Hall-effect evolution across a heavy-fermion quantum critical point

A quantum critical point (QCP) develops in a material at absolute zero when a new form of order smoothly emerges in its ground state. QCPs are of great current interest because of their singular ability to influence the finite temperature properties of materials. Recently, heavy-fermion metals have played a key role in the study of antiferromagnetic QCPs. To accommodate the heavy electrons, the Fermi surface of the heavy-fermion paramagnet is larger than that of an antiferromagnet. An important unsolved question is whether the Fermi surface transformation at the QCP develops gradually, as expected if the magnetism is of spin-density-wave (SDW) type, or suddenly, as expected if the heavy electrons are abruptly localized by magnetism. Here we report measurements of the low-temperature Hall coefficient (R(H))--a measure of the Fermi surface volume--in the heavy-fermion metal YbRh2Si2 upon field-tuning it from an antiferromagnetic to a paramagnetic state. R(H) undergoes an increasingly rapid change near the QCP as the temperature is lowered, extrapolating to a sudden jump in the zero temperature limit. We interpret these results in terms of a collapse of the large Fermi surface and of the heavy-fermion state itself precisely at the QCP.     

Dimensional reduction at a quantum critical point

Competition between electronic ground states near a quantum critical point (QCP)--the location of a zero-temperature phase transition driven solely by quantum-mechanical fluctuations--is expected to lead to unconventional behaviour in low-dimensional systems. New electronic phases of matter have been predicted to occur in the vicinity of a QCP by two-dimensional theories, and explanations based on these ideas have been proposed for significant unsolved problems in condensed-matter physics, such as non-Fermi-liquid behaviour and high-temperature superconductivity. But the real materials to which these ideas have been applied are usually rendered three-dimensional by a finite electronic coupling between their component layers; a two-dimensional QCP has not been experimentally observed in any bulk three-dimensional system, and mechanisms for dimensional reduction have remained the subject of theoretical conjecture. Here we show evidence that the Bose-Einstein condensate of spin triplets in the three-dimensional Mott insulator BaCuSi2O6 (refs 12-16) provides an experimentally verifiable example of dimensional reduction at a QCP. The interplay of correlations on a geometrically frustrated lattice causes the individual two-dimensional layers of spin-(1/2) Cu2+ pairs (spin dimers) to become decoupled at the QCP, giving rise to a two-dimensional QCP characterized by linear power law scaling distinctly different from that of its three-dimensional counterpart. Thus the very notion of dimensionality can be said to acquire an 'emergent' nature: although the individual particles move on a three-dimensional lattice, their collective behaviour occurs in lower-dimensional space.     

The break-up of heavy electrons at a quantum critical point

The point at absolute zero where matter becomes unstable to new forms of order is called a quantum critical point (QCP). The quantum fluctuations between order and disorder that develop at this point induce profound transformations in the finite temperature electronic properties of the material. Magnetic fields are ideal for tuning a material as close as possible to a QCP, where the most intense effects of criticality can be studied. A previous study on the heavy-electron material YbRh2Si2 found that near a field-induced QCP electrons move ever more slowly and scatter off one another with ever increasing probability, as indicated by a divergence to infinity of the electron effective mass and scattering cross-section. But these studies could not shed light on whether these properties were an artefact of the applied field, or a more general feature of field-free QCPs. Here we report that, when germanium-doped YbRh2Si2 is tuned away from a chemically induced QCP by magnetic fields, there is a universal behaviour in the temperature dependence of the specific heat and resistivity: the characteristic kinetic energy of electrons is directly proportional to the strength of the applied field. We infer that all ballistic motion of electrons vanishes at a QCP, forming a new class of conductor in which individual electrons decay into collective current-carrying motions of the electron fluid.     

Visualizing heavy fermions emerging in a quantum critical Kondo lattice

In solids containing elements with f orbitals, the interaction between f-electron spins and those of itinerant electrons leads to the development of low-energy fermionic excitations with a heavy effective mass. These excitations are fundamental to the appearance of unconventional superconductivity and non-Fermi-liquid behaviour observed in actinide- and lanthanide-based compounds. Here we use spectroscopic mapping with the scanning tunnelling microscope to detect the emergence of heavy excitations with lowering of temperature in a prototypical family of cerium-based heavy-fermion compounds. We demonstrate the sensitivity of the tunnelling process to the composite nature of these heavy quasiparticles, which arises from quantum entanglement of itinerant conduction and f electrons. Scattering and interference of the composite quasiparticles is used to resolve their energy-momentum structure and to extract their mass enhancement, which develops with decreasing temperature. The lifetime of the emergent heavy quasiparticles reveals signatures of enhanced scattering and their spectral lineshape shows evidence of energy-temperature scaling. These findings demonstrate that proximity to a quantum critical point results in critical damping of the emergent heavy excitation of our Kondo lattice system.     

基于绩效分析与关键控制点的物流系统控制

在深入挖掘企业物流系统和社会物流系统控制中存在的理论和方法的基础上,提出了源于实践的物流系统控制论概念,一个将系统论和控制论集成应用在物流系统中的方法论.为了更加清晰地揭示物流系统控制论的理论框架,提出了一个基于绩效分析与关键控制点(performancean alysis and critical control point,PACCP)的物流系统控制模型,并从物流系统控制的结构、功能和行为关系,物流系统控制的最优决策和自动调节过程,以及物流系统之间控制的协调问题3个方面进一步描述了物流系统控制论的理论体系.物流系统控制论的提出为深入揭示物流系统演化规律和最优控制提供了方法论,成为物流理论的重要补充.     

Moisture transport across Central America as a positive feedback on abrupt climatic changes

Moisture transport from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean across Central America leads to relatively high salinities in the North Atlantic Ocean and contributes to the formation of North Atlantic Deep Water. This deep water formation varied strongly between Dansgaard/Oeschger interstadials and Heinrich events-millennial-scale abrupt warm and cold events, respectively, during the last glacial period. Increases in the moisture transport across Central America have been proposed to coincide with northerly shifts of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and with Dansgaard/Oeschger interstadials, with opposite changes for Heinrich events. Here we reconstruct sea surface salinities in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean over the past 90,000 years by comparing palaeotemperature estimates from alkenones and Mg/Ca ratios with foraminiferal oxygen isotope ratios that vary with both temperature and salinity. We detect millennial-scale fluctuations of sea surface salinities in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean of up to two to four practical salinity units. High salinities are associated with the southward migration of the tropical Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone, coinciding with Heinrich events and with Greenland stadials. The amplitudes of these salinity variations are significantly larger on the Pacific side of the Panama isthmus, as inferred from a comparison of our data with a palaeoclimate record from the Caribbean basin. We conclude that millennial-scale fluctuations of moisture transport constitute an important feedback mechanism for abrupt climate changes, modulating the North Atlantic freshwater budget and hence North Atlantic Deep Water formation.     

作为高介电常数栅介质材料的LaErO_3薄膜热稳定性和电学性质的研究

采用脉冲激光淀积法在硅衬底上生长了LaErO3薄膜,用X射线衍射仪、X射线电子能谱仪、高分辨透射电子显微镜研究了该薄膜的热学和电学性质.通过电容-电压测量得到了较好的电容-电压曲线,计算得出等效SiO2厚度为1.4nm.通过高分辨电镜可以看出即使经过700℃30sN2中快速热退火处理LaErO3薄膜与硅衬底之间的反应层也仅有几个原子层的厚度.X射线电子能谱分析得到非常少量的SiO2在沉积的过程中形成.测量的热学和电学性质表明LaErO3薄膜是高介电常数栅介质材料非常有前途的候选材料.     

Thermal and electrical conductivity of iron at Earth's core conditions

The Earth acts as a gigantic heat engine driven by the decay of radiogenic isotopes and slow cooling, which gives rise to plate tectonics, volcanoes and mountain building. Another key product is the geomagnetic field, generated in the liquid iron core by a dynamo running on heat released by cooling and freezing (as the solid inner core grows), and on chemical convection (due to light elements expelled from the liquid on freezing). The power supplied to the geodynamo, measured by the heat flux across the core-mantle boundary (CMB), places constraints on Earth's evolution. Estimates of CMB heat flux depend on properties of iron mixtures under the extreme pressure and temperature conditions in the core, most critically on the thermal and electrical conductivities. These quantities remain poorly known because of inherent experimental and theoretical difficulties. Here we use density functional theory to compute these conductivities in liquid iron mixtures at core conditions from first principles--unlike previous estimates, which relied on extrapolations. The mixtures of iron, oxygen, sulphur and silicon are taken from earlier work and fit the seismologically determined core density and inner-core boundary density jump. We find both conductivities to be two to three times higher than estimates in current use. The changes are so large that core thermal histories and power requirements need to be reassessed. New estimates indicate that the adiabatic heat flux is 15 to 16 terawatts at the CMB, higher than present estimates of CMB heat flux based on mantle convection; the top of the core must be thermally stratified and any convection in the upper core must be driven by chemical convection against the adverse thermal buoyancy or lateral variations in CMB heat flow. Power for the geodynamo is greatly restricted, and future models of mantle evolution will need to incorporate a high CMB heat flux and explain the recent formation of the inner core.     

金属量子结构中的半导体输运性质及其调控

随着后摩尔时代的推进,以硅为基础的半导体器件正接近其性能极限.除了不断引入新的器件结构外,设计具有半导体特性的金属量子结构为微电子器件的性能提升提供了全新的解决方案;而打开金属带隙,使其具有栅极可调半导体输运,是实现其应用的关键.以此为目的,自20世纪末以来,多种金属量子结构便逐步被设计与开发,其输运特性的有效调控也被学术界广泛研究.本文回顾了零维量子点、一维纳米线/纳米管、二维材料/人工二维晶格/超导薄膜等不同维度金属量子结构的研究进展;针对这些结构体系,介绍了其各自的能隙调控思想,总结分析了可控输运特性的实现方法与内在机制,对比展示了材料结构的电学性能及应用前景.基于目前报道的研究结果,提出了未来预期的研究方向:开发金属量子结构中输运与自旋关联特性,设计同时传输电荷与自旋信息,且具有栅极可调输运带隙的全金属沟道材料、结构与器件.     

某型燃料电池城市客车电气系统设计

文章研究了某型燃料电池城市客车电气系统设计中的关键问题,包括燃料电池、超级电容、电机、变频器和DC/DC转换器等关键零部件的参数匹配、功能实现以及安装位置,设计了整车电气系统的线束布置。通过合理匹配和布置,车辆线束得以简化,整车质量得到合理分布,从而提高了行车可靠性和安全性。     

Three-dimensional binary superlattices of magnetic nanocrystals and semiconductor quantum dots

Recent advances in strategies for synthesizing nanoparticles--such as semiconductor quantum dots, magnets and noble-metal clusters--have enabled the precise control of composition, size, shape, crystal structure, and surface chemistry. The distinct properties of the resulting nanometre-scale building blocks can be harnessed in assemblies with new collective properties, which can be further engineered by controlling interparticle spacing and by material processing. Our study is motivated by the emerging concept of metamaterials-materials with properties arising from the controlled interaction of the different nanocrystals in an assembly. Previous multi-component nanocrystal assemblies have usually resulted in amorphous or short-range-ordered materials because of non-directional forces or insufficient mobility during assembly. Here we report the self-assembly of PbSe semiconductor quantum dots and Fe2O3 magnetic nanocrystals into precisely ordered three-dimensional superlattices. The use of specific size ratios directs the assembly of the magnetic and semiconducting nanoparticles into AB13 or AB2 superlattices with potentially tunable optical and magnetic properties. This synthesis concept could ultimately enable the fine-tuning of material responses to magnetic, electrical, optical and mechanical stimuli.     

盘形量子点在磁场中的线性及非线性折射率改变(英文)

在外加磁场中,受限势为抛物势加反平方势的条件下,理论上研究了线性及非线性折射率的变化.利用密度矩阵理论和迭代法得到了线性及非线性折射率变化的表达式.研究结果表明,线性及非线性折射率的变化受到磁场、反平方势的外场强度β、抛物势受限频率和入射光强的强烈影响.     

Propagation of the polyamorphic transition of ice and the liquid-liquid critical point

Water has a rich metastable phase behaviour that includes transitions between high- and low-density amorphous ices, and between high- and low-density supercooled liquids. Because the transitions occur under conditions where crystalline ice is the stable phase, they are challenging to probe directly. In the case of the liquids, it remains unclear whether their mutual transformation at low temperatures is continuous, or discontinuous and terminating at a postulated second critical point of water that is metastable with respect to crystallization. The amorphous ices are more amenable to experiments, which have shown that their mutual transformation is sharp and reversible. But the non-equilibrium conditions of these studies make a firm thermodynamic interpretation of the results difficult. Here we use Raman spectroscopy and visual inspection to show that the transformation of high-density to low-density amorphous ices involves the propagation of a phase boundary-a region containing a mixture of both ices. We find that the boundary region becomes narrower as the transformation progresses, and at higher transformation temperatures. These findings strongly suggest that the polyamorphic ice transition is discontinuous; a continuous transformation should occur uniformly over the entire sample. Because the amorphous ices are structurally similar to their supercooled liquid counterparts, our results also imply that the liquids transform discontinuously at low temperatures and thus support the liquid-liquid critical-point theory.     

交流电机旋转磁场图示实验研究

介绍了一种用测量三相交流电机三相电压来得到旋转磁场图形的方法,给出了系统结构及实验结果。     

一类5次系统高次奇点的中心焦点判定

对一类具高次奇点O（0,0）的实平面5次微分自治系统,计算出原点的前9个焦点量公式;同时,给出了一类5次系统的前7个赤道环量．     

间歇式放热反应热失控临界参数及热安全性

间歇式反应系统为一非线性动态系统,在一定的操作区间内呈现参数敏感性。采用基于系统散度的热失控临界判据,对间歇式反应系统参数敏感临界值进行模拟计算,进一步证实了操作参数在参数敏感临界值附近变化时,参数的微小变化将引起温度的急剧变化。综合考虑间歇式反应器的参数敏感性及最大允许温度,提出反应安全运行的操作条件,并给出安全操作参数的计算步骤,最后采用H2O2氧化Na2S2O3的实验验证计算方法的有效性。     

应用库仑定律求解有介质存在时点电荷所受作用力

库仑定律中的真空条件不是必需的成立条件,应用库仑定律也可以求解有介质存在时点电荷所受作用力.     

磁场下椭圆形量子线中电子与空穴的基态能量

采用单电子近似方法求解薛定谔方程,研究了椭圆形量子线中电子和空穴的基态能量及其受磁场的影响.详细描述了能量哈密顿算符在原子单位与国际单位之间的换算及处理粒子有效质量失配及空穴有效质量各向异性的一种方法,数值结果表明,磁场的约束使得粒子的基态能量增加,粒子的基态能量随着椭圆坐标中的参数的增大而减小.本文所用的方法可推广到其他类似物理模型的薛定谔方程的求解中.     

新化合物Er5Co6Sn18的结构与磁电性能

对合成的三元化合物Er5Co6Sn18进行了研究。用X射线粉末衍射技术和Rietveld全谱图拟合法获得了化合物Er5Co6Sn18的晶体结构,该化合物为四方晶系,空间群为I41/acd,a=1.353 44(1)nm,c=2.699 28(2)nm,Z=8,Dcalc=8.807 g/cm3,为Tb5Rh6Sn18结构类型。在5～300 K温度范围对Er5Co6Sn18的磁性进行了测量,得到该化合物的顺磁居里温度约为-87.8 K,有效顺磁磁矩为12.8μB。电阻测量得到它的剩余电阻率为2.0。     

非均匀磁场作用下四量子比特海森堡自旋链中的热纠缠

研究在外加非均匀磁场作用下的四量子比特海森堡XX模型中的纠缠特性,并得到具有周期性边界条件系统中纠缠度量的解析表达.发现能得到较高的成对纠缠,这意味着系统中的磁不均匀性可以提高某些量子比特对的热纠缠度.