Mate fidelity and intra-lineage polygyny in greater horseshoe bats

Mating strategies that lead to increased kinship within socially cooperative groups may offer inclusive fitness benefits to individuals, but can also result in higher levels of inbreeding. Here we show in a sexually segregated bat species that females avoid this conflict through two mating behaviours. First, most females revisit and breed with specific, individual males across years, so that their single offspring born in different years are full siblings. Second, relatives in the maternal line, including mothers and daughters, share breeding partners (intra-lineage polygyny) more often than expected by chance. Although these behaviours increased levels of co-ancestry among colony members, there was no concomitant rise in inbreeding. We suggest that when females engage in mate fidelity and intra-lineage polygyny, kin ties among female roost mates will be strengthened, thereby potentially contributing to social group cohesiveness. Our findings reveal the hidden complexity that can underlie polygynous breeding, and highlight a new potential route by which female mate choice could influence social evolution.     

河南省马铁菊头蝠肠道寄生线虫的研究

对河南省7个产地马铁菊头蝠(Rhinolophus ferrumequinum)的肠道线虫进行了调查,发现寄生线虫2种:比勒陀利亚圆钩线虫(Strongylacantha pretoriensis Ortlepp,1932)和齿蝠夜圆线虫(Nycteridostrongylus uncicollis Baylis,1930),分属于2个属.前者为我国新记录种,在宿主肠道中的感染率为72.60%,感染强度为1～12条;后者虽不是新记录种,但马铁菊头蝠是其新宿主,肠道内的感染率和感染强度均较低.比勒陀利亚圆钩线虫和齿蝠夜圆线虫也是河南省蝙蝠寄生虫的新记录.     

A possible neuronal basis for Doppler-shift compensation in echo-locating horseshoe bats

The auditory system of the horseshoe bat is finely tuned to the bat's individual vocalization frequency. To compensate for flight-induced Doppler shifts in the echo frequency, the horseshoe bat adjusts the frequency of its echo-location call to maintain the echo frequency within the narrow range to which its auditory system is best tuned. In this report I describe neurons in the midbrain tegmentum of the horseshoe bat, with properties that strongly indicate their involvement in this Doppler-shift compensation. The activity of these neurons was influenced by both sound emission and auditory stimuli. Neuronal discharges in response to vocalization, however, differed from those in response to purely auditory stimuli that mimicked the bat call. When an auditory stimulus was temporally locked to a preceding vocalization, the response was dependent on the time delay between the two. This delay-sensitivity completely disappeared when vocalizations were simulated acoustically. Only those vocalization and 'echo' parameters were encoded that occur in Doppler-shift compensation. In conclusion, I suggest a model for the regulation of the vocalization frequency through auditory feedback.     

Deformation behavior during nanoindentation in Ce-based bulk metallic glasses

Recently, bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have at- tracted a great deal of attention due to their extremely high strength, improved wear resistance and excellent corrosion resistance[1-7]. However, it is known that their structural applications are currently…     

转炉冶炼 CaO-SiO2-FeO 渣系中磷的行为

回归推导出渣系中磷酸盐容量对数与炉渣光学碱度和温度的关系表达式,通过回归公式绘制出 CaO-SiO2-FeO(10% MgO)渣系的等磷酸盐容量图,分析了转炉终渣、终点成分及温度对钢中磷含量的影响情况.当熔渣磷酸盐容量一定时,随着转炉终点碳含量降低,渣/钢间磷分配比增加;相同终点碳含量时,随着熔渣磷酸盐容量增加,渣/钢间磷分配比增加;转炉终点碳质量分数控制在0.03%～0.04%,炉渣碱度大于3.5,渣中 FeO 质量分数低于18%,渣中 P2O5质量分数低于2%,有利于获得终点磷质量分数在0.008%以内的钢水.     

玉米籽粒港口运输过程中破碎粉化成因分析

针对粮食运输过程中的破碎问题，结合玉米籽粒在港口运输过程中的工艺流程，具体分析了造成其大量破碎粉化的原因．并在试验研究的基础上提出了在这一过程中皮带输送机机头处的高速碰撞、溜管的结构设计、溜管材质的选择、高仓入料时的剧烈碰撞等是造成玉米籽粒破碎的关键原因．根据上述分析研究，文中结合具体情况提出了相应的改进措施．     

饥饿状态下南方鲇仔鱼的形态和行为变化

饥饿状态下的南方鲇仔鱼外形萎缩,脑顶下凹,外部器官发育受阻,身体长度和对照组存在显著差异．饥饿仔鱼的行为反应可分４个阶段：①集群趋暗阶段;②游动觅食阶段;③狂游阶段;④散慢游动阶段．对１８℃,２０℃,２４℃和２８℃４个温度组的观察结果表明,饥饿仔鱼的反应特征基本一致,温度越高,每一阶段持续时间越短．饥饿仔鱼具同类相残和吞食气泡的习性,同类相残行为与温度成正相关,胃肠吞有气泡的仔鱼数在中间温度组（２０℃,２４℃）较多,高温组（２８℃）和低温组（１８℃）均较少．     

Element distribution and diffusion behavior in Q&P steel during partitioning

Carbon, manganese, and silicon distribution in quenching and partitioning （Q＆P） steel during partitioning process was investigated to reveal the diffusion behavior. The microstructure and chemical composition were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, and three-dimensional atom probe. It is shown that the studied Q＆P steel consisted of martensite laths and thin, film-like retained austenite showing extraordinary phase transformation stability. Carbon atoms mostly diffused to the retained austenite from martensite at a higher partitioning temperature. In the experimental steel partitioned at 400℃ for 10-60 s, carbides or cementite formed through carbon segregation along martensite boundaries or within the martensite matrix. As a result of carbon atom diffusion from martensite to austenite, the carbon content in martensite could be ignored. When the partitioning process completed, the constrained carbon equilibrium （CCE） could be simplified. Results calculated by the simplified CCE model were similar to those of CCE, and the difference between the two optimum quenching temperatures, where the maximum volume fraction of the retained austenite can be obtained by the Q＆P process, was little.     

FeCrAl不锈钢的平衡凝固相变与析出行为

借助Thermo-calc软件对FeCrAl不锈钢所属的Fe-(18~21)Cr-(3~5)Al-(0~0.03)C-(0~0.2)Si-(0~0.2)Mn多元体系在凝固过程中的相变及析出行为进行了研究.采用Thermo-calc中TCFE7数据库对该体系的垂直截面图进行计算,分析了不同组元对凝固和冷却过程中相变的影响,并得到FeCrAl不锈钢的平衡凝固相变路径图.结果表明FeCrAl不锈钢由1600℃平衡冷却至300℃的过程中完整的平衡相变路径为:L→AlN+αδFe→AlN+αδFe+Cr7 C3→AlN+αδFe+Cr7 C3+Cr23 C6→AlN+αδFe+Cr23 C6→AlN+αδFe+Cr23 C6+σ→AlN+αδFe+Cr23 C6+σ+α'→AlN+αδFe+Cr23 C6+α'.凝固过程中Cr7 C3与σ相是否析出分别取决于体系中C、Si含量;Al含量的提高可扩大αδFe+Cr7 C3的稳定区,降低α'相的析出温度,抑制σ相的析出;Cr含量的提高可以减小αδFe+Cr7 C3的稳定区,扩大σ相和α'相的稳定区.     

热轧Nb微合金化TRIP钢高温区变形过程中Nb的析出行为

通过Gleeble热模拟实验研究了含0.038% Nb (质量分数)的热轧TRIP钢在高温奥氏体区的热加工工艺,借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜分析了组织演变和Nb的析出行为,并利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪定量分析了Nb的固溶/析出程度.在1250℃奥氏体化5 min后添加Nb有70%固溶于奥氏体.在1000℃以上的奥氏体再结晶区变形过程中Nb的析出量仅占总固溶量的3%,不能有效抑制静态再结晶,奥氏体晶粒得到明显细化.在900℃的奥氏体未再结晶区变形前析出Nb量已达到总固溶量的9%,再结晶被抑制而获得拉长状奥氏体.奥氏体未再结晶区变形可促进铁素体转变并细化铁素体晶粒.再结晶奥氏体或形变奥氏体状态下冷却至650℃时分别有占总添加量的48%和40%的Nb仍以固溶态存在.     

Effects of forward masking on the responses of the inferior collicular neurons in the big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus

The present study explores the forward masking of the two-tone stimuli in sequence that evoked responses in the inferior colliculns (IC) of the echolocating bats. The results indicate that forward masking is obvious in the acoustic responses of the IC neurons to the two-tone stimuli.Meanwhile the intensity sensitivity of the neurons responding to the probe increases with the inter-tone interval decreasing. The effects of forward masking are correlated with the relative intensity and the interval between the masker and probe. That is, the effects of forward masking are reduced with the masker intensity decreasing and enhanced with the probe intensity decreasing and the inter-tone interval shortened. The present study suggests that there is a correlation between the characteristics of the response to the probe and the dynamic conditions of the postsynaptic currents in the IC neurons.     

长白山与符拉迪沃斯托克地区大耳蝠(Plecotus auritus)回声定位声波的比较

比较研究了中国长白山和俄罗斯符拉迪沃斯托克地区大耳蝠 (Plecotus auritus)飞行状态下的回声定位声波.结果表明,二者的回声定位声波均为微弱、不稳定的多谐波宽频带短调频型(modulated frequency).长白山大耳蝠回声定位声波由1~4个谐波组成,主频(45.4±9.6)kHz,能率环(5.1±2.5)%;符拉迪沃斯托克地区大耳蝠的回声定位声波由2~4个谐波组成,主频(48.0±9.7)kHz,能率环(7.0±3.1)%.二者的最高频率、最低频率、带宽、能率环以及声强均有显著差异.这种差异可能是由地理差异或性别差异等因素引起的.     

杉木炭疽菌遗传转化及附着孢发育过程的细胞核行为观察

[目的]建立高效的杉木炭疽菌遗传转化体系,并观察附着胞发育过程中的细胞核行为.[方法]通过菌丝体酶解的方法制备原生质体,PEG介导的原生质体转化法将含有伯莱霉素抗性的细胞核表达质粒NL1::GFP转入受体材料杉木炭疽菌SMCG1#C菌株,通过荧光显微镜跟踪观察附着胞发育过程中的孢子、芽管和附着胞等结构中的细胞核行为.[结果]获得了稳定表达NL1::GFP质粒的杉木炭疽菌阳性转化子;杉木炭疽菌附着胞发育过程伴随着细胞的有丝分裂与细胞核的转移;附着孢发育成熟后,孢子和芽管菌丝中的细胞核仍然保持完整.[结论]建立了高效的杉木炭疽菌遗传转化体系;杉木炭疽菌与稻瘟病菌、希金斯炭疽菌的附着胞发育过程的细胞生物学特性显著不同.     

连铸电磁旋流水口流体流动和夹杂物行为

采用数值模拟方法对连铸电磁旋流水口内流体流动和夹杂物碰撞长大行为进行了研究.数值结果表明电磁旋流水口出口处流体流动扩张角与低熔点合金实验值相符.旋转磁场对浸入式水口内壁夹杂物沉积行为存在两个相反的作用：一方面旋转磁场作用加强了水口壁面处钢液的湍流流动,加速了夹杂物在水口内壁的沉积吸附速率;另一方面水口内壁附近夹杂物在旋转磁场产生的旋流作用下易被携带至水口中心,削弱了水口内壁对夹杂物的黏附.在上述两方面因素作用下,钢液区存在一个最佳磁感应强度可使水口内壁夹杂物沉积速率降至最低,从而减轻水口结瘤现象.     

新疆乌伦古湖表层沉积物元素地球化学行为研究

利用X-荧光法对新疆乌伦古湖26个表层沉积物样品进行常量和微量元素分析,在样品采集时对采样点的水化学参数pH、电导率、盐度等进行测定.结果表明:乌伦古湖表层沉积物主要组成物质中w(CaO)、w(Al_2O_3)、w(Fe_2O_3)、w(MgC))均与w(SiO_2)之间有较好的相关性,w(K_2O)与w(SiO_2)之间的相关性较差(R~2=0.198),w(Na_2O)与w(SiO_2)之间几乎没有相关性(R~2=0.02).大多数微量元素与细粒沉积物有关,湖泊环境对金属元素的迁移和富集起到重要的控制作用.w(Si)/w(Al)可以用来指示封闭湖泊湖面升降变化,w(Si)/w(Al)越低,代表水体越深、水动力越弱的环境;w(Si)/w(Al)越高,代表水动力较强的环境.w(Fe)/w(Mn)对乌伦古湖泊水体深度指示不明显.     

湖南省城市中年职业女性体育消费心理行为特征分析

采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、数理统计法和逻辑分析法对湖南省14个省辖市35—55岁城市中年职业女性人群体育消费心理行为特征进行研究．结果发现：她们的实用型体育消费观构成比最高；35—45岁城市中年职业女性对新式样新风格的体育产品最感兴趣；46—55岁城市中年职业女性对新体育产品最感兴趣；两个组别的女性对体育品牌、明星崇拜和体育商品特性的消费习惯具有相同等位的构成比；两组女性体育消费性格类型的构成比及总构成比排序相同；两组女性的体育消费经验少．     

子午岭次生林恢复演替中土壤微生物量的变化动态

研究子午岭林区次生林演替过程中微生物量和w(微生物量碳)/w(有机碳)的动态.结果表明:随着次生林演替,微生物量变化趋势不明显,土壤有机碳的变化趋势与微生物量的变化趋势相似;微生物量与有机碳高度相关(P《0.01),说明子午岭次生林演替,微生物量与土壤肥力密切相关.次生林演替时间与w(微生物量碳)/w(有机碳)具有显著的相关性(P《0.01),而且w(微生物量碳)/w(有机碳)随着演替时间的延长而提高,由此认为:w(微生物量碳)/w(有机碳)可成为黄土高原次生演替土壤有机碳变化的敏感指标.     

新疆北山晚古生代克拉通裂谷火山作用特征

新疆北山构造带克拉通裂谷活动期火山活动频繁,火山作用较强烈.区内晚古生代火山岩分布广泛,集中发育于下石炭统上部、上石炭统和下二叠统,与正常沉积岩呈断续间互层状产出.据岩石地层研究、火山岩产状及接触关系,划分为4个火山旋回,共9个火山喷溢韵律.在对区内火山岩地质特征、岩石类型、岩石化学和稀土元素地球化学特征研究基础上,探讨了火山岩的演化特点和形成环境.