塔北西部岩浆热液–地层水流体系统及碳酸盐岩储层的成岩作用响应

通过对塔北地区多个碳酸盐岩露头的深入研究,认为该区域碳酸盐岩依次经历了硅化→热液白云石化→方解石化3个主要的后期成岩作用改造。通过对包裹体、同位素及稀土元素地球化学的研究,发现硅化流体具有高温度、高盐度特征;热液白云石化流体具有相对基质白云石明显的Eu正异常以及更高的轻重REE的分异度,而对方解石化流体的平衡水的计算可知,δ18OSMOW主要分布在+5.5‰～+12‰区间内,与岩浆热液流体的同位素值相一致。综合分析认为,存在岩浆热液对塔北地区碳酸盐岩的后期成岩改造。此外,通过对各露头碳、氧、锶同位素等的分析发现,后期成岩流体具有复杂性和叠加性,存在有机碳的影响以及大气淡水、壳源富87Sr地层水的混溶。岩浆活动为热液循环提供了大量的热源,异常的热事件驱动成岩流体进行广泛的循环流动,对碳酸盐岩地层进行热液成岩改造,同时岩浆热液也为成岩流体提供了诸如Si,REE等物质组分。晶洞内大量石英、硬石膏的发现说明研究区域的碳酸盐岩经历了广泛的酸性溶蚀作用,具有岩浆活动背景的开启性断层发育带成为有利的勘探靶区。     

Variations in carbon isotopic composition in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the Yangtze and North China Cratons: Evidence from in-situ analysis of diamonds using SIMS

The components and evolution of subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Craton and the Yangtze Craton is a current topic in the geological study of China and the carbon isotopic composition of diamond is one of the most direct probes into cratonic lithospheric mantle processes.In this paper,in-situ SIMS(Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry) techniques were used to analyze the carbon isotope compositions at different internal growth zones of diamonds from Shandong and Liaoning in the North China Craton and Hunan in the Yangtze Craton.It was found that the carbon isotopic range of diamonds from the North China Craton are rather distinct from those of the Yangtze Craton;the former has a range of 6.0‰ to 2.0‰(relative to VPDB) with an average value of 3.0‰ in their core areas,which is consistent with global peridotitic diamonds;the diamonds from the Yangtze Craton,however,have a carbon isotopic range from 8.6‰ to 3.0‰ with an average value of 7.4‰ in their core areas,being more consistent with global eclogitic diamonds.The variations of carbon isotope ratios between different internal growth zones in individual diamonds were different in the three diamond localities studied.There was a clear correlation between changes in carbon isotopic composition and phases of diamond dissolution and new growth,while no correlation was observed between δ13C and internal inclusions.The variations suggest that the carbon isotopic compositions of mantle fluids were changing during the process of diamond crystallization,and that the heterogeneity of the carbon isotopic composition in mantle carbon reservoirs was a more important factor than carbon isotope fractionation in controlling the carbon isotopic compositions and their variation in diamonds.In addition,the preliminary results of in-situ nitrogen analyses demonstrated that the variation of carbon isotopic compositions between the core and outer growth zones does not correlate with nitrogen abundances,implying either that diamonds crystallized in an open environment or that the carbon isotopic composition and nitrogen contents in mantle fluids were controlled by other,not yet understood factors.The experimental results provide hints that the isotopic composition of carbon and its original sources were different in metasomatic fluids controlling diamond formation in the mantle beneath the North China Craton and the Yangtze Craton.     

Origin and nature of cold seep in northeastern Dongsha area, South China Sea: Evidence from chimney-like seep carbonates

The occurrence of seep carbonates is one of the characteristic features for cold seep sites at continental margins.The carbonates documented the venting history of methane-rich fluid.Compared to the chemoherm carbonates and carbonate pavements which formed on the sediment-water interface,chimney-like seep carbonates precipitated around fluid conduits below the sediment-water interface therefore better recording information of the past fluid flow and composition.Here the chimney-like seep carbonate samples from the northeastern Dongsha area of the South China Sea were studied to understand the origin and nature of the venting fluids and their potential relationship with gas hydrate deposits underneath the seafloor.Based on the occurrence,morphology,petrology,mineralogy and C-and O-isotope compositions,combined with present and past bottom water temperatures and the timing of methane release events,the oxygen isotopic fractionation between calcite and water were used to estimate the equilibriumδ18O values of the precipitating fluids.Theδ13C values ranging from 56.33‰to 42.70‰V-PDB and thus clearly show that the studied chimneys were mainly derived from biogenic methane oxidation.The calculated equilibriumδ18O values of the precipitating fluids ranged from 1.9‰0.3‰to 0.6‰0.3‰V-SMOW,with an average of 1.4‰0.3‰V-SMOW which is heavier than those of seawater even at the last glacial maximum.It is considered that the formation of chimney-like carbonates was closely related to methane hydrate dissociation in the area.The methane hydrates contributed as much as45.7%of water to the venting fluids.It is suggested that the climate and environmental changes(e.g.sea-level lowering,down-cutting canyons and mass wasting)are the major mechanisms maybe responsible for the destabilization of methane hydrates in the study area.The extensive occurrence of seep carbonates indicates that a large amount of the methane released from methane hydrate dissociation has been effectively captured and sequestered by microbial anaerobic oxidation of methane(AOM)before it escapes into the water column.     

Paleoproterozoic glaciation: Evidence from carbon isotope record of the Hutuo Group,Wutai Mountain area of Shanxi Province,China

Palaeoproterozoic global glaciation (～2.3 Ga) may have been the first “snowball” Earth event in Earth history. North China has well-exposed sedimentary deposits of this time period with minimal postdepositional alteration. Sedimentary evidence of a glaciation event has been lacking, however. Here we analyzed carbon isotope composition of the Paleoproterozoic Hutuo Group (2.5–2.2 Ga) in the Wutai Mountain area, Shanxi Province, North China. Our data show, in an older to younger chronostratigraphic order, (1) positive δ ¹³C_carb values in the Dashiling Formation of the Doucun Subgroup (3.2‰ to 1.0‰, VPDB); (2) a decrease in δ ¹³C_carb values from the Wenshan Formation to the middle Daguandong Formation (from 2.0‰ to–1.2‰), during which time the occurrence of stromatolites declined; (3) a pronounced negative excursion in the upper Daguandong Formation, at the boundary of the Daguandong and Huaiyincun formations (from 1.4‰ to ?3.3‰), where stromatolites disappeared; and (4) a gradual increase of δ ¹³C_carb values in the Beidaxing and Tianpengnao formations (from ?1.2‰ to 1.4‰), during which time stromatolites returned. We argue that the negative carbon isotope excursion recorded from the Jian’ancun Formation to the middle Daguandong Formation of the Hutuo Group may have been North China’s response to the Palaeoproterozoic global glaciation.     

A metasomatized mantle wedge origin for low-δ 18O olivine in late Cretaceous Junan and Qingdao basalts in the Sulu orogen

The North China Block (NCB) experienced extensive lithospheric thinning and subsequent mantle accretion in the Mesozoic to Cenozoic, but their mechanism remains controversial. This paper reports in situ chemical and oxygen isotope analyses on olivine xenocrysts and porphyroclastic olivines in mantle xenoliths hosted in the late Cretaceous basalts from Junan and Qingdao, the Sulu orogen. The results show that all these olivines have low δ ¹⁸O values relative to normal mantle peridotite. The olivine xenocrysts and porphyroclastic olivines from Junan have Fo=87.5–89.8, δ ¹⁸O=4.1‰–5.2‰ with an average of 4.8‰; the porphyroclastic olivines from Qingdao also have Fo=89.0–89.9, δ ¹⁸O=4.1‰–5.2‰ with an average of 4.8‰. These peridotite xenoliths have petrological and geochemical affinities similar to newly accreted MORB-type mantle, we hence consider such low-δ ¹⁸O features in the olivines to inherit from a mantle wedge that was metasomatized by melts derived from the subducted oceanic crust, which had experienced high-temperature hydrothermal alteration to acquire the low-δ ¹⁸O signatures. Combined the existence of Cenozoic low-δ ¹⁸O basalts and garnet pyroxenite xenoliths (relicts of recycled oceanic crust) hosted in Cenozoic basalts in the NCB, the subducted oceanic crust likely played an important role in the lithospheric evolution of the NCB during the Mesozoic to Cenozoic.     

柴北缘冷湖七号地区碳酸盐胶结物特征及其意义

碳酸盐胶结物是碎屑岩储层中最常见的胶结物类型,其形成环境、物质来源、反映的成岩温度对储层研究具有重要意义。通过对柴北缘冷湖七号下干柴沟组砂岩碳酸盐胶结物进行岩石学、矿物学和地球化学分析,研究区下干柴沟组砂岩碳酸盐胶结物包含方解石、含铁方解石、铁方解石和白云石等4种类型。碳同位素（δ¹³C_PDB）和氧同位素（δ¹⁸O_PDB）值分别为8.81‰~3.51‰和8.77‰~17.36‰,平均值分别为5.33‰及13.50‰;利用碳同位素和氧同位素计算出古盐度值和古温度值分别为113.61~102.85和63.03~123.06℃,平均值分别为109.66及94.47℃。反映出研究区下干柴沟组所处成岩阶段为早成岩阶段B期-中成岩阶段A期,形成过程受到有机质脱羧基作用影响,成岩环境偏酸性,成岩流体来自碎屑的析出水和大气淋滤淡水。储层物性除了受成岩环境和温度的影响外,与碳酸盐胶结物含量具有明显的负相关关系,随着碳酸盐胶结物含量的增加,储层的孔隙度和渗透率降低。     

山西省柳林奥陶系马家沟组第五段第一亚段的白云石化作用

山西省柳林奥陶系马家沟组第五段第一亚段主要由白云岩组成，顶部为灰岩、沉积于浅的、局限的、低能、基底起伏小、蒸发作用强的克拉通内陆表海环境下．白云石的δ１３Ｃ值为－８．１～０．１‰，平均－３．０‰；δ１８Ｏ值为－１０．９～７．１‰，平均－８．９‰；白云石的碳氧稳定同位素值与泥晶方解石差别不大．准同生白云石的δ１３Ｃ为－４．９～０．１‰，平均－２．１‰；δ１８Ｏ值为－１０．３～－７．１‰，平均－８．７‰．成岩白去石的δ１３Ｃ值为－８．１～－３．３‰，平均－５．４‰；δ１８Ｏ值为－１０．９～－７．７‰，平均－９．２‰．白云石的Ｆｅ２Ｏ３含量为０．５１％～２．９９％，平均１．３６％，白云石较泥晶方解石的铁含量高．白云石的Ｓｒ含量为１３～４７（１０－６），平均２３（１０－６），白云石和泥晶解石的Ｓｒ含量均低．白云石较方解石的晶胞体积减少１２．７％左右．白云石化所引起的体积缩小，产生了大量的晶间孔．有利于淡水的渗透、淋滤，晶间孔进一步改造，形成了晶间溶孔和溶蚀孔、洞、缝．白云石样品的ＭｇＣＯ３含量几乎都大于５０ｍｏｌ％，白云石化，是淡水与富镁海水混合的结果．     

High-resolution stalagmite δ 13C record of soil processes from southwestern China during the early MIS 3

Knowledge of the evolution of pedogenic processes in the carbonate area is important to understand the dynamics of rock desertification.A precisely-dated stalagmite δ13C record between 61.3 and 50.5 ka BP from southwestern China,potentially related to soil biogenic CO2 production,shifts within a narrow range between -9‰ and -7‰,and exhibits a prominent cycle of 350-470 a,independent of the Asian monsoon changes.This indicates that a threshold effect might control the amplitude of calcite δ13C variability,likely associated with the vertical soil loss in the carbonate area.The periodic δ13C changes reflect that the loss/recovery of soil cover can operate on centennial scale.Thus,the rock desertification in southwestern China might at least initiate 60 ka ago and should be of natural origin.     

Precise measurement of stable (δ 88/86Sr) and radiogenic (87Sr/86Sr) strontium isotope ratios in geological standard reference materials using MC-ICP-MS

A new method for high-precision measurements of stable (δ88/86Sr) and radiogenic (87Sr/86Sr) Sr isotope ratios was developed on the MC-ICP-MS using a standard-sample-standard bracketing protocol. By carefully monitoring and controlling the accumulation of the on-peak backgrounds (i.e. the carryover memory) on the instrument, our method can provide an external precision of around 0.010‰ to 0.014‰ for 88/86 Sr measurements. Such precision is comparable to that achieved by double-spike TIMS method (DS-TIMS), and 2-3 times better than those of the previously reported results by MC-ICP-MS without spiking. The results of the standard seawater IAPSO are also identical to those by DS-TIMS. However, our method is more advantageous, efficient and convenient to use for routine Sr isotopic analysis than the DS-TIMS method as there is no need to prepare and calibrate the 84Sr-87 Sr double spike. Using this method, we measured the δ88/86Sr values in a series of international geological rock standards, which show large variability, with the lowest value (0.20‰) registered in JG-2, a terrestrial granite, and the highest value (0.539‰) in UB-N, a serpentinite. This may provide an additional means for isotopic characterization of geological processes, adding a new dimension over the traditional use of radiogenic Sr isotopic ratio 87Sr/86Sr.     

Carbon and oxygen isotopes analyses for the Sinian carbonates in the Helan Mountain, North China

We conducted detailed studies of the Sinian carbonates from the Helan Mountain, Ningxia by both field investigation and laboratory analyses of carbon and oxygen isotopes. The carbon isotopic compositions of the Sinian Zhengmuguan Formation shows variations with regularity in the five studied sections, the δ ¹³C values all gradually decrease from bottom to top, with a total range from ?4.51‰ to 0.11‰, and the biggest negative excursion reaches up to ?6.88‰. In addition, abundant macro-body fossils were also found from the Tuerkeng Formation in this study, similar to those found from the Dengying Formation in the South China Block. This observation firmly constrained the age for the Zhengmuguan and Tuerkeng formations to the Sinian period. Here we interpreted that the Zhengmuguan Formation formed during a glacial period when the extremely cold climate substantially decreased the amount of burial of organic matter in the ocean and thus led to the general negative δ ¹³C excursion. The increasing δ ¹³C values in the Tuerkeng Formation dolomites imply the ending of the glacial period in the Zhengmuguan epoch, biological recovery and increase of organic matter burial in the ocean occurred during this period. Comparing our obtained carbon and oxygen isotopes of the Zhengmuguan and Tuerkeng formations with those of coeval carbonate successions from other places all over the world, the Zhengmuguang-aged glacial deposits might be deposited after the Gaskiers glaciation. This study provides important information for paleo-ocean, paleogeographic and biological evolution in the North China Block during the Ediacaran period and adds new carbon and oxygen isotopes data for the global Sinian carbon-oxygen isotopes dataset.     

The specific carbon isotopic compositions of branched and cyclic hydrocarbons from Fushun oil shale

Various branched and cyclic hydrocarbons are isolated from the Fushun oil shale and their carbon isotopes are determined. The analytical results show that the branched and cyclic hydrocarbons are fully separated from n-alkanes by 5 A molecular-sieve adduction using long time and cold solvent. The branched and cyclic hydrocarbon fraction obtained by this method is able to satisfy the analytic requests of GC-IRMS. The carbon isotopic compositions of these branched and cyclic hydrocarbons obtained from the sample indicate that they are derived from photoautotrophic algae, chemoautotrophic bacteria (-33.4‰— -39.0‰) and methanotrophic bacteria (-38.4‰— -46.3‰). However the long-chain 2-methyl-branched alkanes indicate that their carbon isotopic compositions reflect biological origin from higher plants. The carbon isotopic composition of C30 4-methyl sterane (-22.1‰) is the heaviest in all studied steranes, showing that the carbon source or growth condition for its precursor, dinoflageilate, may be different from that of regular steranes. The variation trend of δ^13C ValUes between isomers of hopanes shows that ^13C-enriched precursors take precedence in process of their epimerization. Methanotrophic hopanes presented reveal the processes of strong transformation of organic matter and cycling of organic carbon in the water column and early diagenesis of oil shale.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

重庆北碚嘉陵江组第三—第四段碳酸盐岩碳同位素组成对古海水代表性

早三叠世海水的碳同位素组成是近年来地学研究的热点之一,但全球早三叠世碳同位素组成并没有获得统一的认识。上扬子地区早三叠世晚期普遍发育蒸发岩,地表剖面则因表生成岩作用而形成一套夹盐溶角砾岩及次生灰岩的碳酸盐地层,其地球化学信息不同程度地偏离海水,因而样品成岩蚀变性对古海水碳同位素组成的代表性的评估显得十分重要。本文以中、下三叠统界线清楚的重庆北碚剖面为对象,研究了下三叠统嘉陵江组第三、第四段和中三叠统雷口坡组底部样品的元素组成,碳、氧同位素组成及彼此之间的相互关系,选择Mn含量和氧同位素作为条件评价碳酸盐岩的成岩蚀变性及其对海水碳同位素组成的代表性,在此基础上建立了早三叠世晚期海水的碳同位素演化曲线。研究表明:(1)北碚剖面嘉陵江组第三、第四段(嘉三、嘉四段)及雷口坡组底部碳酸盐岩的Mn、Fe含量与碳同位素组成之间具有良好的负相关性,氧同位素组成和碳同位素组成之间则具有良好的正相关性,大量样品具有低δ18 O值、低δ13 C值以及较高Mn、Fe含量的特征,说明其碳同位素组成偏离海水。(2)以δ18 O-7.5‰、方解石的Mn质量分数100×10-6、白云石的Mn质量分数120×10-6为评价条件,北碚剖面嘉三、嘉四段(含雷口坡组底部)的73个样品中有38个需要在建立海水碳同位素曲线时剔除,占全部样品的52%。其中嘉四段需要剔除的样品占嘉四段样品的78%,而嘉三段的该数值为11%,说明作为原始沉积的灰岩段对海水地球化学信息保存较好,而分布盐溶角砾岩及次生灰岩的层位对海水地球化学信息保存很差。(3)氧同位素作为成岩蚀变评价标准比Mn含量更为苛刻,并可基本覆盖Mn含量评价条件,说明对于嘉三—嘉四段这样的石灰岩—白云岩—蒸发岩地层的地表剖面的样品来说,选择氧同位素作为评价条件可较好地对碳同位素的原生性进行控制。(4)白云岩对海水地球化学信息总体上保存较好,与相邻石灰岩相比,白云岩具有更高的δ18 O和δ13 C值,但其原因仍然需要进一步研究,可能与同位素分馏系数的差别以及白云岩形成于盐度更高的流体有关,因而白云岩所代表的海水地球化学信息可能不完全与伴生石灰岩相同。(5)除绿豆岩附近出现了短时间的变化超过4‰的大幅度波动以外,早三叠世晚期海水的碳同位素演化相对平稳,大致在-0.3‰~-1.8‰的范围内波动,呈现一个低幅的"V"字形,显示早三叠世晚期地球生态的恢复与碳循环系统的重建。     

四川盆地二叠—三叠系碳酸盐岩和砂岩中的鞍形白云石——岩石学、形成温度与流体

鞍形白云石是沉积岩中的一种重要成岩矿物。显微镜下鞍形白云石具有特殊的弧形晶面和波状消光,广泛分布于热液环境和其他相对高温的成岩环境中,也常被作为半定量的地质温度计和某些特殊流体的指示矿物。本文综合讨论了四川盆地二叠—二叠系碳酸盐岩和砂岩中鞍形白云石的岩石学特征,铁、锰、钙含量和阴极发光特征,形成温度和矿物的氧同位素组成,以及推算的源流体的氧同位素组成和盐度;同时对照研究了鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界砂岩中的鞍形白云石、塔里木盆地寒武—奥陶系的鞍形白云石以及南海珠江口盆地新近系的鞍形白云石,得到如下认识:(1)碳酸盐岩中大多数的鞍形白云石的晶体大小都超过1mm,具有粗晶—极粗晶结构。砂岩中鞍形白云石胶结物的晶体相对较小,主要具中—粗晶结构。碳酸盐岩中的鞍形白云石主要分布在晶洞或裂缝中,砂岩中的鞍形白云石主要是晚期的胶结物。(2)碳酸盐岩中的鞍形白云石普遍具有阴极发光和很低的铁、锰含量,在钙、镁含量上接近理想组成;砂岩中的鞍形白云石胶结物普遍具有较高的铁、锰含量,因铁的猝灭作用而经常没有阴极发光,同时因富钙而偏离白云石的理想组成。(3)存在溶解现象(或去白云化现象)是一些鞍形白云石的重要特征,与热液有关的鞍形白云石的溶解可能与热液作用后温度和(或)盐度的降低及镁离子的消耗有关,较大埋深条件下形成的砂岩中的鞍形白云石胶结物的溶解可能与构造抬升造成的温度降低有关。(4)大多数鞍形白云石都是在较高的温度和盐度的流体中沉淀的,四川盆地二叠—三叠系碳酸盐地层中鞍形白云石包裹体均一化温度为100~270℃,源流体的盐度(NaCl质量分数)为4.7%~9.7%,盐度最大值约为当时海水的5倍;三叠系须家河组砂岩中的鞍形白云石胶结物包裹体均一化温度为120~170℃,流体盐度在2.6%~6.6%,也超过当时海水的盐度值。(5)南海珠江口盆地新近系碳酸盐岩中的一些鞍形白云石晶体较小,以细晶为主,缺乏可进行均一温度分析的两相包裹体,其形成温度可能较低,因而鞍形白云石形成的最低温度可能低于80℃,但这仍然需要资料的进一步积累。     

塔里木盆地西北缘通古孜布隆剖面下奥陶统蓬莱坝组白云石化流体来源及白云岩成因分析

通过剖面观测、岩石学特征对比和地球化学分析, 对塔里木盆地西北缘通古孜布隆剖面蓬莱坝组白云岩的白云石化流体来源和白云岩成因进行探讨。观测结果表明: 白云岩的主要类型有粉晶自形?半自形白云岩、细晶自形?半自形白云岩、中晶半自形?它形白云岩和粗晶半自形?它形白云岩; 粉?细晶白云岩主要分布于蓬莱坝组下段, 粉晶白云岩质地均一, 细晶白云岩普遍发育雾心亮边; 中?粗晶白云岩主要分布于蓬莱坝组上段, 并与砂屑灰岩高频次互层, 发育残余颗粒结构和少量晶间孔、残余粒间孔。地球化学分析结果表明: 各类白云岩稀土元素配分模式与同期灰岩相似, 具有LREE富集、HREE亏损、Ce异常不明显、Eu负异常的特征, 碳、氧同位素值位于同期海相白云石范围内, 指示白云石化流体为同期正常或偏咸海水; 粉?细晶白云岩具有低Fe, Mn和高Sr, Ba的特征, 为近地表中等盐度海水渗透回流作用的产物, 多期次流体作用使细晶白云岩发生过度白云石化, 形成雾心亮边或环带; 中?粗晶白云岩在近地表浅埋藏阶段就被半局限台地环境下蒸发作用产生的偏咸海水交代, 高频海平面变化导致周期性的白云石化作用, 从而导致砂屑灰岩与残余颗粒白云岩周期性叠置, 阴极发光显微镜下可见次生加大边, 与粉?细晶白云岩相比, 具有Fe, Mn含量增高而Sr, Ba含量降低的特征, 表明在后期受埋藏作用的影响发生重结晶, 具有早期渗透回流形成、中期埋藏重结晶加强的成因特征。     

羌塘盆地双湖地区古油藏白云岩储层的显微成岩组构特征及意义

根据铸体薄片、阴极发光、扫描电镜观察和荧光显微镜分析,详细地描述了羌塘盆地双湖地区古油藏含油白云岩的显微组构类型和特点.广泛发育的自形白云石环边结构等淡水成因标志表明,该区白云岩化是通过大气水-海水孔隙混合流体交代灰岩形成的,白云岩化过程中晶间孔、晶间溶蚀孔以及溶蚀裂缝发育极大地改善了储层性能和品质.该区白云岩储层可能具有良好的油气勘探前景.     

Calcium isotope fractionation and its controlling factors over authigenic carbonates in the cold seeps of the northern South China Sea

In this study, we analyzed stable calcium isotope results of authigenic carbonates from two cold seep areas of the Dongsha area and the Baiyun Sag in the northern South China Sea. The stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen as well as the mineral composition of authigenic carbonates were used to investigate control calcium isotope fractionation. The δ44/40Ca ratios of the southwestern Dongsha area samples ranged from 1.21‰ to 1.52‰ and the ratio of the Baiyun Sag sample was 1.55‰ of the SRM915a isotope standard. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the carbonate samples consisted of dolomite, calcite and aragonite, with small amounts of high-Mg calcite and siderite. The δ13C values of the carbonates of the southwestern Dongsha area varied between δ49.21‰ and δ16.86‰ of the Vienna PeeDee Belemnite (VPDB) standard and the δ18O values ranged from 2.25‰ to 3.72‰ VPDB. The δ13C value of the Baiyun Sag sample was 2.36‰ VPDB and the δ18O value was 0.44‰ VPDB. The δ13C values of the carbonates of the southwestern Dongsha area revealed there is methane seeping into this area, with a variable contribution of methane-derived carbon. The sampled carbonates covered a range of δ13C values suggesting a dominant methane carbon source for the light samples and mixtures of δ13C values for the heavier samples, with possibly an organic or seawater carbon source. The δ18O values indicated that there is enrichment in 18O, which is related to the larger oxygen isotope fractionation in dolomite compared to calcite. The results of the Baiyun Sag sample exhibited normal seawater carbon and oxygen isotopic values, indicating that this sample is not related to methane seepage but instead to precipitation from seawater. The relatively high δ44/40Ca values indicated either precipitation at comparatively high rates in pore-water regimes with high alkalinity, or precipitation from an evolved heavy fluid with high degrees of Ca consumption (Raleigh type fractionation). The dolomite samples from the Dongsha area revealed a clear correlation between the carbon and calcium isotope composition, indicating a link between the amount and/or rate of carbonate precipitation and methane contribution to the bicarbonate source. The results of the three stable isotope systems, mineralogy and petrography, show that mineral composition, the geochemical environment of authigenic carbonates and carbon source can control the calcium isotope fractionation.     

Strontium and boron isotopic constraint on the marine origin of the Khammuane potash deposits in southeastern Laos

Since 2006, we have conducted a geological exploration of the Khammuane area in southeastern Laos. Several thick sequences of potash deposits containing sylvite and carnallite were discovered from drilling Paleocene strata of the Thangon Formation (E₁ tg). To constrain the origin of the brine that formed thick sequences of salt mineral deposits, we measured the strontium and boron isotope composition of some salt minerals in the potash deposit. Boron isotope composition of halite- and potash-associated minerals in the Khammuane potash deposit varied from 19.91% to 31.01‰, which differs significantly from continental evaporates (?6.83‰–?5.79‰) but is very close to that of salts precipitated from evapo-concentrated seawater (10‰–36‰). The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.707542 to 0.709461) of salts were also close to the values of Paleocene seawater (0.70772 to 0.707830). The content of Br^? (0.01%–0.25%) and Br×10³/Cl ratios (0.10–0.52) of halite were >10 times higher than that of common continental salts. These characteristics indicate clearly that the Laos potash deposits were deposited from seawater. The small variation in boron and strontium isotopes in all salt sedimentary sequences (gypsum-halite-potash-halite) also suggests that the recharge source should be stable and the effects of other continental water mixing are negligible. Large-scale potash deposits are commonly precipitated from seawater. Hence, the results of recent regional drilling work and geochemical research suggest extensive potash resources could occur in the Thangon Formation of southeastern Laos.     

Zircon U/Pb dating and Hf-O isotopes of the Zhouan ultramafic intrusion in the northern margin of the Yangtze Block, SW China: Constraints on the nature of mantle source and timing of the supercontinent Rodinia breakup

The Zhouan ultramafic intrusion in the northern margin of the Yangtze Block is mainly composed of lherzolite.Zircon grains selected from lherzolite are irregular in shape with distinct oscillatory and sector zoning and have Th/U ratios ranging from 0.8 to 10.6,indicating a magmatic origin.The weighted average 206 Pb/238 U age is 637±4 Ma (2σ,n=15),which can be considered as the crystallization age of the Zhouan intrusion.Zircon grains have δ18O values ranging from 5.2‰ to 7.0‰,with an averaged value of 5.8±0.4‰ (1σ,n=33),similar to the mantle δ18O value of zircon.Their 176Hf/177Hf(t) ratios range from 0.282410 to 0.282594 with εHf(t) values ranging from 1.3 to 7.6,lower than the corresponding value of the depleted mantle (～15),indicating an enriched mantle source.The enriched mantle source may have generated from a metasomatized lithospheric mantle with subducted slab.A number of ～635 Ma mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the Suizao basin are associated with coeval bimodal volcanics of the Yaolinghe Formation,indicating a continental rift setting.The ～635 Ma magmatic event in this region may represent the product of the last breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent in the northern margin of the Yangtze Block at Neoproterozoic.     

Benthic foraminiferal δ~(13)C minimum events in the southeastern Okhotsk Sea over the last 180 ka

A total of six d13C minimum events,i.e.,VI,V,IV,III,II,and I,were observed via a stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of infaunal benthic foraminifera Uvigerina spp.in gravity core OS03-1 in the southeastern Okhotsk Sea over the last 180 ka.These events occurred at112–109,102–90,85–76,57–54,44–40,and 17–10 ka BP.The largest negative excursions reached 2.5%in event V and were greater than 1%in the other events.We proposed that all d13C minimum events were caused by the increase in sea surface water productivity,the weakened formation of Okhotsk Sea intermediate water,and the enhancement of the oxygen minimum zone.The negative excursions were unaffected by methane hydrate destabilization and subsequent methane release based on the results obtained by using archaeal lipid markers.