从细胞色素b基因序列分析羚牛分子系统进化

目的分析羚牛分子系统进化,解决多年来关于羚牛分类地位及其与麝牛关系的争论。方法应用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)分别扩增羚牛、绵羊、山羊细胞色素b基因,并对其全序列(1140bp)进行测定。结合GenBank检索序列,对9种偶蹄类动物(麝牛、绵羊、羚牛等)、1种奇蹄类动物(斑马)的细胞色素b基因序列差异进行分析,并基于序列差异构建分子系统树。结果羚牛与羊亚科的动物亲缘关系最近(序列差异分别为9.085%和11.652%),与其他动物亲缘关系较远(序列差异为12.344%~23.333%),与麝牛的差异达到了13.658%。羚牛与绵羊分歧的时间约在360万年前,而与麝牛的分歧时间约在550万年前。结论将羚牛归入羊亚科较为合理,羚牛和麝牛形态和行为上很强的相似性可能是趋同进化的结果。     

羚牛细胞色素b基因序列分析和系统进化研究

应用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）分别扩增了羚牛、绵羊、山羊、黄牛细胞色素b基因,并对其全序列（1140bp）进行了测定。其中羚牛细胞色素b基因序列属首次报道。通过对8种偶蹄类动物细胞色素b基因序列差异分析和基于序列差异所构建的分子系统树,发现羚牛与羊亚科的动物亲缘关系最近,与其他动物亲缘关系较远。表明将羚牛放入羊亚科较为合理,序列差异分析还表明羚羊约在距今500万年前（上新世）从牛类动物中分化出来,牛类分化时间约在600万年前的中新世（Miocene）。     

动物基因图谱的研究现状及其应用

随着人类基因组测序的完成，近年来，动物基因组计划也取得了巨大进展．目前已有猪、牛、羊、马、鹿、鸡等动物绘制了较完善的遗传图谱。这些图谱的建立对了解动物整个基因组结构和对家畜中与重要经济性状相关的基因或遗传标记的鉴定及对家畜开展分子标记辅助选择均十分重要，该文从国内外构建动物基因图谱的方法、研究现状及发展趋势等方面对动物基因图谱的研究作了简要阐述；并探讨了其在基因定位、遗传分析、分子标记辅助选择和研究动物染色体行为等方面的应用。     

新疆4个品种绵羊群体遗传结构的研究

采用垂直聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法，对巴什拜羊(43只)、哈萨克羊(41只)、中国美利奴羊(新疆军垦型)(42只)、罗姆尼羊(45只)的3个血清蛋白位点进行了多态性分析，计算了血清转铁蛋白(Tr)、酯酶(Es)及白蛋白(Alb)的基因型和基因频率及各位点的杂合度、群体平均杂合度及群体信息度。结果表明：4个品种绵羊在3个位点均为多态，在多态座位中，Tr、Alb和Es分别出现了4、3和3种表型，分别受4、2和2个共显性等位基因控制。X^2检验显示，4个品种绵羊在3个座位上均处于哈代-温伯格平衡状态(P≥0．05)，并且均表现出较高的杂合度，其值分别是：巴什拜羊0．588l、中国美利奴羊(新疆军垦型)0．5352、哈萨克羊0．5290、罗姆尼羊0．4964。     

羚牛的饲养与繁殖

羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor)又名扭角羚,属偶蹄目,牛科。它的形态、结构介于牛羊之间,在我国有两个亚种,即秦岭亚种和四川亚种。羚牛是我国特有的高山珍贵动物,是国家的一级保护动物。羚牛的吻,鼻宽大而裸露,前额向上隆起,双角扭曲奇特,所以在动物园里具有很高的观赏价值,对动物学的研究也有重大的科学意义。羚牛在野外分布地区狭窄,数量不多,在人工饲养条件下繁衍后代难度很大,至今仅有几家动物园饲养和繁     

我国牛科（Bovidae）中3种动物的染色体组型比较分析

比较分析我国牛科中３种动物（即羚牛、绵羊、黄牛）的染色体组型，从染色体数目和形态上比较它们之间的差异，并讨论这３种动物彼此之间的进化亲缘关系和进行杂交育种的可能性，为畜牧育种培养新类型提供细胞遗传学的依据。     

陕西省重点保护兽类的分布与保护

陕西省横跨秦岭南北,是我国野生动物分布的重要地区．省内共有野生兽类148种,其中国家一、二级保护动物分别有7种和16种,以羚牛、斑羚、青鼬等资源较丰富;省地方重点保护兽类有 12种,以猪獾、小麂、毛冠鹿和狍资源较丰富．东洋界种类占明显优势．阐述了陕西省重点保护兽类的种类和分布,并提出了保护兽类资源的保护对策．     

我国特产动物——羚牛

羚牛也叫牛羚,是我国特产的大型珍贵动物,名列一类保护动物名单之中。因其成体的犄角向内扭曲,所以又叫扭角羚。羚牛主要产于陕西、甘肃、云南、四川等地。由于稀少。所以国外动物园至今没有展出过。羚牛外形短粗,四肢强壮有力。成体一般数百斤,重者     

成都麻羊与7个山羊品种(群体)的AFLP遗传多样性研究

采用AFLP（Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism AFLP）标记,研究成都麻羊与金堂黑山羊、乐至黑山羊、合江黑山羊、江安黑山羊、营山黑山羊、嘉陵黑山羊和白玉黑山羊等8个山羊品种（群体）,共261只个体的遗传多样性．结果表明,选用8对引物组合共获得174个标记,其中80个为多态性标记,标记多态频率为16．55％～38．62％,平均每对引物获得21．75条带．根据AFLP分析结果,用Shannon多样性指数公式计算获得,供试8个山羊品种（群体）的遗传多样性指数在0．0888～0．2289之间．其中营山黑山羊的遗传多样性指数最大（0．2289）,嘉陵黑山羊次之（0．2119）．白玉黑山羊最小（0．0888）、其余山羊品种（群体）介于其间．用Rogers遗传距离公式分析获得8个山羊品种（群体）间的遗传距离（DR）。根据DR值,采用Mega3．0软件以UPGMA法构建遗传系统树状图,聚类结果聚为三个大类,营山黑山羊和嘉陵黑山羊聚为一类,合江黑山羊和江安黑山羊为一类,这两类聚为一大类;成都麻羊和金堂黑山羊聚为一类后。再与乐至黑山羊聚为一大类;这两大类相聚后,再与单独为一大类的白玉黑山羊聚在一起．聚类结果与品种（群体）来源和生态地理分布相一致．AFLP标记很好的反映供试山羊品种（群体）的遗传差异和亲缘关系,是研究山羊遗传多样性一种理想的分子标记．     

寻找高黎贡山羚牛

高黎贡山的羚牛（Budorccas taxicolor taxicolor Hodgson）是高黎贡山地区特有的动物，也是高黎贡山地区森林生态系统中的关键物种。羚牛与大熊猫、金丝猴一道被称为中国高山林型中的三大珍稀动物。由于它长相奇特，又被称为“六不像”，即庞大隆起的背脊像棕熊，两条倾斜的后腿像非洲的斑鬣狗，四肢短粗像家牛，绷紧的脸部像驼鹿，宽而扁的尾像山羊，两只角像角马。羚牛仅产于亚洲的中国、印度、尼泊尔、不丹和缅甸五个国家，其中中国是羚牛资源最丰富的国家。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.