论氢能源和氢能源系统

本文从能源过渡观点出发论述发展氢能源的重要性，概述氢能源系统及相关的氢能制取、储存和输运和应用技术，研究了几种一次能源与氢能源的组合系统。     

全球氢能产业发展战略与技术布局分析

随着全球气候压力增大以及能源转型加速,氢能以其清洁、灵活高效和应用场景丰富的优势受到全球瞩目。2000年以来,日本、美国、欧洲等发达国家和地区纷纷将氢能上升到能源战略高度,通过战略布局、项目开发以及示范应用,在氢能产业发展上取得了实质性进展。本文梳理和分析了各主要国家氢能产业战略重点、目标和发展水平,从文献计量角度对比分析了中国与氢能先行国家的基础研究和技术储备。研究表明,全球新一轮氢经济浪潮已经拉开序幕,各主要国家正在加速布局氢经济;与氢能先行国家相比,中国氢能在顶层设计、产业技术掌控以及产业发展水平上有一定差距。建议中国进一步加强战略引导;产学研结合提高关键材料和设备的国产化水平;发挥资源优势,积极布局绿色氢经济;同时重视氢能下游多元化利用。     

氢促进位错发射和运动导致裂纹形核的研究

利用恒位移加载台，在ＴＥＭ中原位研究了油管钢在充氢和水介质中应力腐蚀前后裂尖位错组态的变化。结果表明，氢能促进位错发射、增殖和运动，并使无位错区扩大。用激光云纹干涉法原位测量了充氢前后加载缺口前端位移场的变化，结果表明，氢能使缺口前端塑性区及变形量增大。ＴＥＭ原位观察表明，当氢促进位错发射、运动达到临界条件时就引起纳米级氢致裂纹在无位错区中形核。探讨了氢促进位错发射、增殖和运动的原因以及氢致裂纹形     

绿色能源-氢气及无机材料储氢的研究进展

氢能是二十一世纪解决化石能源危机和缓解环境污染问题的绿色能源。实现氢能的利用，氢的储运是目前要解决的关键问题。本文简单介绍了高压储氢、液态储氢和固态储氢三种储氢方式，重点介绍了无机储氢材料的研究进展，如：金属，金属氧化物，碳基材料，化学氢化物，M—N—H体系，M—C—H体系等储氢材料，并对其进一步研究进行了展望。     

碳基储氢材料的研究进展

氢能是二十一世纪解决化石能源危机和缓解环境污染问题的绿色能源.实现氢能的利用,氢的储运是目前要解决的关键问题.储氢材料研究较多,碳基储氢材料是储氢材料中的一个重要分支.本文综述了碳纳米管、碳纤维、石墨、活性炭以及C<,60>等碳基材料的储氢性能及研究进展,讨论了各种碳基储氢材料目前存在的问题,并对其进一步研究进行了展望.     

理想的新能源——氢能

氢能被誉为２１世纪的能源。本文论述了其历史发展、现状和贮存方法，介绍了几种新型的制氢技术，并对世界氢能的开发利用前景进行了展望 。     

轻金属硼氢化物可逆储氢材料研究进展

发展高效、安全的储氢材料/技术被公认为是推进氢能规模化商业应用的关键环节.相比于高压气态和低温液态储存方式,材料基固态储氢因能量密度高且安全性好,被认为最有发展前景.在诸多储氢材料中,轻金属配位硼氢化物氢含量多〉10 wt%,在储氢密度方面具有用作车载氢源的潜力,业已成为近年来储氢材料领域的研究热点.在简述轻金属配位硼氢化物储/放氢反应机理研究的基础上,着重从阴/阳离子替代、构建反应复合体系、纳米相结构调制等方面概述了改善硼氢化物综合储/放氢性能的最新研究进展,旨在明确轻金属硼氢化物储氢材料研究中的关键问题及未来研究方向.     

电催化分解水研究进展

能源问题是当今世界的热点问题之一。作为最重要的可再生清洁能源之一,氢能是解决当前能源危机的重要途径之一。本文综述了电解水制氢原理和目前电解水制氢的发展现状,并预测了电催化分解水制氢的发展与应用前景。     

能源、环境和纳米技术

本文讨论了有关能源供应的短途径和无环境污染的能源技术的未来发展，提出了利用太阳能和氢燃料所驱动的“氢经济”模式，论述了纳米科学与技术的历史背景和现状，指出了发展纳米技术是历史和未来赋予我们的机遇和挑战，讨论了能源和环境领域的纳米技术，并提出了培养“纳人才”的概念和的迫切性。     

TiAl的氢化物脆和滞后断裂机理

Ｔｉ５０Ａｌ存在两类氢脆，即氢化物引起的脆性以及原子氢引起的滞后断裂。室温时ＴｉＡｌ中的氢全部变为氢化物，当氢浓度较低时为（ＴｉＡｌ）Ｈｘ；当氢浓度很高时将生成多种氢化物。随氢化物含量升高，ＫＩＣ下降，即显示氧化物脆。表面镀Ｎｉ－Ｐ避免阴极腐蚀后预充氢使氢化物饱和，然后加载充氢，进入的原子氢通过扩散，富集后能导致滞后断裂。     

简评储氢与制氢研究中的问题与进展

储氢与再生氢的制备是到达氢经济时代必须解决的2个关键技术问题。通过阐述超临界温度下气体的吸附机理,指出基于吸附原理的储氢材料不可能具有工业应用前景,其它已知的储氢方法亦然,因此储氢研究必须从原理方面探索具有工业应用前景的储氢方法。虽然大多数制氢研究仍以化石燃料为制氢原料,但只有从水制得的氢才是再生氢,才具有可持续性、洁净性和能源安全性。简评了再生氢制备方法,并报告一种通过不同价态的铁氧化物之间的转换实现水不完全分解制取纯氢的实验室研究结果。     

过氧化氢催化氧化绿色化学研究进展

本文简要综述近年来国内外有关过氧化氢催化氧化有机化合物应用的研究进展。     

Hydrogen bonding by the sulphydryl group of glutathione

Summary The occurrence of hydrogen bond in the sulphydryl group of glutathione was investigated by means of Raman Spectroscopy. Evidence is obtained that SH group is free and H-bonding does not occur.     

Hydrogen bonding by the sulphydryl group of glutathione.

The occurrence of hydrogen bond in the sulphydryl group of glutathione was investigated by means of Raman Spectroscopy. Evidence is obtained that SH group is free and H-bonding does not occur.     

Hydrogen production for ballooning during the French Revolution: An early example of chemical process development

When hydrogen-filled balloons were used for military purposes during the French Revolution, the method used to produce the hydrogen lifting gas was the passing of steam over incandescent iron. This paper describes the way this method was developed from the laboratory-scale experiments first performed by Lavoisier to regular field operation where balloons with a volume of 12,500 cubic feet were filled from specially designed reactors. The method was ultimately abandoned, but its development and demise provide a valuable case study of early science-based technology.     

‘Public’ Science: Hydrogen Balloons and Lavoisier's Decomposition of Water

The balloon mania between 1783 and 1785 put an extraordinary strain on the Paris Academy of Sciences, threatening its status as the highest tribunal of European science. Faced with repeated royal directives and public frenzy, the Academy manoeuvred carefully to steer the research toward the hydrogen balloon and thereby to maintain its scientific superiority. Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier seized this moment when the promise of ‘the empire of airs’ brought science to the centre of public attention to push his theoretical reform for chemistry. He utilized the established protocol of the Academy and the resources of the Republic of Letters to broadly publicize his first decomposition of water in April 1784. Once he attained the publicity and the balloon fever began to cool, he staged a much more elaborate experiment for the experts in February 1785. Although this second, large-scale experiment cost much expense and effort, Lavoisier never published a full account. The differential care given to the two experiments can only be understood in their divergent rhetorical contexts. The written accounts in 1784 addressed the court of public opinion, while the exclusive performance in 1785 aimed at the court of experts to inaugurate the collaborative phase of the Chemical Revolution.     

Hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical involvement in the activation of caspase-3 in chemically induced apoptosis of HL-60 cells

Apoptosis of HL-60 cells induced by actinomycin D, H7, or daunorubicin was shown to involve the activation of caspase-3-like protease, 2 h after the addition of these drugs, based on microassay of enzyme activity by high-performance liquid chromatography. Catalase and a spin trap, N-t-butyl--phenylnitrone, which effectively inhibited the apoptosis induced by these drugs, also inhibited the activation of caspase-3-like protease. These results suggest that hydrogen peroxide and the hydroxyl radical are common mediators of caspase-3 activation caused by these chemicals, with apparently different functional mechanisms. Based on mitochondrial activity determined by oxygen consumption, complexes I, II, and IV were inhibited by actinomycin D. H7 inhibited complexes I and IV, 1 and 1.5 h respectively, after the addition of the drug to HL-60 cells. Daunorubicin inhibited complex IV, 1.5 h after the addition of the drug to HL-60 cells. Inhibition of complex IV by actinomycin D, H7, and daunorubicin were almost fully restored by the addition of cytochrome c. The release to the cytosol of cytochrome c by these drugs was also demonstrated by Western blot analysis. Addition of catalase inhibited the depression of complex IV activity induced by actinomycin D and H7. These observations indicate a direct relationship between hydrogen peroxide and the release of cytochrome c during apoptosis caused by actinomycin D, H7, and daunorubicin. Received 24 November 2000; received after revision 2 January 2001; accepted 30 January 2001     

Hydrogen bond catalysis of mononucleotide ethylation supports non-random DNA alkylations by N-ethyl,N-nitrosourea

Summary The axial (ax.) and equatorial (eq.) diastereomeric forms of phosphate triesters resulting from reactions of N-ethyl, N-nitrosourea with 3 cyclic mononucleotides were analyzed by column liquid chromatography (CLC). Evidence is presented that the 2OH group of 3, 5cAMP essentially contributes to the stereoselective eq. alkyl substitution, most probably by hydrogen bonding catalysis. The neighboring group direction of ethylation gives substantial support to non-random DNA alkylations by NEU.We acknowledge the helpful cooperation of Dr Fritz Eckstein, M.P.I. for Exp. Medicine, Göttingen, who determined the³¹P-N.M.R. spectra of the diastereomeric forms of the neutral ethylester of 3, 5 cAMP. This work has been supported by a personal grant to one of us (Sta 131/6 PAN) from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Reprint requests to K.-W. Stahl.