玉兰属植物起源与地理分布

论述了玉兰属植物的起源和地理分布,认为:①木兰属起源于白垩纪的阿普第阶期,因为在阿普第阶至阿尔必阶期不少地区有Magnolia植物化石或孢粉的发现;②玉兰属植物起源于阿普第阶期或巴列姆阶期,我国新疆、山东、吉林等地有木兰属的温带成分,即有玉兰属植物化石或孢粉出现;③玉兰属共计40种,中国分布区内种数有36种,占该属植物总种数的90%.中国为玉兰属植物起源、分布和多样性中心,其中又以河南、陕西、湖北及四川东北部的广大山区分布种类最多、栽培面积最大,是玉兰属植物在中国的分布中心、起源中心和多样性中心.     

南京下蜀黄土红外释光测年

红外释光测年应用于南京下蜀黄土许家村剖面的17个样品.通过前处理分离出细颗粒样品,对每个样品应用附加剂量法和再生法两种方法进行年代测定.17个样品剂量率的平均值为4.17 Gy/ka,与黄土高原的黄土和欧洲黄土相当.基于红外释光测年认为,下蜀黄土第1层黄土层形成于末次冰期,其年代相当于黄土高原的马兰黄土.第2层黄土及其以下土层样品的年龄已趋于饱和,只能作为最小年代值.     

山东小清河流域黄土的发现及勘探意义

通过钻孔取样、野外考察、粒度分析等方法对山东小清河流域浅层的沉积物特征进行研究。结果表明:小清河流域南部浅层沉积物以泥质粉砂和粉砂质泥为主,富含钙质结核和蜗牛化石等黄土标志物,发育明显的黄土-古土壤沉积旋回;南部粒度特征与青州黄土、北京降尘、西峰黄土等典型的风成沉积物相似,具有中国黄土的典型双峰特征,粒度分布明显粗于北京降尘和西峰黄土,而与邻近的青州黄土相似或较其稍粗,体现近物源的特性;末次冰期时裸露的渤海陆架是研究区黄土的主要物源区,中国东部季风和流域以南的山脉为黄土的形成提供搬运动力和地形条件;流域最北端发育古河道沉积,黄土与古河道间存在一个过渡带,沉积特征的差异和流域内南高北低的地势致使南部潜水面深度远大于北部,最终导致油气地震勘探中北部的地震激发效果明显优于南部。     

晋陕峡谷北部盘塘-黑峪口地区黄河阶地序列及其形成年代

野外考察发现,陕西省神木县盘塘至山西兴县黑峪口黄河两岸发育四级第四纪河流阶地,阶地前缘基座出露,与现今黄河河面高差分别为12,50,80和130 m。四级阶地上覆盖厚度不等的黄土层,其厚度在T1阶地上最大约为20 m,在T2阶地上约为33 m,在T3阶地上不同区域黄土厚度不一,最厚处约为37 m,在T4阶地上黄土层厚度最大,约为43 m。分别对T2阶地、T3阶地和T4阶地上河流相砂层进行电子自旋共振(ESR)测年样品采集。ESR测年结果显示,T2阶地的形成时代约为0.609 Ma,T3阶地的形成时代约为0.876 Ma,T4阶地的形成时代为0.97±0.107 Ma。为了与测年结果相互印证,对T3和T4阶地上的黄土进行磁化率和古地磁样品的采集。古地磁结果显示,T3阶地上的黄土底层未能到达B/M界限,说明黄土层底部年龄不超过0.78 Ma,比河流相砂层的ESR测年结果更年轻。T4阶地黄土底部年龄约为1.07 Ma,与ESR测年结果的差别在ESR测年的误差范围内。四级阶地在形成年代上与兰州以及三门峡地区的阶地可以对比,说明构造运动控制的河流阶地在黄河中上游地区普遍存在。作为对之前工作的补充,对区域内一级第三纪阶地重新进行古地磁采样和测试,并结合四级第四纪阶地,对黄河在该区的侵蚀速率进行探讨。     

西安东郊和蓝田偏白村剖面黄土含水量研究

通过对蓝田县偏白村和西安东郊刘家坡黄土剖面的观测和含水量的测定,研究了黄土含水量变化.结果表明,偏白村黄土地层与刘家坡黄土地层中含水量代表了两种不同的变化类型,偏白村黄土层含水量高,红色古土壤层含水量低;刘家坡黄土层含水量低,红色古土壤含量高.黄土层比红色古土壤层更利于地下水富集,黄土层为含水层,红色古土壤层为隔水层.黄土、古土壤含水性与含水量和古气候密切相关.     

中国泥石流形成,发展,分布与自然环境演变间的关系

根据泥石流发育条件的形成规律与自然环境演变规律之间的关系分析,泥石流物质来源主要积累于物理风化盛行的冰期或冰缘气候环境阶段,水动力条件主要出现在融冰雪水或降水骤增时间——即间冰期或间冰缘期(阶)气候环境阶段.庐山、北京西山和燕山都反映出这种规律性,以马兰期黄土层为标志,晚更新世晚期至少有2期泥石流堆积,全新世有4期泥石沉堆积.从而划分出泥石流发育的活跃期和停滞期,目前中国泥石流仍处活跃期,即相当于间冰期阶段.按中国泥石流发育条件形成与自然环境演变规律间的关系,中国泥石流发育系统有3种结构模式,即西部高山型,北方冰缘型,南方霜冻型.再按气候差异,绘出了中国泥石沉分区图.     

兰州九州台黄土—古土壤系列与环境演化研究

兰州九州台黄土剖面覆盖于兰州段黄河最高级阶地河流砾石层之上,经纬仪实测厚度为318.2m,其中风成黄土厚297.2m,底部冲积黄土厚21.0m.该剖面共由二十六个古土壤层和二十七个黄土层组成。迄今为止,它是我国,也是世界上最厚的风成黄土剖     

洛河上游河漫滩草本植物群落物种多样性研究

采用群落生态学的调查方法,对洛河上游22个河漫滩样地的草本植物物种多样性进行评价.结果表明:洛河上游河漫滩草木植物种类丰富,有30科,86属,126种;各物种多样性指数受群落立地生境和人为活动的综合影响随河流流向呈不规则波动.     

太原盆地QK1钻孔60ka.B.P以来气候环境演化的沉积记录

通过对太原盆地QK1钻孔60 ka.B.P.以来的沉积物进行粒度、磁化率分析,探讨了太原盆地60 ka.B.P.以来的气候环境演化过程。太原盆地60 ka.B.P.以来主要经历了以下演化阶段:59.6～40 ka.B.P.属滨湖相沉积;40～31.5 ka.B.P.属以河流相漫滩沉积;31.5～14.58 ka.B.P.属河流相边滩沉积;14.58～12.5 ka.B.P.河流相漫滩沉积;12.5～9 ka.B.P.河漫湖泊沉积;9 ka.B.P.至今属河流相边滩沉积。60 ka.B.P.以来太原盆地的气候由温暖偏湿转为温暖湿润,在末次冰期表现为寒冷干燥,进入全新世大暖期以后,气候具有全球性特征的同时也兼具区域性特点。各指标分析表明太原盆地的气候环境演化主要受全球性气候变化及区域气候的影响,由于盆地沉降中心与边缘沉积速率的差异,在一定程度上受到地区构造活动的影响。     

论牙形石的发展与条件

本文以牙形石(243个属)的演化特征为基础,认为符合“间断平衡论”所提出的生物演化以大演化为主的学说。牙形石的三个繁盛期与古地磁极性倒转有关。三个衰退期受到地史时期中的二大冰期,五次海平面变化和大气降雨量的影响。牙形石的绝灭由集群绝灭,气候干燥炎热、造山运动强烈等因素造成。     

黄土的湿陷性与显微结构特征研究——以咸阳市区为例

对咸阳市区黄土湿陷性与微结构的系统研究,发现咸阳市区黄土的湿陷性与微结构特征随地貌单元有不同的变化.渭河三级阶地黄土地层厚度大,湿陷性较强,黄土微结构以支架大孔半胶结结构为主;二级阶地湿陷性次之,黄土微结构以支架大孔-镶嵌微孔半胶结结构为主;一级阶地湿陷性最弱,黄土微结构较为致密,以镶嵌微孔胶结结构和絮凝胶结结构为主.黄土的湿陷性与微结构特征关系密切,支架大孔半胶结结构的黄土湿陷性较强,镶嵌微孔半胶结结构的黄土湿陷性较弱,镶嵌微孔胶结结构和絮凝胶结结构的黄土不具湿陷性.     

黄土边坡稳定性的简单判别方法——以兰州地区阶地黄土边坡为例

边坡稳定是土木工程中十分重要的问题,黄土边坡稳定性具有明显的地域特点.从兰州地区二三四级阶地取原状黄土,测试黄土的颗粒成分、水溶盐含量、碳酸钙含量、有机质含量、内摩擦角和粘聚力;从黄土的物理性质和力学性质得出高阶地边坡稳定性高于低阶地边坡.以地貌特征、阶地类型、物理性质及力学性质为指标,结合边坡稳定状况调查成果,将黄土边坡划分为不稳定、稳定和极稳定3类.此分类一方面反映边坡的工程地质特性,另一方面可快速定性判别边坡稳定性.     

祁连山冷龙岭南麓的冰川序列、黄土记录和阶地系列的初步研究

已经发现的冰川沉积和黄土记录证明冷龙岭至少经历了３次冰期的冰川作用，其中倒数第３次冰期与沉积黄土Ｌ４（或Ｌ５）的时期相当，其时冰川规模最大，随后各个冰期冰川规模逐渐变小．即使在倒数第三次冰期，冰川末端也只到达冷龙岭南侧门源盆地的边缘，未能覆盖整个盆地形成冰盖；门源盆地南侧发育的５级大通河阶地与分布于盆地中的５级冰水（扇）阶地以及盆地北侧的５套冰碛可以进行对比，它们记录了自倒数第三次冰期以来门源盆地的冰川作用，河流发育与地貌演化。     

Dating and genesis of the upper Weihe River terraces in Longxi basin, China

Seven terraces along the Weihe River in Longxi basin have been investigated. These terraces all consist of archetypal duality in structure, namely the floodplain deposits and the layer of gravels overlaid by varying thickness of the loess. By resorting to various dating approaches such as palaeomagnetic, optically stimulated luminescenece (OSL), 14C and loess-paleosol sequence, we provide preliminary timing of these seven terraces along upper Weihe River. Analysis on sedimentation characteristics and dating of these terraces showed that seven terraces may be jointly generated by tectonic uplifts and climatic changes. Tectonic uplifts may accommodate initial river incision, and climatic change may be responsible for processes of subsequent channel widening and aggradation. Aggradation normally occurs during glacial periods, in contrast to down-cuttings during transitions from glacial to interglacial period. Moreover, on the basis of the timings and heights of these terraces, we infer that the long-term rate of river incision was determined to be 0.2 m/kyr during the last 870 kyr, which differs from other river incision rates. This discrepancy may reflect spatio-temporal differentiation of tectonic activities in the Qinling orogenic belt during the Pleistocene.     

Paragenesia of Quaternary pediments and river terraces on the north piedmont of Wutai Mountains

A study has been made of the paragenetic relations of the pediments and river terraces on the northern piedmont of Wutai Mountains via geomorphologic mapping of 1:10000 scale, and an analysis on the role of tectonic, climatic, and drainage factors in the parageneses. The Quaternary pediments and river terraces on the north piedmont of Wutai Mountains united to constitute six steps of geomorphic surfaces. The episodic uplifting of fault blocks was the dominant factor in the formation of the unified surfaces, however climatic change and drainage diversities led to undulation of the surfaces. The second terrace of Yangyan River (T2) was formed in the last glacial maximum, when the river was in aggradational state. The third to fifth terraces were formed in interglacial stages, when the river was in equilibrium or degradational state. It is inferred that climate had no insignificant effect on the river incision caused by tectonic uplifting. In light of terraces dating, since the Quaternary the Wutai fault-block mountains experienced six rapid uplifting events, and the starting time of the last four events was respectively 1.2, 0.6, 0.13, and 0.02 Ma B.P.     

Discovery of a 1.0 Ma Yellow River terrace and redating of the fourth Yellow River terrace in Lanzhou area

Based on the aeolian loess sequence-stratigraphic division and paleomagnetic datings on terraces, we found that an undiscovered terrace with the age of 1.0 Ma BP lies between the Dunwashan terrace and Wuyishan terrace. This terrace recorded an intensive Yellow River incision event during that period. Results of paleomagnetic dating and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of the Wuyishan loess section and Zaoshugou loess section on the fourth Yellow River terrace (T4) show that the age of the fourth Yellow River terrace in Lanzhou area is 0.86 Ma BP rather than the previously believed 0.6 Ma BP. This result answers a long-term question in the geomorphology community of whether there exists a 0.8 Ma terrace in Lanzhou area. The discovery of the 1.0 Ma Yellow River terrace and redating of the age of 0.6 Ma terrace in Lanzhou area provide new insights into further research on the evolution of Yellow River.     

Dating and genesis of the upper Weihe River terraces in Longxi basin,China

Seven terraces along the Weihe River in Longxi basin have been investigated. These terraces all consist of archetypal duality in structure, namely the floodplain deposits and the layer of gravels overlaid by varying thickness of the loess. By resorting to various dating approaches such as palaeomagnetic, optically stimulated luminescenece (OSL), 14C and loess-paleosol sequence, we provide preliminary timing of these seven terraces along upper Weihe River. Analysis on sedimentation characteristics and dating of these terraces showed that seven terraces may be jointly generated by tectonic uplifts and climatic changes. Tectonic uplifts may accommodate initial river incision, and climatic change may be responsible for processes of subsequent channel widening and aggradation. Aggradation normally occurs during glacial periods, in contrast to down-cuttings during transitions from glacial to interglacial period. Moreover, on the basis of the timings and heights of these terraces, we infer that the long-term rate of river incision was determined to be 0.2 m/kyr during the last 870 kyr, which differs from other river incision rates. This discrepancy may reflect spatio-temporal differentiation of tectonic activities in the Qinling orogenic belt during the Pleistocene.     

Paleomagnetic dating of the topmost terrace in Kouma,Henan and its indication to the Yellow River''''s running through Sanmen Gorges

How did the Yellow River develop and evolve? Whendid it form? The geoscientists have concerned these im-portant questions for a long time. They have done a lot ofresearches on these issues and gotten a lot of valuableresults, while there are still many controversies. In general,it mainly includes several points as follows. According tothe transition of the fluviolacustrine strata, biological fos-sils and geologic structure in Lanzhou and Yinchuan, Linmade a conclusion that the Yellow River…     

Discovery of a 1.0 Ma Yellow River terrace and redating of the fourth Yellow River terrace in Lanzhou area

Based on the aeolian loess sequence-stratigraphic division and paleomagnetic datings on terraces, we found that an undiscovered terrace with the age of 1.0 Ma BP lies between the Dunwashan terrace and Wuyishan terrace. This terrace recorded an intensive Yellow River incision event during that period. Results of paleomagnetic dating and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of the Wuyishan loess section and Zaoshugou loess section on the fourth Yellow River terrace (T4) show that the age of the fourth Yellow River terrace in Lanzhou area is 0.86 Ma BP rather than the previously believed 0. 6 Ma BP. This result answers a long-term question in the ge-omorphology community of whether there exists a 0. 8 Ma terrace in Lanzhou area. The discovery of the 1. 0 Ma Yellow River terrace and redating of the age of 0.6 Ma terrace in Lanzhou area provide new insights into further research on the evolution of Yellow River.     

Paleomagnetic dating of the topmost terrace in Kouma,Henan and its indication to the Yellow River＇s running through Sanmen Gorges

In the east of Xiaolangdi, many river terraces are developed at the exit of the Yellow River Gorges. Among them the terraces in Kouma, Yanshi of Henan Province are most typical, where the Yellow River developed three staircase terraces, among which the altitude of gravel stratum of the topmost terrace is 30-35 m higher than the river level.The top of the gravel stratum was covered by 60 m eolian loess deposits which have many brownish-red paleosol strips.And the paleosol $14 is at its bottom. Research on systematic magnetostratigraphy and paleosol-loess matching indicates that the bottom age of the loess on the topmost terrace is 1165 ka. Therefore, it can be concluded that the terrace develops no later than 1.165 Ma and the situation that the Yellow River runs through Sanmen Gorges and inpours into East China Sea happened at least before 1.165 Ma.