Sanderson's电负性均衡原理与库柏对电子

库柏电子对是超导电性机制理论中电声子理论的基础.在超导电性理论的研究中占有非常重要的地位.超导材料的种类非常广泛,有单质金属、合金材料、有机化合物、非金属单质、金属与非金属掺杂材料、金属氧化物.因此对不同材料中库柏对电子起源,状态特征的认识,对于全面认识超导电性的特征具有十分重要的意义.在本文中,以电声子机制超导电性理论为基础,用电负性均衡原理研究了元素之间键的形成对超导电性影响的特征,得出了在超导材料中由于元素之间键的形成,库柏对的电子特征具有特殊的性质,库柏对电子的来源取决于承担超导电性的元素之间键的性质特征.这对于全面理解电声子超导理论具有重要意义.对于进一步研究高Tc铜氧化物超导体的超导电性机理具有重要的指导性意义.     

Sanderson′s电负性均衡原理与库柏对电子

库柏电子对是超导电性机制理论中电声子理论的基础。在超导电性理论的研究中占有非常重要的地位。超导材料的种类非常广泛,有单质金属、合金材料、有机化合物、非金属单质、金属与非金属掺杂材料、金属氧化物。因此对不同材料中库柏对电子起源,状态特征的认识,对于全面认识超导电性的特征具有十分重要的意义。在本文中,以电声子机制超导电性理论为基础,用电负性均衡原理研究了元素之间键的形成对超导电性影响的特征,得出了在超导材料中由于元素之间键的形成,库柏对的电子特征具有特殊的性质,库柏对电子的来源取决于承担超导电性的元素之间键的性质特征。这对于全面理解电声子超导理论具有重要意义。对于进一步研究高Tc铜氧化物超导体的超导电性机理具有重要的指导性意义。     

非常规超导体的核磁共振研究新进展

核磁共振作为一种重要的谱学研究手段,在非常规超导体的机理研究中发挥了极其重要的作用.近年来随着新型非常规超导材料的发现,对应的核磁共振研究也有了许多新的进展,这些工作对非常规超导电性的机理研究起到了积极的推动作用.本文将就核磁共振技术在奇宇称超导体、铜基高温超导体和笼目结构超导体这三类超导材料中的若干最新研究进展进行一个有针对性的概述和梳理.在奇宇称超导体研究方面,将重点介绍铬基超导家族A₂Cr₃As₃中铁磁量子临界点顺磁侧的超导相图的研究和自旋三重态超导的实验证据,非中心超导体YPtBi中反铁磁自旋涨落及非常规的自旋单态和自旋三重态混合的超导态的发现.在铜氧化物超导体和笼目结构超导体研究方面,将重点介绍YBa₂Cu₃O_y中强磁场诱导的电荷密度波序出现3倍晶胞(λ=3b)公度性的微观实验证据,笼目结构超导体CsV₃Sb₅中电荷密度波序和电子关联随压力的演化.希望本文对后续超导电性的机理研究、材料探索及实际应用能起...     

准一维Mn基超导材料研究进展

探索新的高温超导材料与揭示非常规超导机理一直是凝聚态物理研究的重点.除了铜氧化物超导体和铁基超导体这两大家族之外,其他过渡金属基非传统超导材料相对较少,其中锰基超导材料尤其稀少.晶格维度的降低通常会抑制磁有序并增强自旋涨落,可以以此为思路探索新的锰基超导体.近年来,一个新的准一维锰基材料家族AMn₆Bi₅(A=Na, K, Rb和Cs)被发现.其中, AMn₆Bi₅(A=K, Rb和Cs)在高压下表现出非常规超导电性,加深了人们对于非常规超导与反铁磁关联的认识.     

铜氧化物高温超导体电子结构和超导机理的角分辨光电子能谱研究

与单质金属或者合金为代表的常规超导体不同,以铜氧化合物高温超导体为代表的非常规超导体的超导机理超出了BCS理论的解释范畴,已经成为凝聚态物理领域的重大科学问题.角分辨光电子能谱技术以其独特的电子能量/动量分辨的优势,在铜氧化物高温超导体的能带结构、能隙行为、多体相互作用等相关物理和超导机理的研究方面发挥着重要作用.角分辨光电子能谱实验技术的提高和数据分析方法的发展,不仅丰富了铜氧化物超导体的电子相图,并且不断加深了人们对其内在物理本质的认知.本文总结了近年来角分辨光电子能谱技术的最新进展,并集中讨论了其在铜氧化物高温超导体研究中对能带结构演化、超导能隙行为和电子-声子相互作用等方面取得的最新研究进展,最后介绍了使用Eliashberg函数数值分析研究高温超导体超导机理的方法.     

超导材料的超快光谱研究

电子、晶格、自旋和轨道微观自由度对超导材料的宏观特性起到至关重要的作用.在超导体系中,特别是非常规超导材料,这些自由度衍生出具有不同能量尺度的玻色激发和有序态.前者如声子、磁振子、电荷密度波、自旋密度波、自旋涨落、向列涨落等;后者如超导态、赝能隙态、向列相、反铁磁/铁磁等.前者与后者的形成密切相关.尤其是,不同的玻色激发在频域内纠缠在一起彼此相互作用,同时又与电子(或准粒子)耦合,构建出复杂而又丰富的平衡态和非平衡态物理过程.超快光谱技术的独特性在于具有宽能量范围和高时间分辨率的特点,利用光(电磁波)与超导材料相互作用中的线性和非线性响应,可以共振或非共振地探测与调控这类材料中的准平衡或非平衡态动力学属性.因为桌面超快光谱系统功能全面且具有很大的灵活性,它不仅被应用于超导体系,而且被广泛应用于其他各种无机和有机材料.由于非平衡态理论,特别是与关联电子体系相关的,目前还处在快速发展的阶段,所以本综述主要介绍了常用的桌面超快光谱技术和目前被广泛使用的相关分析理论,聚焦于讨论超导材料中超快光谱实验数据涌现出来的一些普适性趋势及进展.所涉及的超导材料包含了常规超导体、铜氧化物超导体、铁基超导体和重费米子超导体.     

有关超导的问答

问:什么叫超导和超导体?答:导体在通电时,电子流动中,碰到晶体点阵等,会受到阻力。这就是电阻。但是在一定条件下,有些导体材料的电阻会完全消失,这种电阻为零的现象就叫超导电性,简称超导。这时的导体也由正常态变成超导态。具有这种性质的导电材料就叫超导体。现已知道许多金属(如甸铟、锡、铅、铝、钽、铌等)、合金(如铌-锆、铌-钛等)和化合物(如 Nb_3Sn、Kb_3Al 等)以及各种氧化物,甚至是有机材料都可成为超导体。据专家们估计,超导材料大约有5000多种之     

122型铁基高温超导体的研究进展

零电阻和迈斯纳效应使超导材料在许多领域都发挥着重要作用,因此超导电性100年来一直是研究的热点。本文系统总结了122型铁基超导体的研究状况,包括用化学掺杂和化学压力等不同方法获得的超导材料。此外,也总结了铁基超导线材和带材的制备,简短的介绍了目前的工艺和对未来的展望。     

铁基超导体的远红外光谱学研究

铁基超导体是由日本科学家Hosono发现的具有层状结构和多带特征的非常规超导体,虽然人们利用各种实验手段对不同家族的铁基超导体进行了详尽的研究,最受关注的超导机理的问题尚未解决,也吸引着人们进行更加深入的探索.红外光谱是研究费米面附近的电子态激发以及晶格振动动力学的重要实验探测手段,在早期的超导研究中对于超导能隙的确定和电声相互作用的探测起到了重要作用.本文将主要介绍近些年国际上利用傅里叶变换红外光谱学研究铁基超导体方面的主要进展,并结合作者近些年的工作详细地阐述红外光谱的具体应用,主要包括以下几个方面的内容:(1)铁基超导体中的超导能隙;(2)(Ba,K)Fe_2As_2中的量子临界与非费米液体行为;(3)KFe_2As_2中的轨道选择性行为;(4)铁基超导材料中的电声相互作用;(5)铁基超导材料中的向列相.最后,在总结已有工作的基础上,我们对未来红外光谱在铁基超导材料中的研究做了进一步的展望.     

单轴压强技术在超导研究中的应用

近年来,随着相关技术的快速发展,单轴应变或单轴压强技术在研究非常规超导体中被广泛地应用.在单轴压强或单轴应变研究中,样品沿着某个晶轴的方向发生应变,其物理性质也会发生相应的改变.通过研究这种改变,就可能获得超导或其他序的重要信息.和静水压相比,单轴压强对物理性质的改变主要和对称性有关,这使得单轴压强和单轴应变的研究特别适用于与对称性相关联的物理性质,例如,与旋转对称性相关的电子向列相.更重要的是,单轴压强技术也能够用于超导电性性质的研究.本文将介绍常用的单轴压强和单轴应变装置和技术,并介绍其在铁基超导体和其他超导体中的一些典型应用.表明单轴压强和单轴应变技术在研究电子向列相、超导序参量和其他一些竞争序方面具有独特的优势,并将随着相关技术的发展在超导及其他强关联电子体系研究中发挥更重要的作用.     

Fluctuating superconductivity in organic molecular metals close to the Mott transition

On cooling through the transition temperature T(c) of a conventional superconductor, an energy gap develops as the normal-state charge carriers form Cooper pairs; these pairs form a phase-coherent condensate that exhibits the well-known signatures of superconductivity: zero resistivity and the expulsion of magnetic flux (the Meissner effect). However, in many unconventional superconductors, the formation of the energy gap is not coincident with the formation of the phase-coherent superfluid. Instead, at temperatures above the critical temperature a range of unusual properties, collectively known as 'pseudogap phenomena', are observed. Here we argue that a key pseudogap phenomenon-fluctuating superconductivity occurring substantially above the transition temperature-could be induced by the proximity of a Mott-insulating state. The Mott-insulating state in the kappa-(BEDT-TTF)2X organic molecular metals can be tuned, without doping, through superconductivity into a normal metallic state as a function of the parameter t/U, where t is the tight-binding transfer integral characterizing the metallic bandwidth and U is the on-site Coulomb repulsion. By exploiting a particularly sensitive probe of superconducting fluctuations, the vortex-Nernst effect, we find that a fluctuating regime develops as t/U decreases and the role of Coulomb correlations increases.     

Unconventional superconductivity in PuCoGa5

In the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory of superconductivity, electrons form (Cooper) pairs through an interaction mediated by vibrations in the underlying crystal structure. Like lattice vibrations, antiferromagnetic fluctuations can also produce an attractive interaction creating Cooper pairs, though with spin and angular momentum properties different from those of conventional superconductors. Such interactions have been implicated for two disparate classes of materials--the copper oxides and a set of Ce- and U-based compounds. But because their transition temperatures differ by nearly two orders of magnitude, this raises the question of whether a common pairing mechanism applies. PuCoGa5 has a transition temperature intermediate between those classes and therefore may bridge these extremes. Here we report measurements of the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate and Knight shift in PuCoGa5, which demonstrate that it is an unconventional superconductor with properties as expected for antiferromagnetically mediated superconductivity. Scaling of the relaxation rates among all of these materials (a feature not exhibited by their Knight shifts) establishes antiferromagnetic fluctuations as a likely mechanism for their unconventional superconductivity and suggests that related classes of exotic superconductors may yet be discovered.     

Antiferromagnetic order induced by an applied magnetic field in a high-temperature superconductor.

One view of the high-transition-temperature (high-Tc) copper oxide superconductors is that they are conventional superconductors where the pairing occurs between weakly interacting quasiparticles (corresponding to the electrons in ordinary metals), although the theory has to be pushed to its limit. An alternative view is that the electrons organize into collective textures (for example, charge and spin stripes) which cannot be 'mapped' onto the electrons in ordinary metals. Understanding the properties of the material would then need quantum field theories of objects such as textures and strings, rather than point-like electrons. In an external magnetic field, magnetic flux penetrates type II superconductors via vortices, each carrying one flux quantum. The vortices form lattices of resistive material embedded in the non-resistive superconductor, and can reveal the nature of the ground state-for example, a conventional metal or an ordered, striped phase-which would have appeared had superconductivity not intervened, and which provides the best starting point for a pairing theory. Here we report that for one high-Tc superconductor, the applied field that imposes the vortex lattice also induces 'striped' antiferromagnetic order. Ordinary quasiparticle models can account for neither the strength of the order nor the nearly field-independent antiferromagnetic transition temperature observed in our measurements.     

Superconductivity in molecular crystals induced by charge injection

Progress in the field of superconductivity is often linked to the discovery of new classes of materials, with the layered copper oxides being a particularly impressive example. The superconductors known today include a wide spectrum of materials, ranging in complexity from simple elemental metals, to alloys and binary compounds of metals, to multi-component compounds of metals and chalcogens or metalloids, doped fullerenes and organic charge-transfer salts. Here we present a new class of superconductors: insulating organic molecular crystals that are made metallic through charge injection. The first examples are pentacene, tetracene and anthracene, the last having the highest transition temperature, at 4 K. We anticipate that many other organic molecular crystals can also be made superconducting by this method, which will lead to surprising findings in the vast composition space of molecular crystals.     

Structural and Chemical Diversity of Tl－Based Cuprate Superconductors

The Tl-based cuprate superconductor family is the largest family in crystal structure and chemical composition among all high Tc cuprate superconductors. The Tl family can be divided into two sub-families, the Tl single layer family and the Tl double layer family, based on their crystal structural characteristics. The Tl single layer family is an ideal material for investigating the evolution of crystalline formation, charge carrier density, chemical composition, transport properties, superconductivity and their relationships. The Tl family contains almost all possible crystal structures discovered in high-Tc cuprate superconductors. Tl cuprate superconductors are of great importance not only in studying high-temperature superconductivity but also in commercial applications.     

Spatially resolved electronic structure inside and outside the vortex cores of a high-temperature superconductor

Puzzling aspects of high-transition-temperature (high-Tc) superconductors include the prevalence of magnetism in the normal state and the persistence of superconductivity in high magnetic fields. Superconductivity and magnetism generally are thought to be incompatible, based on what is known about conventional superconductors. Recent results, however, indicate that antiferromagnetism can appear in the superconducting state of a high-Tc superconductor in the presence of an applied magnetic field. Magnetic fields penetrate a superconductor in the form of quantized flux lines, each of which represents a vortex of supercurrents. Superconductivity is suppressed in the core of the vortex and it has been suggested that antiferromagnetism might develop there. Here we report the results of a high-field nuclear-magnetic-resonance (NMR) imaging experiment in which we spatially resolve the electronic structure of near-optimally doped YBa2Cu3O7-delta inside and outside vortex cores. Outside the cores, we find strong antiferromagnetic fluctuations, whereas inside we detect electronic states that are rather different from those found in conventional superconductors.     

Hidden magnetism and quantum criticality in the heavy fermion superconductor CeRhIn5

With only a few exceptions that are well understood, conventional superconductivity does not coexist with long-range magnetic order (for example, ref. 1). Unconventional superconductivity, on the other hand, develops near a phase boundary separating magnetically ordered and magnetically disordered phases. A maximum in the superconducting transition temperature T(c) develops where this boundary extrapolates to zero Kelvin, suggesting that fluctuations associated with this magnetic quantum-critical point are essential for unconventional superconductivity. Invariably, though, unconventional superconductivity masks the magnetic phase boundary when T < T(c), preventing proof of a magnetic quantum-critical point. Here we report specific-heat measurements of the pressure-tuned unconventional superconductor CeRhIn5 in which we find a line of quantum-phase transitions induced inside the superconducting state by an applied magnetic field. This quantum-critical line separates a phase of coexisting antiferromagnetism and superconductivity from a purely unconventional superconducting phase, and terminates at a quantum tetracritical point where the magnetic field completely suppresses superconductivity. The T --> 0 K magnetic field-pressure phase diagram of CeRhIn5 is well described with a theoretical model developed to explain field-induced magnetism in the high-T(c) copper oxides, but in which a clear delineation of quantum-phase boundaries has not been possible. These experiments establish a common relationship among hidden magnetism, quantum criticality and unconventional superconductivity in copper oxides and heavy-electron systems such as CeRhIn5.     

A hidden pseudogap under the 'dome' of superconductivity in electron-doped high-temperature superconductors

The ground state of superconductors is characterized by the long-range order of condensed Cooper pairs: this is the only order present in conventional superconductors. The high-transition-temperature (high-T(c)) superconductors, in contrast, exhibit more complex phase behaviour, which might indicate the presence of other competing ground states. For example, the pseudogap--a suppression of the accessible electronic states at the Fermi level in the normal state of high-T(c) superconductors-has been interpreted as either a precursor to superconductivity or as tracer of a nearby ground state that can be separated from the superconducting state by a quantum critical point. Here we report the existence of a second order parameter hidden within the superconducting phase of the underdoped (electron-doped) high-T(c) superconductor Pr2-xCe(x)CuO4-y and the newly synthesized electron-doped material La2-xCe(x)CuO4-y (ref. 8). The existence of a pseudogap when superconductivity is suppressed excludes precursor superconductivity as its origin. Our observation is consistent with the presence of a (quantum) phase transition at T = 0, which may be a key to understanding high-T(c) superconductivity. This supports the picture that the physics of high-T(c) superconductors is determined by the interplay between competing and coexisting ground states.     

Superconductivity in the non-magnetic state of iron under pressure.

Ferromagnetism and superconductivity are thought to compete in conventional superconductors, although in principle it is possible for any metal to become a superconductor in its non-magnetic state at a sufficiently low temperature. At pressures above 10 GPa, iron is known to transform to a non-magnetic structure and the possibility of superconductivity in this state has been predicted. Here we report that iron does indeed become superconducting at temperatures below 2 K at pressures between 15 and 30 GPa. The transition to the superconducting state is confirmed by both a drop in resistivity and observation of the Meissner effect.