建筑布局对住区风热环境的影响分析与优化策略

为了改善住区内部公共空间的热舒适性,通过对天津市中心城区内16个典型住区夏季室外温度和风速空间分布进行比较,分析建筑布局与风热环境的关系,并提出不同类型住区热舒适性优化的空间设计策略。结果表明：在微风条件下,昼间15:00:00左右住区内部空气温度空间差异最大,并且各住区内部都形成低温区,其中多层行列式住区低温区面积较小,平均空气温度比其他3个住区平均空气温度高0.3℃左右;昼间住区内部根据平均辐射温度在空间上分为高温区和低温区2个部分,高温时段所有住区低温区面积小于住区面积的20%;低层小街坊住区平均风速最小,高层高密度住区平均风速最大,风速比相差0.19;高温时段,住区空气温度和风速随建筑密度的增大而减小,住区空气温度和风速随天空视域因子的增大而增大,住区风速随建筑高度的增大而增大;通过加密路网、减小建筑密度、增大东西向建筑围合和增大主导风向建筑间距等方法,可以改善夏季高密度住区室外热舒适性。     

西北地区太阳能采暖系统储热水箱热损失试验研究

以西北新农村117.07 m²的单体建筑太阳能采暖系统为研究对象,以12月15日为例,得出储热水箱热损失主要发生在自然冷却阶段,当日储热水箱的总热损系数为5.68 W/℃,总热量损失为9.49 MJ.再选取其余11个典型日的试验数据对储热水箱总热损系数和总热损失各影响因素进行拟合,储热水箱总热损失由于受到环境温度和室外风速的影响,储热水箱的温度也随之变化.研究结果表明:平均环境温度每降低1 ℃,储热水箱总热损失增加0.067 MJ;室外风速每增加1 m/s,储热水箱总热损失增加0.042 MJ;储热水箱平均温度每降低1 ℃,储热水箱总热损失增加0.068 MJ;储热水箱温度变化幅度每增加1 ℃,储热水箱总热损失增加1.641 MJ.针对储热水箱热损失分析及室内热环境现状,提出将储热水箱置于室内以增强储热水箱储热能力和改善建筑室内舒适度.     

天津市老旧居住区室外热舒适研究

居住区的室外空间是老年人进行户外活动的主要场所,其良好的热舒适环境显得尤为重要。以天津市3种典型布局形式的老旧居住区为研究对象,通过现场实测和问卷调研,了解老年人的热感觉并探析小区内不同位置热环境参数的分布规律及存在的问题。同时确定了春季老年人主观热感觉投票值与基于实测值的热舒适指标生理学等价温度之间的函数关系,进一步得到老年人的热中性生理学等价温度约为21.3℃,其热舒适生理学等价温度范围为16.5～26.2℃。最后选取典型居住区对其空间布局进行优化设计,采用Phoenics和Ecotect软件对优化后的室外空间热环境进行模拟与分析,从而提出基于热舒适的居住区室外空间设计宜采用在建筑来风向一侧围合,内部为行列式分布的混合式布局方式。     

调湿型涂料对建筑室内热湿环境影响的实验研究

为研究调湿型涂料对建筑室内空气温度和相对湿度的调节性能,对涂装了调湿型涂料的房间(实验房)内的空气温湿度进行全天候的动态测量,并与未涂装调湿型涂料的房间(对比房)进行对比.研究发现:当室外环境温度与相对湿度的日变化区间分别为26~33℃和35%~85%时,开启门窗条件下实验房内空气温湿度变化范围分别为28.3~30.2℃和49.3%~63.5%、关闭门窗条件下实验房内空气温湿度变化范围分别为28.9~29.6℃和57%~61%.与对比房比较,实验房内的空气温湿度变化范围更窄.此外,实验房内的温湿度变化与对比房内和室外空气的温湿度保持相似的趋势,但是变化幅度更平缓.研究表明:调湿型涂料可以比较有效地调节建筑室内的空气温度和相对湿度、改善室内热湿环境,是一种节能环保的被动式建筑环境控制材料.     

强制对流下翅片管蒸发器表面结霜实验

翅片管蒸发器表面结霜是阻碍制冷系统高效运行的主要不利因素之一。利用恒温恒湿箱搭建强制对流下蒸发器翅片管表面结霜可视化实验平台,在环境温度0～8℃、相对湿度55%～75%及迎面风速0.8～2.4 m/s时,实时记录霜层动态生长过程,研究了环境温度、相对湿度和迎面风速对霜层生长特性及蒸发器换热性能的影响规律。结果表明：环境温度和迎面风速是影响蒸发器结霜的主要因素,结霜50 min,环境温度为0℃的霜层厚度比环境温度为8℃的提高了12.78%,迎面风速为2.4 m/s的霜层厚度比迎面风速为0.8 m/s的提高了14.66%,结霜量与换热量提高趋势相同。在结霜初期,相对湿度越大,换热量越大;结霜后期,相对湿度越小,换热量越大,并得到了换热量关于环境参数与时间的相关关系。     

移动热湿源廊道热环境的改善及送风参数优化

为有效改善具有移动热湿源的高温高湿廊道热环境,给工人提供舒适的工作环境。以邯郸市某铁渣转运廊道为依托,建立廊道空气与皮带表面热湿耦合传热物理模型,定性分析不同送风温度、送风风速、铁渣温度、皮带运行速度条件下廊道热环境的改善效果,定量探究其对廊道热环境的影响程度,并拟合各影响因素与廊道温度的相关经验关联式。结果表明：对廊道热环境影响程度由大到小依次为：送风温度、送风风速、铁渣温度、皮带运行速度。送风温度越低,送风风速越高,铁渣温度越低,皮带运行速度越小,越能有效改善廊道热环境。送风温度为22°C,送风风速为2m/s,铁渣温度为65°C,皮带速度为3.0m/s为廊道热环境改善的最优组合方式。文章研究成果将为类似廊道内选择合适的通风方式、设备调控及系统优化提供指导。     

乌兰布和沙漠绿洲防护林体系小气候效应研究

【目的】 研究绿洲防护林体系的小气候效应,为绿洲防护林体系的长期经营与健康发展提供科学数据。【方法】 对乌兰布和沙漠绿洲防护林内、外2个气象站36 a(1983—2018年)连续监测的气象数据进行了统计分析,研究了2个站点的大气温度、地表温度、相对湿度、降水量、蒸发量,以及风速的年、季和月变化特征,分析了绿洲防护林内、外小气候的差异并探讨了产生差异的原因。【结果】 ①绿洲防护林内、外的大气温度、地表温度和降水量年际变化特征总体呈上升趋势,相对湿度、蒸发量和风速总体呈下降趋势,绿洲防护林体系使大气温度降低0.2~1.6 ℃,地表温度降低0.10~5.49 ℃,相对湿度增加0.5%~18.6%,降水量增加0.5~100.7 mm,蒸发量降低18.4~1 282.8 mm,风速减小0.45~1.98 m/s;②绿洲防护林内、外的每10 a的气温变化倾向率分别为0.27、0.32 ℃,地温变化倾向率分别为0.28、0.36 ℃,降水量变化倾向率分别为1.8、2.5 mm,相对湿度变化倾向率分别为-0.2%、-1.3%,蒸发量变化倾向率分别为-42.5、-78.4 mm,风速变化倾向率分别为-0.1、-0.2 m/s;③绿洲防护林内和林外大气温度、地表温度、相对湿度、降水量和蒸发量的年内变化规律均为先增加后降低,为单峰曲线,而风速的年内变化曲线为双峰曲线;④绿洲防护林内、外各环境因子具有明显的季节差异,春、夏、秋、冬四季大气温度、地表温度和蒸发量增长率均为林外高于林内;四季相对湿度均为林内高于林外,风速则相反;降水量春、夏季林内高于林外,秋、冬季为林内低于林外。【结论】 绿洲防护林体系具有降低气温和地温、减少蒸发、降低风速、增加空气相对湿度和降水等生态功能,防护林及其内农作物生长季节尤为明显,这对于提高作物产量起着积极作用,进而改良土壤,并对维持绿洲可持续发展起着重要作用。     

低纬度高海拔地区室外湿球黑球温度简化计算方法

湿球黑球温度(WBGT)是获得国际标准体系ISO7243认证的热环境评价指标,美国、澳大利亚、日本和中国等国都采用该指标。目前,室外湿球黑球温度的简化计算大多是以低海拔地区的实测为基础进行归纳或验证,为研究低纬度高海拔地区室外WBGT的简化计算方法,以低纬度高海拔典型城市贵阳市为例,对夏季不同海拔高度的空气温度、太阳辐射、相对湿度、风速、气压和WBGT等数据进行Pearson相关性分析和分层回归分析。结果表明:除风速外,其他4个参数与WBGT线性相关可纳入回归模型。在分层回归中,加入气压参数可以提高空气温度、太阳辐射和相对湿度对WBGT预测水平,回归模型具有统计意义,纳入模型的4个自变量对WBGT的影响也均有统计学意义。室外热环境评价和实测中,不同地区采用经验公式需要先进行验证,建议高海拔地区在WBGT的计算模型中加入气压参数来提高预测准确度。     

影响人体热感觉的因素的敏感性分析

人体的热舒适是人体舒适感觉中的重要部分。影响人体热舒适的因素很多,以夏季上海气候区为例,着重分析了空气温度、平均辐射温度、相对湿度和空气流动速度对人体热感觉的敏感性问题,得出人体对这４个因素敏感性大小,把人们定性的感觉提高到定量的分析,从而为改善室内热环境质量提供一种途径和依据。     

山东省生态茶园与普通茶园小气候特征的比较

为了掌握山东省生态绿茶产地的小气候特征,选取山东省日照市某茶厂所属的生态茶园与普通茶园,对其小气候特征进行了对比分析。结果表明：与普通茶园相比,生态茶园在夏季、秋季的太阳辐射强度分别降低124．19,58．60W／m^2;地表温度分别降低2．78,2．40℃;气温降低1．3,1．0℃;1．5m高处的空气相对湿度在四个季节比普通茶园分别高出1．86,6．44,7．71,5．70个百分点;风速分别降低0．39,0．27,0．20,0．12m／s。由此表明：生态茶园系统具有缓温降热、提高空气湿度、降低风速等有利于茶树生长的小气候条件,从根本上改善茶树的生态环境,为茶叶的生态高产提供有利的保障。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.