空泡溃灭过程中力学损伤行为

在电脉冲空蚀实验装置上,设计加装了压电传感系统,成功地监测记录了空泡溃灭对金属表面的作用力,对气泡的溃灭过程进行了描述和解释,验证了气泡的二次溃灭理论.计算了两次溃灭过程中冲击能量变化情况.测量了气泡在距离金属表面不同距离时,空泡溃灭作用于金属表面压强和冲量的大小,两者的变化规律对比分析表明:脉冲放电产生的冲击压和冲量随距金属表面的不同距离而表现出的规律不一致.     

超声空化气泡运动方程的求解及过程模拟

考虑液相的动力粘度、表面张力和溶剂的蒸气压对空化泡运动特性的影响,建立了超声作用于均相液体中空化泡运动的动力学模型,并用MATLAB工具对建立的普遍化的模型方程进行了数值求解和过程模拟.探讨了超声在水介质中传播时超声的频率、功率和空化泡的初始平衡半径对空化泡运动规律的影响以及声压幅值和液相主体温度对空化泡崩溃时的泡内温度和压力的影响,为超声的空化效应在化工过程中的研究和应用提供了基础理论依据.     

同轴式微通道壁面润湿性对微细气泡生成特性的影响规律

微细气泡的生成时间和大小对污水处理的效率具有重要影响。为探究微通道壁面润湿性对微细气泡生成特性的影响,采用两相流水平集的方法模拟研究不同接触角下微细气泡的生成过程。以接触角为主变量,液体流量、气体压强和气体类型为次变量,探究次变量对微细气泡生成时间和脱离体积的影响。设计并制造了同轴式微流控芯片,开展微细气泡生成特性的试验。结果表明接触角在0-180°递增时,微细气泡的生成时间总体呈下降趋势,脱离体积先增加后减小,其中90°接触角为生成时间的分界点和脱离体积的峰值点。此外,三个次变量中液体流量的变化对微细气泡生成特性的影响尤为显著,液体流量越大,其生成时间和脱离体积越小。实测值与仿真值的偏差在正负百分之十以内,验证了微通道壁面润湿性对微细气泡生成特性的影响规律。     

镁合金熔体中超声空化泡行为的数值模拟

以超声空化理论为基础,应用Matlab软件对Rayleigh-Plesset方程进行了数值模拟计算,主要研究了不同超声条件(超声频率、声压幅值和空化泡初始平衡半径)对镁合金熔体中空化泡行为的影响,并且探讨了声压幅值和熔体主体温度对空化泡崩溃时的泡内温度和压力的影响.结果表明,较低的超声频率和熔体主体温度、较高的声压幅值以及小于或等于共振尺寸的空化泡初始平衡半径有利于超声空化效应.     

The energy efficiency of formation of photons, radicals and ions during single-bubble cavitation

It is extremely difficult to perform a quantitative analysis of the chemistry associated with multibubble cavitation: unknown parameters include the number of active bubbles, the acoustic pressure acting on each bubble and the bubble size distribution. Single-bubble sonoluminescence (characterized by the emission of picosecond flashes of light) results from nonlinear pulsations of an isolated vapour-gas bubble in an acoustic field. Although the latter offers a much simpler environment in which to study the chemical activity of cavitation, quantitative measurements have been hindered by the tiny amount of reacting gas within a single bubble (typically <10(-13) mol). Here we demonstrate the existence of chemical reactions within a single cavitating bubble, and quantify the sources of energy dissipation during bubble collapse. We measure the yields of nitrite ions, hydroxyl radicals and photons. The energy efficiency of hydroxyl radical formation is comparable to that in multibubble cavitation, but the energy efficiency of light emission is much higher. The observed rate of nitrite formation is in good agreement with the calculated diffusion rate of nitrogen into the bubble. We note that the temperatures attained in single-bubble cavitation in liquids with significant vapour pressures will be substantially limited by the endothermic chemical reactions of the polyatomic species inside the collapsing bubble.     

加压溶气气浮气含率分布与气泡聚并规律研究

加压溶气气浮技术是污水除油中常用的高效工艺,气泡的大小和分布对除油效率的影响至关重要。本文基于相群平衡模型,对溶气气浮器内两相流动及气泡聚并进行数值模拟,并进行实验研究加以验证,建立了气浮器接触区模型,研究了气泡聚并及气含率分布规律,分析了释放头不同气液比和接触区高度对气含率分布和气泡聚并情况的影响。结果表明,接触区气含率随气液比增大而升高,随接触区高度的增加而降低,气泡在上浮过程中会发生聚并使得气泡变大,稳定性变差,同时加快上浮速度,会影响接触区的气含率分布。通过微观模拟发现大粒径微气泡在上浮过程中更容易发生聚并,小粒径微气泡则由于表面张力作用稳定性更强,不易发生变形和聚并。研究结果为溶气气浮气液比的选择和浮选过程气含率和气泡分布的研究提供参考。     

表面张力对固壁近旁空化气泡溃灭特性的影响

导出了考虑表面张力影响下模拟固壁附近溃灭空化气泡特性的边界积分方法及数值求解方法．首次在本研究领域采用ENO插值方法进行网格重分，而无须对每点计算结果进行人为光滑化就能模拟气泡的大变形．对算法各个环节的分析及比较结果说明本数值方法和程序是正确的．数值模拟结果显示，表面张力对固壁附近小空化气泡溃灭特性的影响是非常显著的．     

模拟孔喉构型变径通道中微气泡流动特性研究

为了了解微泡沫驱中微气泡在多孔介质中的渗流特性,设计制作了一种集成T型通道和变径通道的微流控芯片,采用基于显微成像的微流控系统观察了液相分别为去离子水和0.02%吐温20水溶液时,微气泡在变径通道内的流动特性,并采用CFD方法分析了微气泡融合、变形过程中速度和压力变化情况。研究结果表明,以去离子水为液相时,随着气体压力和液相流速的变化,微气泡在流经变径通道时出现融合和不融合两种行为;以0.02%吐温20水溶液为液相时,微气泡在流经变径通道时会依次通过;微气泡在“喉—孔”处融合时,表面张力促使微气泡变形导致周围流体速度波动较大,形成“涡流”;融合后的气泡再次进入“喉道”时,“孔道”内压力增大。本研究有助于进一步认识微泡沫驱的渗流特性及驱油机理。     

基于氧化石墨烯-微纳光纤的微加热器制备及其性能研究

利用近红外光在微纳光纤传输时产生的强烈倏逝场效应将氧化石墨烯沉积在微纳光纤表面,组装成具有优异光热转换性能的氧化石墨烯-微纳光纤,得到一种新型的光驱动微加热器.通入较小功率的近红外光,微加热器能诱导各种液体(例如N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、去离子水)产生高温相变进而产生微泡,显示了良好的光热转换效应.结果表明,在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,微泡按一定周期循环生长,重复搅动液体.在微流芯片中,这些微泡可用于操控微纳米颗粒、微纳米线等.在去离子水中,产生的微泡结构稳定、不易破裂,可用于聚集微粒等.该微加热器具有制备简单、尺寸小、损耗低、激发功率小、效率高等优良特性,在微机电系统、微流控芯片等领域具有良好的应用前景.     

界面传质阻力对沸石膜中组分渗透的影响

针对沸石膜中典型的Langmuir吸附以及强、弱受限扩散两种情形,利用Maxwell Stefan（MS）模型描述膜内扩散,建立了计及界面非平衡条件下吸、脱附阻力的单组分气体渗透膜模型,得到表征界面阻力的解析解。针对强受限和弱受限扩散分子（CF₄和CH₄）在MFI沸石膜中的扩散,讨论了影响界面阻力的主要因素。结果表明：界面阻力分率随膜厚的增加而减小;对于弱受限的CH₄分子,进料端和通透端压力的改变不会影响界面阻力分率的改变;对于强受限的CF₄分子,界面阻力分率受操作压力的影响较大。本文方法可方便地讨论界面阻力的影响,从而指导沸石膜材料合成以及膜组件的设计。     

Altered Gs and adenylate cyclase activity in human GH-secreting pituitary adenomas

Gs and Gi are guanine nucleotide-binding, heterotrimer proteins that regulate the activity of adenylate cyclase, and are responsible for transferring stimulatory and inhibitory hormonal signals, respectively, from cell surface receptors to the enzyme catalytic unit. These proteins can be directly activated by agents such as GTP and analogues, fluoride and magnesium. Decreased amounts of Gs and Gi, and even the absence of Gs, have been described, whereas an altered Gs has been reported in a cultured cell line (UNC variant of S49 lymphoma cells), but has never been observed in human disease states. We have found a profoundly altered Gs protein in a group of human growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas, characterized by high secretory activity and intracellular cyclic AMP levels. In the membranes from these tumours no stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity by growth hormone-releasing hormone, by GTP or by fluoride was observed. Indeed, the last two agents caused an inhibition, probably mediated by Gi. In contrast, adenylate cyclase stimulation by Mg2+ was enormously increased. This altered pattern of adenylate cyclase regulation was reproduced when a cholate extract of the tumour membranes (which contains G proteins) was reconstituted with Gs-free, cyc- S49 cell membranes. Inasmuch as secretion from somatotrophic cells is known to be a cAMP-dependent function, the alteration of Gs could be the direct cause of the high secretory activity of the tumours in which it occurs.     

Cell membranes impermeable to NH3

Classically, there is a direct correlation between the lipophilic nature of a molecule and its rate of permeation across a biological membrane, so cell membranes should be more permeable to small, neutral molecules than they are to charged molecular species of similar size. Consequently, the distribution of NH+4 in biological systems is generally believed to be due to the rapid diffusion and equilibration of lipophilic NH3 across cell membranes and the accumulation of NH+4 to be governed by pH differences between compartments. Here we report that renal tubule cells from the medullary thick ascending limb of Henle have an apical membrane which is not only virtually impermeable to NH3, but is also highly permeable to NH+4. These remarkable properties have been incorporated into a model which explains how this renal epithelium can mediate vectorial movement of NH+4 between compartments of equal pH.     

相转化法制备聚醚酰亚胺超滤膜

以不同相对分子质量的聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ）作为添加剂，讨论了聚醚酰亚胺（ＰＥＩ）和ＰＥＧ混合的相行为，对于ωＰＥＩ＝０．２０的Ｎ，Ｎ－二甲基乙酰胺（ＤＭＡＣ）溶液，测定了多种非溶剂的相混合参数，其值的顺序为：乙醇〉甲醇〉乙二醇〉水。以及为凝固介质，制备了ＰＥＩ超滤膜，考察了水通量，牛血清蛋白ＢＳＡ的膜分离性能，此外，结合膜的电镜照片，探讨孙同相对分子质量ＰＥＧ对膜结构的影响。     

Hydrodynamic Behavior of Three-Phase Airlift Loop Slurry Reactor

IntroductionThree- phase slurry reactors have been widely usedin biological waste water treatment,fuel gasdesulphurization,Fischer- Tropsch synthesis,methanol synthesis,dimethyl ether production,fermentation ( production of ethanol andmammalian cells) ,an…     

The preparation and application of microbubble contrast agent combining ultrasound imaging and magnetic resonance imaging

Encapsulated gas microbubbles are well known as ultrasound contrast agents （UCAs） for medical ultrasound （US） imaging. With the development of shell materials and preparation technologies, the application of microbubbles has been enormously popular in molecular imaging, drug delivery and targeted therapy, etc. The objective of this study is to develop Fe3O4 nanoparticle-inclusion microbubble construct. The in vitro US imaging experiment indicates that the Fe3O4 nanoparticle-inclusion microbubbles have higher US enhancement than those without Fe3O4 nanoparticle-inclusion. According to the microbubble dynamic theory, the acoustic scattering properties can be quantified by scattering cross-section of the shell. The scattering study on Fe3O4 nanoparticle-inclusion microbubbles of different concentration shows that within a certain range of concentration, the scattering cross-section of microbubble increases with the addition of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. When exceeding the concentration range, the ultrasonic characteristic of microbubbles is damped. On the other hand, since Fe3O4 nanoparticles can also serve as the Magnetic Resonance Imaging （MRI） contrast agent, they can be potentially used as contrast agents for the double-modality （MRI and US） clinical studies. However, it is important to control the concentration of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the shell in order to realize the combined functions of US and MRI.     

微热气泡驱动下的微流控的理论研究

微流控技术是指在微纳米尺度下利用流体的动力学特征，对微粒进行俘获、富集、自组装等微操作的技术.其已发展为一个生物、化学、医学、材料、光学、流体、机械等多学科交叉的崭新研究领域.其中，微热气泡驱动的流体具有优异的可操控性，受到越来越多研究者的关注.本文基于微热气泡的产生机制，结合热力学和流体力学的理论知识，采用COMSOL Multiphysics 4.4数值计算软件，对微热气泡驱动下的流体的流速场进行模拟和定量分析.结果证明，微热气泡表面具有马格兰尼效应，其驱动下的流体以漩涡的方式高效地俘获和富集微粒，与实验现象相符.因此，本文从理论上探究微热气泡驱动下的流速场性质，对提高微流体的可操控性，促进微流控技术的发展都具有重要的意义.     

氧化多壁碳纳米管、PEG及PVP添加剂对PVDF膜性能的影响

通过引入亲水性添加剂是改善膜聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜亲水性和膜结构的一种有效方法.在本研究中,利用氧化碳纳米管(O-MWNTs)和聚乙二醇(PEG)及聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)修饰PVDF膜.对添加剂对PVDF膜的结构、渗透性能、亲水性、结晶行为等影响进行了详细研究.结果表明:加入O-MWNTs可以提高PVDF膜的渗透通量、亲水性和机械性能.当铸膜液中添加0.6% O-MWNTs和5% PEG 200或者0.6% O-MWNTs和3% PVP时,所制PVDF膜渗透通量分别达到222.9±12.5 L·^-2·h^-1·bar^-1和 256.9±14.8 L·m^-2·h^-1·bar^-1.添加剂PEG200可以强化O-MWNTs的分散性,并能够促进相转化过程中溶剂与非溶剂间物质交换.PVP作为致孔剂能够促进孔生长和纯水通量提高.     

飞秒脉冲激光产生及捕获微气泡的实验研究

采用高速光学摄像及高频超声成像技术对飞秒脉冲激光在介质水中发生光学诱导击穿的过程进行实验研究.结果表明,光学诱导击穿产生后,在高能激光自聚焦的焦点处产生一系列微气泡,最后只有一个微气泡可以被激光束稳定地捕获,并且这个微气泡可以在超声作用下进行非接触式三维操控.进一步分析了沿激光束产生和捕获的微气泡的时空特性以及激光束捕获微气泡的力学特性.实验结果为应用微气泡进行分子水平的靶向性治疗提供了全新的技术手段.     

聚苯乙烯(PS)/CO2发泡过程中气泡生长的非等温模型及预测

以聚苯乙烯(PS)/CO2发泡体系为研究对象,采用细胞模型建立了气泡非等温生长过程的数学模型;通过matlab数值模拟计算,研究了工艺参数对于气泡生长的影响,得到了气泡生长与工艺参数之间的传递函数,并建立了泡孔生长预测模型。结果表明:气泡非等温生长过程中,体系的降温速率越快,气泡的生长速率就越慢;系统压力对于气泡生长的影响最显著;建立的泡孔生长预测模型可用于预测气泡半径及气泡生长最大生长速率。