性污泥性能,采用生物强化技术,在含食品废水的污水处理厂曝气池中投加具有高效降解蛋白质、脂肪、苯胺的复合微生物菌剂(由异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌株以及反硝化聚磷菌组成),有效降低出水总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH₃-N)、COD,使其水质稳定达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》中规定的一级 A标准。实验结果表明:于曝气池投加复合菌剂后,出水水质有了很明显提升,二沉池出水TN去除率达到93.48%,在原有基础上提高近70%;NH₃-N去除率达83.15%,在原有基础上提高60%以上;COD去除率达到91.40%。在复配菌剂生长成熟并和曝气池内土著微生物形成共生菌群后,停止加菌2个月,并在此期间控制回流污泥,从而将生化池中污泥质量浓度持续降低(从9000mg/L降低到6000mg/L左右)。最终系统TN、NH₃-N、COD能够稳定达到GB18918—2002规定的一级 A标准,大大减少了原系统运行能耗。