On correlation between the generation age of the fathers and grandfathers and the intelligence of the descendants

Zusammenfassung Zur Erhärtung der oft formulierten Vermutung, dass hochbegabte Kinder meistens von älteren Eltern abstammen, wurde eine Serie von Untersuchungen durchgeführt an verschieden zusammengestellten Listen hervorragender Persönlichkeiten. Dabei stellte sich als wertvoll heraus, neben dem Alter des Vaters auch die Alter der beiden Grossväter heranzuziehen und die Summe dieser 3 Alter, die «väterliche Dreierzahl» zu benutzen. Im Resultat ergibt sich, dass die Alter der Väter unter 30 nur in weniger als 20% aller Fälle und zugleich «Dreierzahlen» unter 90 in weniger als 5% aller Fälle vorkommen. Die Hypothese, dass allgemein der IQ im Durchschnitt monoton mit der «Dreierzahl» wächst, wurde an einer Gruppe von 87 Schülern eines Gymnasiums getestet und durch den «Spearman rank correlation test» als signifikant mit der Fehlerwahrscheinlichkeit unter 4% nachgewiesen. Eher unerwartet, scheint das Alter des väterlichen Grossvaters stärkeres Gewicht zu haben als das des leiblichen Vaters.

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I should like to express my gratitude to ProfessorEduard Batschelet, Biomathematisches Institut der Universität Zürich, and ProfessorAlexander M. Ostrowski, Mathematisches Institut der Universität Basel, who both helped me in a very kind way with the significance computations and made many useful observations.

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Dedicated toAlexander M. Ostrowski on his 80th birthday.     

Lens Proteins and the systematic position of the musophagiformes and cuculiformes

Résumé La micro-électrophorèse en agargel des protéines solubles de la lentille deTuracus a donné un phérogramme assez analogue à celui des Passeriformes. Aussi la présence de glycogène dans la lentille semble démontrer que les touracous doivent Être classés parmi les ordres aviaires les plus évolués et non pas près des Galliformes.     

Galileo and Descartes on Copernicanism and the cause of the tides

Galileo and Descartes were on the front lines of the defense of Copernicanism against theological objections that took on special importance during the seventeenth century. Galileo attempted to overcome opposition to Copernicanism within the Catholic Church by offering a demonstration of this theory that appeals to the fact that the double motion of the earth is necessary as a cause of the tides. It turns out, however, that the details of Galileo's tidal theory compromise his demonstration. Far from attempting to provide a demonstration of the earth's motion, Descartes ultimately argued that his system is compatible with the determination of the Church that the earth is at rest. Nonetheless, Descartes's account of the cause of the tides creates difficulty for this argument.     

The possible influence of the components of the soil and the lithosphere on the development and growth of neoplasms

The author reviews the background of the soil-cancer relationship. The study then goes into geocarcinogenic diseases in relation to soil composition, looking first at general factors: soil concentrations of selenium, caesium-rubidium-potassium, trace elements; natural radioactivity risks; cancer risks in connection with recycled waste water. In its final part, the study examines geocarcinogenic diseases linked with soil composition covering gastric cancer, cancer of the esophagus, urinary, breast, and bronchial cancer, pleural mesotheliomae and bone cancer.     

西部大开发过程中存在的若干问题及其对策研究

实施西部大开发战略，加快西部发展，逐步缩小各地区之间的发展差距，实现区域经济协调发展，最终达到各地区经济普遍繁荣和全体人民共同富裕，既是社会主义本质特征要求，亦是国民经济持续协调发展的内在需要。近年来，虽然西部大开发已经取得了举世瞩目的成就，但仍然存在着许多问题。本文针对存在的若干问题进行了深入的揭露与研讨，同时提出了若干有益的对策建议。     

The possible influence of the components of the soil and the lithosphere on the development and growth of neoplasms

Summary The author reviews the background of the soil-cancer relationship. The study then goes into geocarcinogenic diseases in relation to soil composition, looking first at general factors: soil concentrations of selenium, caesiumrubidium-potassium, trace elements; natural radioactivity risks; cancer risks in connection with recycled waste water. In its final part, the study examines geocarcinogenic diseases linked with soil composition covering gastric cancer, cancer of the esophagus, urinary, breast, and bronchial cancer, pleural mesotheliomae and bone cancer.     

The protein - only theory and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: the prions and the propagons

The yeast prions represent a very attractive and tractable model for investigating the prion world. The more extensively studied yeast prion [PSI] leads to a propagation model that links auto-aggregation in amyloid formation and inactivation of the cellular function of the yeast 'prion protein' Sup35p. The other prion model, [URE3], appears to be similar in some genetic and biochemical properties. The characterisation of both Sup35p and Ure2p, the two 'prion proteins', mainly focusing on their aggregation properties, support this model. However, some important differences still exist that should be examined carefully. In particular, we have shown that Ure2p aggregation in vivo (monitored by fluorescence of Ure2-GFP fusion) does not necessarily give rise to a [URE3] phenotype. Comparisons of these two systems as well as more recent experiments are discussed in this review.     

Joseph LeConte and the development of the physiology and psychology of vision in the United States

The nineteenth-century American scientist, philosopher and teacher Joseph LeConte (1823–1901) is well-known for his writings on geology and the reconciliation of evolutionary theory and religion, but he has not been properly recognized for his contributions to the physiology and psychology of vision. This study explores and assesses his work in the latter field, showing the nature of his original investigations into human vision and the influence of his book Sight: an exposition of the principles of monocular and binocular vision, which served as the major textbook on the subject in the United States from its publication in 1881 until after the turn of the century. Grounded in neo-Lamarckian evolutionary theory, LeConte's publications on vision had a strong impact upon subsequent studies of the phenomenon of human sight.     

Electron microscopy of the effects of histamine and thermal injury on the blood and lymphatic endothelium,and the mesothelium of the mouse's diaphragm,together with the influence of coumarin and rutin

Zusammenfassung Hitze und Histamin vermögen eine Kontraktion der Endothelzellen feiner Venen zu erzeugen. Hitze und Histaminschädigung des Mäusezwerchfells (Endothelfensterung) führt zu Kontraktionen von Endothelzellen und Mesothelialzellen. Venalot, ein Produkt aus Cumarin und Trihydroxyethyl-Rutin, vermag das Oedem zu beseitigen.

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This work was partly supported by the Australian Research Grants Commission and by Schaper and Brümmer, Salzgitter-Rigelheim, Western Germany. We are most grateful for the skilful assistance of MissJ. R. Daymond and MessrsK. W. Crocker andH. F. W. Ehman.     

Kepler and the Telescope

There is an uncanny unanimity about the founding role of Kepler's Dioptrice in the theory of optical instruments and for classical geometric optics generally. It has been argued, however, that for more than fifty years optical theory in general, and Dioptrice in particular, was irrelevant for the purposes of telescope making. This article explores the nature of Kepler's achievement in his Dioptrice . It aims to understand the Keplerian 'theory' of the telescope in its own terms, and particularly its links to Kepler's theory of vision. It deals first with Kepler's way to circumvent his ignorance of the law of refraction, before turning to Kepler's explanations of why lenses magnify and invert vision. Next, it analyses Kepler's account of the properties of telescopes and his suggestions to improve their designs. The uses of experiments in Dioptrice , as well as the explicit and implicit references to della Porta's work that it contains, are also elucidated. Finally, it clarifies the status of Kepler's Dioptrice vis-à-vis , classical geometrical optics and presents evidence about its influence in treatises about the practice of telescope making during roughly the first two-thirds of the seventeenth century.