攀枝花市吸烟情况及相关因素调查

目的：研究本市人群的吸烟率及影响吸烟的相关因素。方法：采用分层整群随机抽样，面对面的询问方式，向5336名受试者(15—65岁)调查吸烟情况及影响吸烟的相关因素。结果：男女总吸烟率42．1％。男性吸烟率64．7％，女性1．19％，15-18岁未成年男性习惯性吸烟率26．2％，18—20岁54.9％。影响吸烟最密切的因素有性别、嗜酒、文化程度、职业和民族。结论：减少烟草危害任重道远。本研究支持可能有共同的基因和人格基础促发吸烟和饮酒的观点。     

兰州某综合医院控烟工作调查

了解医院开展控烟干预以后,职工与患者的吸烟状况,分析影响吸烟行为的因素,寻找医院控烟的有效途径.采取问卷调查的方法对医院全体职工及调查时段门诊、住院患者进行调查.医院职工的吸烟率为13.03％,患者吸烟率为45.68％,男性吸烟率为54.67％,女性吸烟率为2.02％；吸烟的主要原因是:社交需要、周围有吸烟环境、郁闷压力等精神因素；吸烟的危险因素是:男性、郁闷、亲友吸烟；吸烟者戒烟的影响因素有:烟瘾、亲友敬烟、戒烟引起的身体不适；医院控烟重点防控区域是:室外、楼梯间、走廊、值班室、办公室等.被调查的医院职工和患者对烟草危害的认识和态度较好,医院每个职工的“无烟医院”意识是医院的控烟工作的基础；医务人员的干预对吸烟者戒烟有促进作用；医院是患者流动的场所,开展重点区域的控烟督查,加强健康教育和无烟医院宣传,有利于医院的控烟工作；全社会广泛宣传烟草危害和公共场所禁烟,有利于降低社会人口吸烟率.     

彝、汉男性学生吸烟现状的对比与分析

本文采用随机抽样的方法,对学校的324名在校男性学生进行问卷调查,通过对学校彝、汉男性学生的吸烟现状的调查,分析这一地区学生吸烟行为的影响因素。旨在为制定可行的学校控烟措施提供参考。结果表明,在吸烟率、吸烟频率等大多数吸烟行为的指标上,彝族学生均高于汉族学生(P0.05)。因此学校男性学生吸烟率高于全国平均水平,形势严峻,应及时采取干预吸烟行为和加强健康教育。     

健康医学生吸烟因素的调查研究

健康医学生吸烟因素的调查研究鲁培俊（兰州市七里河区卫生局７３００５０）吸烟对机体的危害表现在多器官和多方面，其作用是长期性的，后果是严重的，然而，据我国５０万人口抽样调查结果，２０岁以上男性吸烟率高达６８．３％；另据报道，我国男医生的吸烟率亦高达５６...     

耳穴埋种子加氦氖激光照射戒烟21例(简报)

1986年至1988年,在针灸科门诊,应用上述方法进行戒烟21例观察,有较好疗效,报导如下: 21例中,男性19例,女性2例,年龄最小34岁,最大66岁,以41岁至56岁最多。吸烟时间最长为46年,最短仅2年。每日吸烟量最多为60支,最少为20支。吸烟种类多数为国产中低档香烟,少数人吸高档外国香烟。中国有19人,印尼、西德各1人。治疗方法:选穴:耳穴中肺、口、神门,每次选一侧,埋种子后,3～7天换另一侧。     

中国何时解开烟疙瘩

1995年5月31日,“世界无烟日”这天,世界卫生组织发表了一组文告:目前全世界有11亿烟民,每年消耗香烟6万亿支。发达国家41％的成年男性和21％的成年女性,发展中国家一半的成年男性和8％的成年女性均已吸烟成习。全球每年有300万人因烟毒而死亡,即每10秒钟就有1人死于吸烟引起的疾病。这相当于每天有20多架大型客机坠毁后全部乘客死亡。     

我校学生吸烟现状调查分析及对策

本文对我样学生吸烟现状进行了调查。男生吸烟率为２４．８８％，女生无人吸烟。吸烟动机以社会需要（３７．２５％）和消愁解闷（２９．４１％）为主。调查发现，学生对吸烟危害健康的了解程度并不曩主吸烟行为，健康教育的重点是促使其转变态度，从而达到禁烟目的，并对此提出控烟建议。     

高度残碎下颌骨判定性别的研究

目的：建立中国人高度残碎下颌骨的性别判定方法。方法：本研究测量了国内8个省市的有确切性别记录的160具尸骨的下颌骨,其中男性108例,女性52例,年龄范围18～75岁。测量指标共计55项,来自下颌骨左侧的前牙段下颌体、后牙段下颌体、下颌角、下颌支四个部位。使用社会科学软件包(SPSS)进行男、女性别间测量数据的t检验,筛选出性别差异显著的指标,使用判别分析方法,建立高度残碎下颌骨的性别判别方程。结果：方程共计74组,前牙段下颌体17组,后牙段下颌体13组。下颌角3组,下颌支25组,下颌角和下颌支联合判定16组。各部位性别判别方程的最高性别判别率分别为：整体判定,男性78．7％,女性84．6％,综合75．6％;前牙段下颌体,男性77．8％,女性67．3％,综合73．1％;后牙段下颌体,男性78．7％。女性76．9％,综合73．8％;下颌角,男性69．4％,女性75．0％,综合70．6％;下颌支,男性77．8％,女性80．8％,综合75．6％;下颌角与下颌支联合判定,男性75．0％,女性84．6％,综合75．6％。结论：本研究建立的高度残碎下颌骨性别判定方法．准确率高．使用方便．为法医学、考古学领域的骨残骸性别鉴定提供了依据。     

中学生吸烟与健康的知识和态度及行为的关系

探讨中学生有关吸烟与健康的知识和态度，及其与吸烟行为的关系。采用自填式结构问卷对广州市黄埔区初一至初三年级中学生进行调查。8，656名初中生，在满分为10分的吸烟所致疾病知识和满分为4分的烟草有害成分知识平均得分为4．87和2．13。吸烟与健康的态度平均得分，吸烟的作用为25．88（满分30）、吸烟的形象认同21．33（满分25）、吸烟的交际认同32．07（满分40）、控烟措施的认同32．69（满分40）。初中生的尝试吸烟率为16．6％（男生25．6％，女生6、3％），偶尔吸烟率为12，0％（男18．0％，女5．1％），规律吸烟率为4．7％（男7．6％，女1．1％）。在男生中，吸烟与健康得知识得分和态度得分，均为：不吸烟者〉偶尔吸烟者〉规律吸烟者，且有显著性差异。在女生中，知识得分在不同吸烟行为者间无显著性差异，态度得分为：不吸烟者〉偶尔吸烟者〉规律吸烟者，有显著性差异。本组初中生吸烟与知识的认知水平较低，态度得分较高。中学生有关吸烟与健康的知识和态度与不同吸烟行为有关联，且男女有别。     

青少年被动吸烟与女性肺癌的危险性

<正> 背景 有关幼年期初动吸烟与肺癌危险性的关系很少有研究报道。本研究旨在评价女性被动吸烟特别是青少年期被动吸烟患肺癌的危险性。 方法 以暴露于家庭成员的吸烟环境作为被动吸烟,在中国哈尔滨进行1:1病例——对照配对研究。我们询问了114例年龄在30～69岁的女性原发性肺癌患者及同一医院的对照。对照为非癌患者,来自病例同一医院,年龄±5岁,具有相同的居住环境及吸烟状况。其中59对病例一对照有吸烟史,55对无吸烟史。被动吸烟的数据资料按下列年龄组的家庭收集:0～6,7～14,15～22,23～30,31～69岁。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-