蚜蝇科昆虫比较线粒体基因组分析

通过检索GenBank数据库(截止2018年9月)和查阅文献资料,对已知的6种蚜蝇线粒体基因组全序列进行了分析,其基本结构特点是:1)全序列在碱基组成中表现出很强的AT偏向性; 2)未出现基因重排现象; 3) tRNA基因的二级结构为典型的三叶草结构; 4)大多数线粒体蛋白编码基因的起始密码子都是ATN。同时基于8条线粒体基因组全序列(含3个外群)构建蚜蝇科系统发育关系,结果支持蚜蝇科的单系性。     

论生物基因组的起源和进化

通过分析核基因组、线粒体基因组和叶体基因组的大小与结构，发现这三种基因组教师阴“小基因组”和“大基因组”的形式及与之对应的结构特点，认为它们各自的祖先都是通过分别与“小基因组”和“大基因组”相应的两种途径进化成成为现象核（类核）基因组、线粒体基因组和叶绿体基因组，发展了生物基因组起源和进化的统一模式。     

基于线粒体蛋白编码基因探讨飞虱科Delphacidae13属系统发育关系

飞虱科昆虫隶属于半翅目蜡蝉总科,是世界上最重要的农业害虫之一.昆虫的线粒体基因是昆虫分子与进化研究中常用且有效的分子标记.本研究基于线粒体蛋白编码基因探讨了飞虱科13属18种的系统发育关系,分别采用距离法、最大似然法和贝叶斯法构建的系统发育树得到的结论是一致的,即在飞虱科13属中,Ugyops属较为原始,处于系统树的基...     

红腹锦鸡线粒体基因组全序列及其结构分析

采用PCR扩增方法测定红腹锦鸡Chrysolophus pictus线粒体基因组全序列:序列全长16 678 bp,共有13个蛋白质编码基因、2个rRNA基因和22个tRNA基因.基因组的组成、顺序、编码链的选择、tRNA的结构都与绝大多数鸟类相同或相近.红腹锦鸡线粒体基因组碱基组成分别为:A(30.4％)、T(24.8％)、C(31.2％)、G(13.6％).总的A+T含量为55.2％.除了COⅠ基因起始密码子是GTG,其余12个蛋白质编码基因的起始密码子都是ATG.tRNA基因核苷酸长度为65～76 nt,12S rRNA和16S rRNA基因分别为968和1 604 nt.     

格氏束腰蟹(Somanniathelphusa grayi)的线粒体基因组序列测定和基因顺序进化研究

格氏束腰蟹(Somanniathelphusa grayi(Alcock,1909))(=Parathelphusa(Parathelphusa)chongi Wu,1935)是一种分布于中国云南和印度Moung Sal的束腰蟹属淡水蟹物种.本文使用高通量测序技术首次获得了该物种的线粒体基因组近全长序列,测定的线粒体基...     

疣尾蜥虎线粒体基因组全序列及其基因组成

测定了疣尾蜥虎(Hemidactylus frenatus) 的线粒体基因组全序列.序列全长为16 891 bp, 包括13 个蛋白质编码基因、2 个rRNA 基因和22 个tRNA 基因.除大部分基因由重链编码外,仅1个蛋白编码基因和8个tRNA基因由轻链编码.碱基组成的偏好与其他脊椎动物线粒体DNA接近.没有发现长的基因间隔区,说明该基因组的结构十分紧凑.基因组的组成与典型脊椎动物的相近,即没有发现重排、基因或控制区的重复等在其它有鳞类动物中出现过的异常特征.除单性生殖的壁虎外,现有的壁虎类线粒体基因组在基因含量和顺序上是一致的.作为蜥虎属线粒体基因组全序列的惟一代表,该序列有望在有鳞类系统发生的推断上发挥一定的作用.     

抗增殖蛋白在线粒体中生物学功能的研究进展

抗增殖蛋白(又称Prohibitin,PHB)是一种在进化上高度保守的蛋白,广泛分布于细菌、酵母、果蝇、原虫及哺乳类动物的多种生物细胞中,主要定位于细胞膜、线粒体内膜、细胞核中。由于其在线粒体上的特殊定位、结构和功能,近年来在线粒体中与功能相关的研究中逐渐成为热点,包括调控线粒体形态学变化、细胞能量代谢等。基于抗增殖蛋白在线粒体中的生物学意义,通过对基因结构、定位和功能的分析,系统阐述了其在线粒体中的重要作用,并对应用前景做出了展望。     

线粒体与衰老研究进展

目的：研究线粒体与衰老的关系。方法：通过查阅大量的国内外相关文献综述。结果：线粒体数量的变化。结构功能的退化，氧自由基对线粒体的损伤以及mtDNA的突变对衰老有着重要的影响。结论：线粒体影响衰老的机制复杂，从多方面影响衰老。     

澳洲淡水鳄线粒体基因组全序列的测定及结构分析

运用PCR和分子克隆的技术,获得了澳洲淡水鳄(Crocod ylus johnstoni)的线粒体基因组全序列(mtDNA).其序列全长为16,857bp,由22个tRNA、2个rRNA和13个蛋白编码基因及非编码的控制区(control region)组成,碱基组成为:31.99％A,28.82％C,14.90％G,24.29％ T.同其它鳄类一样,澳洲淡水鳄发生了基因重排,即tRNAPhe和tRNASer(AGY)的基因重排现象.虽然与典型的脊椎动物线粒体基因排列顺序不同,但在已测出的所有鳄类中,各基因的排序是一致的,显示了鳄类mtDNA的高度保守性.     

脂多糖诱导成年大鼠心室肌细胞线粒体融合-分裂动力失衡模型的构建

目的:探讨脂多糖(LPS)在体外诱导成年大鼠心室肌细胞线粒体融合-分裂动力失衡模型的构建方法.方法:Sprague-Dawley大鼠异氟烷麻醉后胸部正中切口取出心脏并连接于心脏灌流装置,用II型胶原酶(质量浓度为0. 3 mg/mL)沿升主动脉逆行灌注消化分离心肌细胞,心肌细胞终止消化并复钙后进行逐级沉淀,加入M199(medium 199)培养基进行培养.对照组采用M199培养基培养,模型组用含有不同质量浓度的LPS(10～1 000ng/mL)培养.用免疫荧光染色方法标记心室肌细胞肌钙蛋白来观察心肌细胞的形态结构,并用不同质量浓度的LPS刺激心肌细胞,TUNEL法和Annexin V/PI双染法检测心肌细胞凋亡情况,免疫荧光法测定心肌细胞中caspase-3和caspase-9的活性,Western blotting法测定心肌细胞Bax、Bcl-2、细胞色素c(Cyt c)和线粒体融合蛋白1(Mfn1)、线粒体融合蛋白2(Mfn2)和视神经萎缩蛋白1 (OPA1)以及线粒体分裂蛋白1 (Fis1)和线粒体动力蛋白1(Drp1)的含量.结果:免疫荧光染色显示培养的为长杆状存活的心肌细胞.与对照组相比,LPS诱导心肌细胞24 h,心肌细胞凋亡阳性细胞数和caspase-3和caspase-9活性较对照组显著增高; LPS组心肌细胞线粒体中促凋亡蛋白Bax及胞浆中Cyt c显著增高,而胞浆中抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2显著降低;线粒体融合蛋白Mfn1、Mfn2和OPA1含量明显减少,而线粒体分裂蛋白Drp1和Fis1显著增多.结论:质量浓度为10 ng/mL的LPS可以显著诱导体外培养成年大鼠心室肌细胞线粒体融合-分裂动力失衡模型的建立.     

Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases

Many lines of evidence suggest that mitochondria have a central role in ageing-related neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondria are critical regulators of cell death, a key feature of neurodegeneration. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA and oxidative stress both contribute to ageing, which is the greatest risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. In all major examples of these diseases there is strong evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction occurs early and acts causally in disease pathogenesis. Moreover, an impressive number of disease-specific proteins interact with mitochondria. Thus, therapies targeting basic mitochondrial processes, such as energy metabolism or free-radical generation, or specific interactions of disease-related proteins with mitochondria, hold great promise.     

Mitochondrial DNA repairs double-strand breaks in yeast chromosomes

The endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells proposes that genetic information can be transferred from mitochondria to the nucleus of a cell, and genes that are probably of mitochondrial origin have been found in nuclear chromosomes. Occasionally, short or rearranged sequences homologous to mitochondrial DNA are seen in the chromosomes of different organisms including yeast, plants and humans. Here we report a mechanism by which fragments of mitochondrial DNA, in single or tandem array, are transferred to yeast chromosomes under natural conditions during the repair of double-strand breaks in haploid mitotic cells. These repair insertions originate from noncontiguous regions of the mitochondrial genome. Our analysis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial genome indicates that the yeast nuclear genome does indeed contain several short sequences of mitochondrial origin which are similar in size and composition to those that repair double-strand breaks. These sequences are located predominantly in non-coding regions of the chromosomes, frequently in the vicinity of retrotransposon long terminal repeats, and appear as recent integration events. Thus, colonization of the yeast genome by mitochondrial DNA is an ongoing process.     

线粒体蛋白组研究进展

线粒体蛋白组是指在线粒体中出现的所有蛋白质的集合,包括线粒体自身基因组编码的和 由核基因组编码的蛋白质.线粒体作为真核生物的重要细胞器,它参与去除氧化、产生能量和还原 性物质等等一些重要的生命活动过程.这些功能都依赖于线粒体蛋白组中的蛋白河的相互作用.要 对其有一个较为全面的认识,就必须对其蛋白组进行广泛且深入的研究.根据现有的一些研究成 果,对线粒体蛋白组在起源与进化、跨膜运输、研究方法和计算机预测作了简要综述.     

Humanin peptide suppresses apoptosis by interfering with Bax activation

Bax (Bcl2-associated X protein) is an apoptosis-inducing protein that participates in cell death during normal development and in various diseases. Bax resides in an inactive state in the cytosol of many cells. In response to death stimuli, Bax protein undergoes conformational changes that expose membrane-targeting domains, resulting in its translocation to mitochondrial membranes, where Bax inserts and causes release of cytochrome c and other apoptogenic proteins. It is unknown what controls conversion of Bax from the inactive to active conformation. Here we show that Bax interacts with humanin (HN), an anti-apoptotic peptide of 24 amino acids encoded in mammalian genomes. HN prevents the translocation of Bax from cytosol to mitochondria. Conversely, reducing HN expression by small interfering RNAs sensitizes cells to Bax and increases Bax translocation to membranes. HN peptides also block Bax association with isolated mitochondria, and suppress cytochrome c release in vitro. Notably, the mitochondrial genome contains an identical open reading frame, and the mitochondrial version of HN can also bind and suppress Bax. We speculate therefore that HN arose from mitochondria and transferred to the nuclear genome, providing a mechanism for protecting these organelles from Bax.     

基于人类线粒体基因功能网络的线粒体蛋白功能预测

本研究旨在利用生物信息学的方法建立高可信度线粒体基因清单,通过整合14个全基因组和线粒体水平的异质组学证据,利用朴素贝叶斯模型建立了线粒体基因功能网络,然后基于此网络预测线粒体相关KEGG pathway新的组件,确定部分线粒体基因功能.本研究预测得到78个线粒体相关KEGG pathway新的组件.     

An anaerobic mitochondrion that produces hydrogen

Hydrogenosomes are organelles that produce ATP and hydrogen, and are found in various unrelated eukaryotes, such as anaerobic flagellates, chytridiomycete fungi and ciliates. Although all of these organelles generate hydrogen, the hydrogenosomes from these organisms are structurally and metabolically quite different, just like mitochondria where large differences also exist. These differences have led to a continuing debate about the evolutionary origin of hydrogenosomes. Here we show that the hydrogenosomes of the anaerobic ciliate Nyctotherus ovalis, which thrives in the hindgut of cockroaches, have retained a rudimentary genome encoding components of a mitochondrial electron transport chain. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that those proteins cluster with their homologues from aerobic ciliates. In addition, several nucleus-encoded components of the mitochondrial proteome, such as pyruvate dehydrogenase and complex II, were identified. The N. ovalis hydrogenosome is sensitive to inhibitors of mitochondrial complex I and produces succinate as a major metabolic end product--biochemical traits typical of anaerobic mitochondria. The production of hydrogen, together with the presence of a genome encoding respiratory chain components, and biochemical features characteristic of anaerobic mitochondria, identify the N. ovalis organelle as a missing link between mitochondria and hydrogenosomes.     

Integration of mitochondrial gene sequences within the nuclear genome during senescence in a fungus

Cellular senescence in the ascomycete fungus Podospora anserina is associated with the appearance of an altered mitochondrial genome. Discrete mitochondrial DNA sequences are excised and amplified and isolated as multimerically arranged, head-to-tail repetitions. We have referred to the most frequently observed excision/amplification product as alpha-event senDNA. It is a 2.6-kilobase pair (kbp) monomeric unit (see refs 1, 3, 7) and is often found in senescent mitochondria in conjunction with other excision products. At the final stage of senescence these plasmids constitute virtually all of the DNA present in senescent mitochondria; they have replicated to high copy number at the expense of the young native genome. Because P. anserina is characterized by race-specific timing of senescence (that is, a programme of senescence), we have begun to contrast rapidly and slowly senescing races in terms of senDNA. Here we present evidence that young mitochondria of the rapidly senescing race, A+, possess an extremely high copy number of alpha-event senDNA plasmid in contrast to the more slowly senescing races s+ or s-. Moreover, we observe that during senescence the alpha-event senDNA and the beta-event senDNA (a 9.8-kbp monomer) are transposed to the nucleus and integrated into nuclear DNA. These plasmids contain the coding information for subunits I and III (respectively) of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase. This constitutes the first clear evidence for the active mobilization of genetic elements from the mitochondrion to the nucleus.     

Construction of a bacterial artificial chromosome library of S-type CMS maize mitochondria

In order to isolate mitochondrial genes easily, we have developed a new method to construct S-type CMS maize mitochondrial gene library by means of embedding mitochondria and enzymatic digesting mitochondriain situ, preparing mtDNA by electrophoresis, digesting LMP agarose with β-agarase, using BAC vector and electroporation. About 2 500 white clones of Mo17 CMS-J mitochondrial gene library were obtained with the average size of 18.24 kb, ranging from 5 to 40 kb, 63.6% inserts came from mitochondrial genome and represented 48 × mitochondrial genome equivalents. All the probes had detected the positive clones in the gene library. It is helpful to elucidating the maize mitochondrial genome structure and mechanism of S-type CMS, and may give some valuable reference to the construction of other plant mitochondrial genome library.     

Mitochondrial function in normal and diabetic beta-cells.

The aetiology of type 2, or non-insulin-dependent, diabetes mellitus has been characterized in only a limited number of cases. Among these, mitochondrial diabetes, a rare subform of the disease, is the consequence of pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA, which is distinct from the nuclear genome. The impact of such mutations on beta-cell function reflects the importance of mitochondria in the control of insulin secretion. The beta-cell mitochondria serve as fuel sensors, generating factors that couple nutrient metabolism to the exocytosis of insulin-containing vesicles. The latter process requires an increase in cytosolic Ca2+, which depends on ATP synthesized by the mitochondria. This organelle also generates other factors, of which glutamate has been proposed as a potential intracellular messenger.     

Targeting of bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase to mitochondria in transgenic plants

Most mitochondrial proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and are synthesized as precursors containing a presequence at the N terminus. In yeast and in mammalian cells, the function of the presequence in mitochondrial targeting has been revealed by chimaeric gene studies. Fusion of a mitochondrial presequence to a foreign protein coding sequence enables the protein to be imported into mitochondria in vitro as well as in vivo. Whether plant mitochondrial presequences function in the same way has been unknown. We have previously isolated and characterized a nuclear gene (atp2-1) from Nicotiana plumbaginifolia that encodes the beta-subunit of the mitochondrial ATP synthase. We have constructed a chimaeric gene comprising a putative atp2-1 presequence fused to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) coding sequence and introduced it into the tobacco genome. We report here that a segment of 90 amino acids of the N terminus of the beta-subunit precursor is sufficient for the specific targeting of the CAT protein to mitochondria in transgenic plants. Our results demonstrate a high specificity for organelle targeting in plant cells.