小鼠阑尾淋巴组织的发生

对不同日龄幼鼠阑尾淋巴组织的发生、T和B细胞在阑尾中出现的时间及分布的系统研究表明:小鼠阑尾淋巴组织是在出生后逐渐发育形成的.幼鼠出生当日,在其阑尾内固有膜增厚,在淋巴滤泡原基中已具有成熟的T淋巴细胞和较成熟的B淋巴细胞.出生后随着淋巴滤泡的发育及肠道内抗原的刺激,T和B淋巴细胞数目逐渐增多,最终分别定位分布于淋巴滤泡的滤泡间区与滤泡区内.     

鸡法氏囊的正常发生

我们从鸡胚发育第五天到四个半月对鸡的法氏囊的发生,生长和退化进行了系统的显微和亚微结构的研究,法氏囊的正常发生可分为五个阶段。一、上皮性法氏囊的形成。从孵化第五天起到第八天是第一阶段。当鸡胚发育到第五天时,在原始泄殖腔的背壁的上皮细胞开始增殖,经历空泡化过程,空泡由小合大、到第八天形成原始的法氏囊腔,此即上皮性法氏囊。二、生血于细胞侵入上皮,淋巴泸泡髓部的形成。(从孵化第九天到十七天)、当胚胎发育到第八天时生血干细胞开始迁移到法氏囊的间质中,孵化第11天起始侵入上皮细胞间,12天或13天上皮芽形成,第13天上皮细胞开始分化,孵化第17天,淋巴泸泡的髓部基本形成,法氏囊表面上皮分化成两种形态和功能不同上皮即泸泡附着上皮(简称FAE)和泸泡间上皮(简称ISE)。与此同时法氏囊粘膜的成褶过程也基本完成。三、淋巴泸泡皮部的形成。从胚胎发育第18天到孵出后第八天,法氏囊泸泡中淋巴细胞分化增殖,并从髓部迁移到泸泡基膜外面形成皮部,淋巴泸泡逐步扩大。四、法氏囊进一步生长以至达到最高峰。从九天雒鹏到一个月的仔鸡,在这个阶段中法氏囊泸泡成熟,淋巴细胞大量转移到外周淋巴器管中去。五、法氏囊退化。从一个月以后法氏囊不再继续生长。到第二个月后法氏囊起始退化,四个半月泸泡髓部淋巴细胞基本空虚。     

胚胎期蛇胸腺淋巴细胞的发育分化

应用光镜、电镜和细胞计数对胚胎发育期虎斑颈槽蛇胸腺内淋巴细胞的发育分化进行了研究，在胚胎发育１１期，胸腺在内出现淋巴干细胞。从胚胎发育１１期至出生前（１６期），淋巴细胞不断增殖分化，小淋巴细胞细胞逐渐增多，而大淋巴细胞和淋巴细胞逐渐减少，超微结构观察表明，前淋巴细胞和淋巴母细胞具有两种不同的形态结构，这一点和Ｂ淋巴细胞的发育分化相同，反映了细胞功能状态的差异。     

细胞分裂素,氯丙嗪对葫芦藓发育过程的影响

用组织培养方法研究了细胞分裂素（６ＢＡ，ＫＴ）及调钙蛋白专一性抑制剂氯丙嗪对葫芦藓芽分化的影响．结果表明，细胞分裂素促进芽的形成，而氯丙嗪抑制受其诱导的芽的形成，芽分化过程中可能有调钙蛋白的参与，但激素处理下的芽大部分不能正常发育为配子体．     

免疫法氏囊活性因子的制备及性质

出雏一周龄鸡用高于正常免疫剂量５倍的法氏囊疫苗免疫２次．在免疫高峰时宰杀，取出法氏囊，采用超滤法得到了一种分子量小于１万的物质，经检测为多肽和核苷酸的混合物，称为免疫法氏囊活性因子（ＩｍｍｕｎｅＢｕｒｓａｌＡｃｔｉｖｅＦａｃｔｏｒＩＢＡＦ）．理化性质检测类似于转移因子．具有促进淋巴细胞增殖，特别是Ｔ细胞活性的功能，有依赖抗原的特异免疫活性．初步研究表明，具有抑制细菌和抗毒性作用，可望成为一种新的免疫调节剂．     

双酚A对鸡胚中枢免疫器官发育影响的形态学观察

为进一步研究双酚A(BPA)的毒性作用,本试验对9日龄AA鸡胚和SPF鸡胚尿囊腔注射双酚A,待鸡胚孵化至22日龄,取鸡胚法氏囊和胸腺进行下述各项指标测定和形态学观察。结果显示,与对照组相比较,试验组鸡胚孵出率显著降低,法氏囊指数明显变小(p<0.05);染毒组法氏囊淋巴滤泡个数显著少于对照组(p<0.01),胸腺皮质、髓质厚度极显著小于对照组(p<0.01);光镜观察发现,双酚A染毒组法氏囊淋巴滤泡和胸腺髓质中的髓细胞明显多于对照组,扫描电镜下可见细胞间隙明显增大,显现针孔样结构。研究结果表明,双酚A对AA鸡胚和SPF鸡胚中枢免疫器官有毒性作用,对鸡胚法氏囊和胸腺的发育有显著的抑制作用。     

莼菜绒毡层细胞发育的超微结构变化

莼菜（Ｂｒａｓｅｎｉａ ｓｃｈｒｅｂｅｒｉＧｍ ｅｌ）绒毡层细胞在小孢子母细胞时期,质体出现变形,淀粉粒消失．减数分裂期,绒毡层细胞中有丰富的高尔基体,内质网,核糖体和线粒体．随着细胞的发育,细胞壁呈胶质状态,胞间连丝断离,细胞间发育出现不同步现象,核糖体开始解体形成电子密度高的球状体．单核小孢子时期,质体积累淀粉增多,细胞内部微结构开始解体．经观察,绒毡层细胞壁的融解物质参与了小孢子外壁的形成,核糖体形成的高电子密度球状体沉积小孢子外壁腔隙中形成外壁蛋白．绒毡层细胞中淀粉粒积累与消失是小孢子正常发育的必然结果．     

人胎阑尾组织发生的光镜和SEM观察

收集20～32周人胎,在光镜和扫描电镜(SEM)下观察阑尾的组织发生。20周阑尾腔小壁薄、管壁四层结构与成人相似,绒毛、肠腺、内分泌细胞和杯状细胞已出现。固有膜含丰富的弥散淋巴组织,并有许多淋巴小结突人粘膜下层;固有膜含少量不规则的肠腺,多数埋于淋巴组织中30～32周淋巴小结数量增多,但未见生发中心出现。SEM下观察20周后阑尾内的内分泌细胞有表面光滑和粗糙两类;20～28周阑尾淋巴组织的细胞间隙充满小囊和小泡,细胞表面有短而不规则的微绒毛。     

丢失毒力质粒的小肠结肠炎耶氏菌实验性感染家兔致病机理研究

本文报告应用致病性血清型丢失毒力质粒Ｙ．ｅ菌株４３９－８０Ｖ－及８２－１４０进行家兔体内感染，通过大体病变、组织病变和细胞病变的观察．研究其致病性及致病机理．结果表明：这两株Ｙ．ｅ．菌感染性与致病性明显弱于对照组──致病性血清型带毒力质粒Ｙ．ｅ菌株，其中．用４３９－８０Ｖ－菌株接种的家兔不发生感染与致病．用ＬＡＢ－Ｂ１８２菌株接种的家兔有排菌，肠粘膜上皮溃疡，急性脾炎病变．但无微脓肿及菌落形成．无组织细胞变性坏死．     

鸡胚胸腺、法氏囊组织免疫功能发育研究

实验选取12-19胚龄的鸡胚和1日龄雏鸡的胸腺、法氏囊,石蜡切片HE染色后,对组织结构发育进行动态连续观察.通过MTT法检测胸腺T淋巴细胞和法氏囊B细胞的增殖率,了解不同胚龄T细胞、B细胞的免疫功能发育的状态.结果表明:随着胚龄的增加,鸡的胸腺和法氏囊发育逐渐完善,免疫功能随之增强;T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞的增殖率不断增加.     

再循环B淋巴细胞昼夜节律现象的数学模型

根据免疫系统中参与再循环过程的B淋巴细胞昼夜节律现象的实验结果,提出皮质类激素作用于B淋巴细胞再循环过程的假设,建立了皮质类激素作用下的B细胞在骨骨,外周淋巴器官（淋巴结,脾脏）与因液之间再循环过程的数学模型,讨论了皮质类激素作用的强度及有关参量的取值范围及模型对参数的依赖性,模型能够解释参与再循环的B细胞在骨髓,淋巴结,脾脏和血液中的稳定振荡行为,而且对皮质激素在骨髓与外周血中B细胞迁移过程中的作用进行了定量研究,理论结果与实验结果基本一致。     

Germinal centre B cells: antigen specificity and changes in heavy chain class expression

Germinal centres are histologically defined aggregates of blast cells that occur in B-cell areas of lymphoid tissues after antigenic stimulation. They are believed to be associated with the development of B-cell memory and plasma cell (especially secondary, IgG and IgA) responses. Recent studies of murine lymphoid tissues have defined cell-surface markers that distinguish germinal centre B cells from other mature B cells, permitting their identification and characterization in cell suspensions. Here we have used these markers to define and study germinal centre cells in lympho nodes, and have found that they constitute a unique population of B cells which (1) arises in response to antigenic stimulation, (2) contains nearly all of the demonstrably antigen-specific B cells in the stimulated organ, (3) bears surface IgM after primary stimulation and (4) as a population, demonstrates isotype switching to a predominant population, demonstrates isotype switching to a predominant surface IgG phenotype after secondary stimulation with specific surface IgG phenotype after secondary stimulation with specific antigen. These findings demonstrate that germinal centres are a major site of proliferation and differentiation of antigen-specific B cells in vivo, and suggest that the germinal centre microenvironment may have an important role in heavy chain class switching during B-cell responses.     

Visualizing the generation of memory CD4 T cells in the whole body

It is thought that immunity depends on naive CD4 T cells that proliferate in response to microbial antigens, differentiate into memory cells that produce anti-microbial lymphokines, and migrate to sites of infection. Here we use immunohistology to enumerate individual naive CD4 T cells, specific for a model antigen, in the whole bodies of adult mice. The cells resided exclusively in secondary lymphoid tissues, such as the spleen and lymph nodes, in mice that were not exposed to antigen. After injection of antigen alone into the blood, the T cells proliferated, migrated to the lungs, liver, gut and salivary glands, and then disappeared from these organs. If antigen was injected with the microbial product lipopolysaccharide, proliferation and migration were enhanced, and two populations of memory cells survived for months: one in the lymph nodes that produced the growth factor interleukin-2, and a larger one in the non-lymphoid tissues that produced the anti-microbial lymphokine interferon-gamma. These results show that antigen recognition in the context of infection generates memory cells that are specialized to proliferate in the secondary lymphoid tissues or to fight infection at the site of microbial entry.     

Bipotential precursors of B cells and macrophages in murine fetal liver.

LYMPHOCYTES (B and T cells) derive continuously from the same multipotential stem cells that produce myeloid cells, including erythrocytes, granulocytes and macrophages. Tri- and bipotential myeloid intermediates between the multipotential stem cells and later unipotential cells have been identified using clonal methods in culture. Although similar methods have detected committed pre-B cells in mouse fetal liver, earlier progenitors with additional non-B lineage options have not been demonstrated in normal tissues. We report the characterization and purification of fetal liver cells that generate clones containing both macrophages and B cells, identified biochemically and morphologically. The common origin of the two cell types was shown by culture of single precursor cells. Their dual potential and unrearranged immunoglobulin loci place the precursors before exclusive B-lineage commitment in the haematopoietic hierarchy. The availability of such cells in purified form will allow direct study of lineage choice in cells having both lymphoid and non-lymphoid options.     

北京鸭腔上囊的研究：Ⅶ,B淋巴细胞分化的免疫球蛋白表达

应用兔抗鸭IgM和5.7S IgG血清,以间接免疫荧光法研究北京鸭腔上囊中B淋巴细胞的分化,得到以下结果:(1)B淋巴细胞表面和胞质免疫球蛋白出现的时间:胚胎11天,CIgM;胚胎15天SIgM;胚胎18天 SIgG;胚胎21天CIgG。(2)B淋巴细胞分化可分为3个阶段.第1阶段(胚胎11～15天),CIgM~+淋巴干细胞分化为SIgM~+前淋巴母细胞;第2阶段(胚胎15～21天),SIgM~+前淋巴母细胞分化为SIgM~+、SIgG~+淋巴母细胞;第3阶段(胚胎21～28天孵出),SIgG~+淋巴母细胞分化为中、小淋巴细胞,并开始从腔上囊迁出。(3)北京鸭腔囊中B淋巴细胞分化过程与鸡具有平行的时间关系。     

新疆分离株伪狂犬病病毒的致病机理研究

采用从本地发病猪采集的伪狂犬病病毒组织对家兔进行了人工感染,每天观察感染家兔临床表现。20h后每隔一段时间处死1只兔子,取其扁桃体、淋巴结、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、脑等组织制成石蜡切片。用免疫酶组织化学染色法检测病毒在组织中分布情况。结果表明：病毒首先在扁桃体内出现,淋巴结次之;40h后病毒分布于全身各组织脏器中,尤其在淋巴结、心脏、肾脏、肝脏中病毒大量存在。     

Host cell apoptosis induced by infection with duck swollen head hemorrhagic disease virus

This study aimed to examine the host cell apoptosis in the tissues of Peking ducks infected with duck swollen head hemorrhagic disease virus (DSHDV). The dynamic changes associated with apoptosis occurring in the internal tissues were evaluated at different time points postinoculation (PI) by performing hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, followed by light microscopy, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transfe- rase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that DSHDV infection could induce apoptosis in host cells, including those of the bursa of Fabricius (BF), thymus, spleen, liver, intestinal tract, kidney, and esophagus. The apoptotic index (AI) values increased with time from 2 h to 72 h PI, and the highest values were recorded at 72 h PI. Further, cell death due to classic necrosis was observed in the dying or deceased ducks after 72 h PI. In conclusion, host cell apoptosis can be induced by DSHDV and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of duck viral swollen head hemorrhagic disease (DVSHD).     

A novel cell surface molecule on early B-lineage cells

B cells and their antibody-secreting progeny represent one of several differentiation pathways that haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) may enter. Cells representing intermediate stages between HSC and B cells have been identified in mammalian haematopoietic tissues and studied intensively over the past decade. This population of early B-lineage cells, termed pre-B, is characterized by cellular proliferation and an orderly cascade of immunoglobulin gene rearrangements, a combination of events leading to the generation of clonally diverse B cells which then migrate to peripheral lymphoid tissues. It remains to be determined what elements determine the polyclonal growth of pre-B cells, how immunoglobulin gene rearrangements are regulated, and what happens to pre-B cells undergoing 'non-productive' immunoglobulin gene rearrangements. These issues could be resolved more easily if early B-lineage cells could be identified precisely and isolated. Here, we describe a cell surface glycoprotein that is selectively expressed by pre-B and newly formed B cells in murine haematopoietic tissues. The molecule, a homodimer formed by disulphide-linked chains of relative molecular mass (Mr) 140,000, is identified by a mouse monoclonal alloantibody called BP-1.