光在均匀导电媒质中的折射率

折射率是体现媒质光学性质的一个重要参数,当光在导电媒质中传播时常用光的折射率公式不再适用,基于公式应用的局限性,推导了光在均匀导电媒质中的折射率公式,并对其进行了讨论。     

实用型固定膜光催化氧化装置去除水中苯酚

通过实用型固定膜光催化氧化反应器，进行了水中苯酚的光催化氧化研究，试验表明，与光分解相比，光催化氧化具有氧化程度高，可实现完全矿化的优点，相近条件下固定膜与悬浮型光催化氧化装置的运行结果表明，在本项目研制的实用型固定膜装置中，苯酚的光催化氧化效率高于其在ＴｉＯ２水浊液中的氧化效率。     

分数阶对称平移不变过完备小波的构造及其在轴承故障诊断中的应用

提出了一种分数阶的对称性近似平移不变过完备小波的构造方法。首先,给出一种构造具有对称性且具有最小长度的低通滤波器方法。其次,通过拓普利兹矩阵分解法求出对应的具有近似平移不变性的高通滤波器,此方法比其他分解方法具有更低的计算复杂度。此外,利用此构造方法,也得到具有更高阶消失矩的分数阶过完备小波变换。最后,将构造出的分数阶对称平移不变过完备小波应用到轴承故障诊断中。实验结果表明,提出的小波变换能有效地提取出轴承的故障特征。     

滴流床反应器催化湿式氧化处理苯酚研究

在自行研制的滴流床反应器中,以苯酚配水溶液作为模拟废水,采用负载型CuO/γ-Al2O3作为催化剂,在不同的空时(0~0.4 h)下,考察了反应温度(100~180℃)、氧分压(0.6~1.5 MPa)、进水pH值(5.9~9.0)、进水初始质量浓度(2~10 g.L-1)、氧气流量(5~15 L.h-1)对处理效果的影响.结果表明:反应温度对于苯酚催化湿式氧化反应影响最为显著,随着反应温度的增加,CODCr及挥发酚的去除率呈指数增大;随着氧分压的增大,CODCr及挥发酚的去除率增加,但影响明显弱于反应温度;进水pH值在偏酸性条件下,苯酚催化湿式氧化效果相对较好;较高的进水苯酚浓度对反应速率有一定的抑制作用;实验选定的氧气流量只对小空时反应(≤0.15 h)有微小影响.     

Was the loss of the D helix in alpha globin a functionally neutral mutation?

Proteins in the globin family are found in a variety of species from bacteria to man. From the many globin sequences known, evolutionary trees have been constructed showing that alpha and beta globins diverged from a common ancestor between 425 and 500 million years ago, after vertebrate species had appeared and roughly when sharks and bony vertebrates diverged. The alpha and beta globins assemble to form tetrameric haemoglobin, alpha 2 beta 2, which can switch between quaternary states having high and low oxygen affinity. This allows the protein to bind oxygen cooperatively and therefore efficiently transport oxygen from the lungs to respiring tissues. The alpha and beta globins have closely related tertiary structures, being alpha-helical proteins with similar haem-binding sites. Most globins consist of eight helices, designated A to H from the N terminus, connected by short nonhelical segments, but all known vertebrate alpha globins lack a D helix. Because the loss of this helix by alpha globin occurred shortly before tetrameric haemoglobin appeared, it might be a functionally important mutation required for a tetramer assembly or allostery. We have now tested this idea by engineering human haemoglobins containing beta subunits without a D helix and alpha subunits with a D helix. Both of these mutations have little effect on the oxygen-binding properties of the molecule. Thus it is possible that deletion of the D helix in the alpha subunit was caused by a neutral mutation.     

An incipient 3(10) helix in Piv-Pro-Pro-Ala-NHMe as a model for peptide folding

The molecular mechanism of helix nucleation in peptides and proteins is not yet understood and the question of whether sharp turns in the polypeptide backbone serve as nuclei for protein folding has evoked controversy. A recent study of the conformation of a tetrapeptide containing the stereochemically constrained residue alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, both in solution and the solid state, yielded a structure consisting of two consecutive beta-turns, leading to an incipient 3(10) helical conformation. :This led us to speculate that specific tri- and tetrapeptide sequences may indeed provide a helical twist to the amino-terminal segment of helical regions in proteins and provide a nucleation site for further propagation. The transformation from a 3(10) helical structure to an alpha-helix should be facile and requires only small changes in the phi and psi conformational angles and a rearrangement of the hydrogen bonding pattern. If such a mechanism is involved then it should be possible to isolate an incipient 3(10) helical conformation in a tripeptide amide or tetrapeptide sequence, based purely on the driving force derived from short-range interactions. We have synthesised and studied the model peptide pivaloyl-Pro-Pro-Ala-NHMe (compound I) and provide here spectroscopic evidence for a 3(10) helical conformation in compound I.     

工业生产条件下连续热镀锌锅中锌渣扩散的数值模拟

基于欧拉-拉格朗日方法的离散相模型,针对锌液体外循环系统下连续热镀锌锅中三种不同类型的锌渣,利用数值模拟的方法计算锌锅中锌渣的浓度差分布。分析锌渣扩散得到了锌渣在带钢表面及锌锅中的运动轨迹和分布规律。结果表明：锌渣在带钢上的沉积率随着锌渣粒度的减小而升高;由于锌渣密度的差异,当锌渣直径小于80μm时,沉积率从高到低依次为悬浮渣、面渣和底渣。面渣在带钢出口后侧区域的平均停留时间最长,在该位置设置抽锌管将有利于面渣的去除;在V形区内侧区域带钢上的悬浮渣质量浓度最高,对带钢影响最大;底渣主要运动区域为锌锅底部,基本不会黏附于带钢表面,对带钢质量影响最小。     

新型高锰奥氏体合金耐液锌的腐蚀机理

对自制的一种新型高锰奥氏体耐液锌腐蚀合金在490 ℃的熔融纯锌液中的腐蚀行为进行了系统的研究,并探讨了其耐液锌腐蚀机理. 结果表明,与316 L不锈钢相比,新型高锰奥氏体合金具有更好的耐液锌蚀能力,其腐蚀速率为6.42×10-4 g·cm-2·h-1,而316 L不锈钢的腐蚀速率为1.54×10-3 g·cm-2·h-1. 新型高锰奥氏体合金在锌液中的最终腐蚀产物为Γ相+δ相+ζ相,而316 L不锈钢的腐蚀产物几乎全是ζ相. 新型高锰奥氏体合金的腐蚀产物中δ相固溶了质量分数在8.5%左右的Cr,Cr的存在使得δ相稳定性增加,致密的富含Cr的δ相的存在减缓了铁、锌反应速率,提高了新型高锰奥氏体合金的耐液锌腐蚀能力. 因此,以锰代镍来制取低成本的新型高锰奥氏体耐液锌腐蚀合金具有可行性.     

Receptor binding redefined by a structural switch in a mutant human insulin

Crystal structures of insulin have been determined in various distinct forms, the relevance of which to receptor recognition has long been the subject of speculation. Recently the crystal structure of an inactive insulin analogue has been determined and, surprisingly, found to have a conformation identical to native insulin. On this basis Dodson and colleagues have suggested that the known insulin crystal structures reflect an inactive conformation, and that a change in conformation is required for activity--specifically, the carboxy terminal residues of the B-chain are proposed to separate from the amino terminal residues of the A-chain. Here we report the solution structure of an active insulin mutant, determined by two-dimensional NMR, which supports this hypothesis. In the mutant, the carboxy terminal beta-turn and beta-strand of the B-chain are destabilized and do not pack across the rest of the molecule. We suggest that analogous detachment of the carboxy terminal region of the B-chain occurs in native insulin on binding to its receptor. Our finding that partial unfolding of the B-chain exposes an alternative protein surface rationalizes the receptor-binding properties of a series of anomalous insulin analogues, including a mutant insulin associated with diabetes mellitus in man.     

Mitochondrial glutamate acts as a messenger in glucose-induced insulin exocytosis

The hormone insulin is stored in secretory granules and released from the pancreatic beta-cells by exocytosis. In the consensus model of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, ATP is generated by mitochondrial metabolism, promoting closure of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels, which depolarizes the plasma membrane. Subsequently, opening of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels increases the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) which constitutes the main trigger initiating insulin exocytosis. Nevertheless, the Ca2+ signal alone is not sufficient for sustained secretion. Furthermore, glucose elicits a secretory response under conditions of clamped, elevated [Ca2+]c. A mitochondrial messenger must therefore exist which is distinct from ATP. We have now identified this as glutamate. We show that glucose generates glutamate from beta-cell mitochondria. A membrane-permeant glutamate analogue sensitizes the glucose-evoked secretory response, acting downstream of mitochondrial metabolism. In permeabilized cells, under conditions of fixed [Ca2+]c, added glutamate directly stimulates insulin exocytosis, independently of mitochondrial function. Glutamate uptake by the secretory granules is likely to be involved, as inhibitors of vesicular glutamate transport suppress the glutamate-evoked exocytosis. These results demonstrate that glutamate acts as an intracellular messenger that couples glucose metabolism to insulin secretion.     

Phospho-dephospho-control by insulin is mimicked by a phospho-oligosaccharide in adipocytes

The mechanism of insulin action is only partly understood. At one end of the signalling chain, the structure of the insulin receptor is known in detail, and at the other end, insulin controls cellular metabolism by regulating the phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues in key target enzymes. The molecular events linking the occupied receptor to changes in target enzyme phosphorylation have remained obscure. Recently, insulin was shown to promote the hydrolysis of a phosphatidylinositol glycan with release of its polar head-group. The head group was reported to activate a high-affinity cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase and pyruvate dehydrogenase, to inhibit catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis, and also to inhibit phospholipid methyltransferase and adenylate cyclase. We report here that in intact adipocytes this head-group faithfully copies the insulin-directed effects on the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of target proteins of the hormone.     

全对称2n-1次系统的中心焦点与极限环分支

本文研究了全对称2n-1次系统，求出了原点的前n-1阶焦点量，得出了该系统的中心条件及它在整个相平面上最多可扰动出n-1个小振幅极限环．     

以系统思想推动部队党委决策的科学化

着眼贯彻习近平主席的指示精神,努力实现决策的科学化,部队党委应构建可靠的信息系统、强大的咨询系统、高效的决断系统、有力的纠错系统,从而使自身职能作用得到充分发挥,不断增强新世纪新阶段我军履行历史使命的能力。     

Reactive oxygen species have a causal role in multiple forms of insulin resistance

Insulin resistance is a cardinal feature of type 2 diabetes and is characteristic of a wide range of other clinical and experimental settings. Little is known about why insulin resistance occurs in so many contexts. Do the various insults that trigger insulin resistance act through a common mechanism? Or, as has been suggested, do they use distinct cellular pathways? Here we report a genomic analysis of two cellular models of insulin resistance, one induced by treatment with the cytokine tumour-necrosis factor-alpha and the other with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. Gene expression analysis suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels are increased in both models, and we confirmed this through measures of cellular redox state. ROS have previously been proposed to be involved in insulin resistance, although evidence for a causal role has been scant. We tested this hypothesis in cell culture using six treatments designed to alter ROS levels, including two small molecules and four transgenes; all ameliorated insulin resistance to varying degrees. One of these treatments was tested in obese, insulin-resistant mice and was shown to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. Together, our findings suggest that increased ROS levels are an important trigger for insulin resistance in numerous settings.     

超硬铝合金作为阴极在锌电积过程中的电化学行为

选取商业纯铝和超硬铝作为锌电积阴极,在ZnSO4-H2 SO4体系中通过电化学测试研究两种阴极的电化学行为,同时利用扫描电镜观察铝合金上电积锌初期形核,X射线衍射分析锌片结晶取向.研究结果表明：500 A·m-2电流密度下纯铝阴极的析出电位和交换电流密度分别为-1.541 V和7.74×10-11 A·cm-2,超硬铝阴极分别为-1.496 V和6.07×10-3 A·cm-2.合金元素的添加会增加初期形核位置,提高形核速率,而形核速率的提高在一定程度上抑制卤族元素对阴极的腐蚀.沉积3h后,锌片结晶取向没有发生变化.超硬铝易发生烧板和鼓泡,电流效率低,只有84.54%;纯铝电流效率达到88.04%,且沉积锌平整、光滑,但阴极板容易被卤族元素腐蚀.