真正能够防治小麦病害的疫苗

法国科学研究中心 (CNRS)和戈埃马公司 (GOEMAR)的试验室从海带中提取出一种天然物质 ,这种物质能够激励植物的免疫抗病系统。研究人员用这一植物分子制造了一种新的小麦抗真菌剂 ,和目前所使用的所有杀真菌剂都不同的是 ,这种新物质的作用原理不是杀灭寄生的真菌 ,而是直接刺激植物的防护机制 ,相当于一种疫苗。刚刚在法国市场上出售。昆布素的发现及其在植物防病中的应用在全世界还是第一次。瑞士的一家公司CibaGeigy ,即现在的Syntenta公司 ,也研制出了一种以acibenzolar S methyl为基础抗真菌剂 ,这种分子的性质也是激励植物的天…     

藓类生态学研究以及在川西亚高山针叶林群落的工作概况

藓类植物是亚高山森林生态系统中重要的层片,它们在"大气-植被-土壤"系统的物质和能量交换中起着重要的作用,直接参与和森林生态系统中碳、氮和水等重要过程并间接影响植物的更新过程.本文从藓类层片类型、生长、水文、指示作用以及干扰响应等几个方面回顾了当前国内外森林藓类研究的进展,文章也概括了我们近几年在川西地区的针叶林群落的研究工作.     

川西亚高山针叶林群落的工作概况

藓类植物是亚高山森林生态系统中重要的层片，它们在“大气-植被-土壤”系统的物质和能量交换中起着重要的作用，直接参与和森林生态系统中碳、氮和水等重要过程并间接影响植物的更新过程。本文从藓类层片类型、生长、水文、指示作用以及干扰响应等几个方面回顾了当前国内外森林藓类研究的进展，文章也概括了我们近几年在川西地区的针叶林群落的研究工作。     

场协同原理:它的科学之美及与(火积)的关系

本文从科学原理之美的视角,从6个方面阐述了强化对流传热的场协同原理之美,论述了其概念清晰、推导优雅、应用广泛,且具有自然性、对称性和比拟性;最后揭示了场协同原理与(火积)理论之间的内在联系,阐明了场协同原理与(火积)理论相互论证、相辅相成,对传热学的发展具有重要完善和推动作用.     

植被护坡的根和土力学作用

植被护坡最基本的功能是植物根系对岩土体的加固能力,借助植物根系的作用可以明显提高边坡土体的抗剪强度,从而增大边坡的稳定性.但由于植物根系在岩土介质中受力的复杂性和多变性,使得其加固能力的计算十分困难,在工程问题中,植被护坡的设计计算仍停留在经验阶段.虽已有人开始分析植物根系与土体间相互作用,但均未就植物根系对边坡表层岩土体的力学加固机制和加固效果进行系统分析.本文着重从植被护坡作用机制和对岩土体的加固效果分析入手,探讨了植被护坡对边坡土体抗剪强度的影响,从而为植物防护设计提供了理论依据.     

盐胁迫对植物的影响及植物的抗盐机理

盐是影响植物生长和产量的主要环境因子之一,根据国内外最新的研究资料,从盐胁迫对植物的生长、水分关系、叶片解剖学、光和色素及蛋白、脂类、离子水平、抗氧化酶及抗氧化剂、氮素代谢、苹果酸盐代谢、叶绿体超微结构的影响,及影响光合作用的机制等方面入手,对植物盐胁迫研究现状及进展情况进行了综述,旨在为开展植物抗盐机理研究、选育培育耐盐植物新品种提供依据。     

植物摩擦型根-岩土相互作用的初步研究

草本、灌木植物及木本植物的侧根与岩土体相互作用是类似的,都对边坡岩土体起到摩擦加筋的作用,使边坡土体成为土与根的复合材料,在浅层边坡岩土的加固中起到重要作用,从而提高土体强度,达到使边坡浅层土体稳定的目的.但是目前的研究仍然停留在定性地分析根与土体的作用关系上,本文试图在定量分析摩擦型根和岩土相互作用原理方面做些探索性的工作,通过对草本植物的根系(包括木本植物的侧根系)与岩土体的相互作用的研究分析,建立了摩擦型根-土力学作用模型,运用云南松野外实验结果验证了模型预测的正确性.力学模型的建立为定量地分析植物根系与土体的相互关系提供了重要的理论指导,具有一定应用价值.     

知识表达的分维度量理论

对定量分析、研究知识表达进行了尝试，从分维认识论角度出发，结合分维理论，使用信息论中的信息度量原理和方法，对知识表达的信息量、熵等一系列信息度量特征进行了研究，进而对知识表达的最大熵原理、熵增原理进行了探讨。     

有无植物条件下明渠水流紊动特性对比

在可变坡水槽中，模拟了带枝杈植物对明渠水流的干扰作用，借助超声多普勒流速仪（ADV）测量了不同水深下垂线不同测点的瞬时流速，计算了各测点的三维时均流速、脉动强度及雷诺应力等紊动参数，通过与无植物干扰的明渠均匀流紊动特性进行对比，分析植物对水流紊动参数的影响规律。试验结果表明：在有植物明渠水流中，时均流速呈三区分布特征；脉动强度及雷诺应力均在植物顶部附近出现最大值；脉动强度明显增大，在3个方向上趋于接近；可以用植物顶部以上的雷诺应力分布推求摩阻流速。     

植物硫苷-黑芥子酶系统对环境胁迫的响应

硫苷-黑芥子酶系统是植物中一种特有的底物酶系统,其水解产物具有高度生物活性,该系统对植物的生长发育、生长素微调以及植物的防御保护等均有重要意义.目前对植物硫苷-黑芥子酶系统对环境胁迫的响应的研究多为对硫苷的研究,而对系统相关物质研究较少.本文对硫苷-黑芥子酶系统做了简单介绍,并对植物硫苷-黑芥子酶系统对病虫害和酸雨、水、温度、盐、重金属胁迫下的响应进行了综述.     

嫦娥三号“玉兔号”巡视器遥操作中的关键技术

2013年12月14日,"嫦娥三号"成功地将月面着陆器和"玉兔号"巡视器送抵月球,这标志着我国已完成了探月工程中"落"月的重要阶段.嫦娥三号任务的一个关键组成部分是由地面遥操作中心控制"玉兔号"巡视器在月面非结构化环境中进行巡视和科学探测,而遥操作技术正是该组成部分成功实施的关键."玉兔号"巡视器遥操作技术主要包括巡视器的导航定位、月面地形重构、行驶路径规划和机械臂探测等关键步骤,这些步骤相互支撑与融合,保证了嫦娥三号任务的顺利实施.本文在对上述4个方面关键技术的发展和应用现状进行总结的基础上,阐述了相关的主要技术途径及其应用特点,分析了各种技术在"玉兔号"月面巡视与科学探测任务实施中的发挥的重要作用,并评述了它们的发展潜力和应用前景,对中国探月工程以及后续火星探测工程中的遥操作具有一定的指导意义.     

日本官产学研合作经验之探究

经过几十年的摸索和发展，日本官产学研合作初见成效。如何提高官产学研合作的绩效，使企业真正从中获益，并乐于保持与大学和研究机构的合作关系，是日本政府十分关注并且正在认真研究的课题。日本在推进官产学研合作过程中所积累的成功经验和失败教训，对于我国目前建立以企业为主体、市场为导向、产学研相结合二技术创新体系来说具有一定的借鉴和参考价值。     

On the historical origins of the contemporary notion of incommensurability: Paul Feyerabend’s assault on conceptual conservativism

This paper investigates the historical origins of the notion of incommensurability in contemporary philosophy of science. The aim is not to establish claims of priority, but to enhance our understanding of the notion by illuminating the various issues that contributed to its development. Kuhn developed his notion of incommensurability primarily under the influence of Fleck, Polanyi, and Köhler. Feyerabend, who had developed his notion more than a decade earlier, drew directly from Duhem, who had developed a notion of incommensurability in 1906. The idea is that in the course of scientific advance, when fundamental theories change, meanings change, which can result in a new conception of the nature of reality. Feyerabend repeatedly used this notion of incommensurability to attack various forms of conceptual conservativism. These include the logical positivists’ foundational use of protocol statements, Heisenberg’s methodological principle that established results must be presupposed by all further research, attempts to separate philosophical accounts of ontology from physics, Bohr’s principle of complementarity, and logical empiricist accounts of reduction and explanation. Focusing on the function of the notion of incommensurability common to Feyerabend’s various critiques explicates Feyerabend’s early philosophy as a series of challenges to forms of conceptual conservativism.     

Nature in the laboratory — nature as a laboratory. Considerations about the ethics of release experiments

Field tests with genetically modified organisms go beyond the boundaries of the politically and morally neutralized space that normally surrounds scientific experiments. They enter public areas. As a social process of shaping nature they are political in a fundamental sense. Consequences of this observation concern the legitimacy of decisions and the legitimacy of deciding procedures. The political rights of citizens and their human rights can only be respected if these procedures are democratic. Without a more serious exploration of the specific circumstances of release tests — for example, the precise ecological context, the consequences for the future development of the affected ecosystem, the social consequences, and the possible institutional ways of establishing gene technology in agriculture — we do not really know what we are doing when we release transgenic organisms. Moral judgements today can therefore only be prima facie, not free from shortcomings. As responsible judges we must confess that we are still morally blind.     

The classical roots of wave mechanics: Schrödinger's transformations of the optical-mechanical analogy

In the 1830s, W. R. Hamilton established a formal analogy between optics and mechanics by constructing a mathematical equivalence between the extremum principles of ray optics (Fermat's principle) and corpuscular mechanics (Maupertuis's principle). Almost a century later, this optical-mechanical analogy played a central role in the development of wave mechanics. Schrödinger was well acquainted with Hamilton's analogy through earlier studies. From Schrödinger's research notebooks, we show how he used the analogy as a heuristic tool to develop de Broglie's ideas about matter waves and how the role of the analogy in his thinking changed from a heuristic tool into a formal constraint on possible wave equations. We argue that Schrödinger only understood the full impact of the optical-mechanical analogy during the preparation of his second communication on wave mechanics: Classical mechanics is an approximation to the new undulatory mechanics, just as ray optics is an approximation to wave optics. This completion of the analogy convinced Schrödinger to stick to a realist interpretation of the wave function, in opposition to the emerging mainstream. The transformations in Schrödinger's use of the optical-mechanical analogy can be traced in his research notebooks, which offer a much more complete picture of the development of wave mechanics than has been previously thought possible.     

交叉学科研究推动了生物无机化学学科的发展

本文分为七部分，第一部分对生物无机化学学科发展进行历史回顾；第二部分从回顾史实中用实例表明生物无机化学的研究始终瞄准金属离子和生物配体控制生命过程中的化学问题；第三部分是介绍当今国际上研究核酸领域的争论焦点；第四部分是报导我们设计和合成了作为人工核酸酶的一系列新的配体以及许多不同金属的功能配合物；第五部分是讨论用动力学、热力学和DFT计算方法研究配合物和DNA相互作用的键合机制以及十多种影响因素；第六部分进一步报导配合物的生物功能和它们的应用探索，最后一部分提出在核酸领域的某些新的发展方向和途径。我们进一步提出了配合物的结构与DNA的作用机制以及它们的生物功能之间的规律性。通过配合物的结构改变去调控和改变配合物对DNA键合性质和生物功能。     

基于最小二乘法的电力系统状态估计算法研究

针对现行电力系统状态估计算法中存在的各种发展潮流，重点剖析了被广泛应用的基于最小二乘法的状态估计的基本原理和改进后的几种状态估计方法，阐明了各算法的应用优势和存在的不足。对于存在不良信息系统进一步提高算法的精度和估算速度的发展方向提出了新的思想。     

The development of the Neurath principle: unearthing the Romantic link

Otto Neurath’s thoroughgoing anti-foundationalism is connected to the recognition that protocol sentences are not inviolable, that is they are fallible and their choice cannot be determined: ‘Poincaré, Duhem and others have adequately shown that even if we have agreed on the protocol statements, there is a not limited number of equally applicable, possible systems of hypotheses. We have extended this tenet of the uncertainty of systems of hypotheses to all statements, including protocol statements that are alterable in principle’ (Neurath, 1983, p. 105). Later historiography has called Neurath’s extension of Duhemian holism the Neurath principle. Based on a study of Neurath’s early works on the history of optics, the paper investigates a previously unnoticed influence on the development of this principle, Neurath’s reading of Goethe’s Theory of colours. The historical and polemical parts of Goethe’s tripartite book provided Neurath with ideal examples for the vertical extension of Duhem’s thesis to observation statements. Moreover, Goethe’s critique of the language of science and his views on the theory-ladenness of observation, as well as on the history of science show strong parallels to many of Neurath’s ideas. These demonstrate the existence of surprisingly direct textual links between Romantic views on science and the development of twentieth-century philosophy of science. Neurath’s usage of Goethe’s examples also indicates that the birth of the Neurath principle is more tightly connected to actual scientific practice than to theory-testing, and that by admitting the theory-ladenness of observation reports and fallibility of protocol statements Neurath does not throw empiricism overboard.     

The development of gene therapy for diseases of the lung

The development of a successful gene therapy has many stages, including preclinical testing in animal models and proof of principle clinical studies. A variety of diseases affect the lung, which are candidates for gene therapy; this review will mainly focus on the diseases that have attracted the most attention and have therefore yielded the most progress, namely lung cancer and the monogenic disorder cystic fibrosis. Knowledge gained from clinical studies could eventually be applied to more complex lung conditions such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and asthma. In addition, increased gene transfer efficiencies could be obtained by appropriate selection of the gene transfer vector and mode of delivery.Received 8 August 2003; received after revision 10 September 2003; accepted 17 September 2003     

Models as products of interdisciplinary exchange: Evidence from evolutionary game theory

The development of evolutionary game theory (EGT) is closely linked with two interdisciplinary exchanges: the import of game theory into biology, and the import of biologists’ version of game theory into economics. This paper traces the history of these two import episodes. In each case the investigation covers what exactly was imported, what the motives for the import were, how the imported elements were put to use, and how they related to existing practices in the respective disciplines. Two conclusions emerged from this study. First, concepts derived from the unity of science discussion or the unification accounts of explanation are too strong and too narrow to be useful for analysing these interdisciplinary exchanges. Secondly, biology and economics—at least in relation to EGT—show significant differences in modelling practices: biologists seek to link EGT models to concrete empirical situations, whereas economists pursue conceptual exploration and possible explanation.