多喷嘴对置式煤气化炉内气固两相流动及壁面沉积

对我国具有自主知识产权的多喷嘴对置式煤气化炉内的气固两相流进行了数值模拟分析.在合理简化和假设基础上建立了基于Eulerian-Lagrangian模拟方法的炉内气固两相流动模型,采用Realizable k-ε模型描述炉内复杂气相湍流运动,应用颗粒轨道模型随机追踪煤粉颗粒在湍流气流中的运动.通过数值计算获得了炉内气固两相的速度矢量、颗粒分布、颗粒运动轨迹,以及颗粒碰撞并沉积于壁面的通量分布.揭示了该型气流床煤气化炉内气固两相流动特征,并分析了入口速度和炉体上部高度对气固两相流动和颗粒在壁面沉积的影响规律.结果表明:对撞流显著增强炉内气固流动湍动,强化气固相互作用,并使煤粉颗粒在炉内有效分散,有利于化学反应高效进行;在喷嘴入口及顶部的壁面处颗粒沉积率较大.     

两段式气流床煤气化炉内熔渣壁面沉积数值模拟

为了研究我国自主研发的两段式干煤粉气流床气化炉内熔渣壁面沉积规律,对该气化炉进行了三维数值模拟.在合理假设的基础上,建立了基于Eulerian-Lagrangian模拟方法的炉内湍流多相反应流动模型,采用Realizable k-ε模型计算炉内气相湍流流场,应用颗粒轨道模型随机追踪煤粉颗粒在湍流气流中的运动与壁面沉积过程.通过数值计算获得了炉内气相流场、煤粉颗粒运动轨迹及其浓度分布,以及熔渣颗粒在炉膛壁面上的沉积率分布,揭示了该炉型内熔渣颗粒壁面沉积特性,并分析了不同进料方式对熔渣壁面沉积的影响规律.结果表明:两喷嘴对置进料使得熔渣主要沉积在喷嘴高度处两喷嘴之间的壁面上;四喷嘴对置进料使得一段壁面熔渣沉积率高于两喷嘴进料时的熔渣沉积率,且沉积率在圆周上的分布更加均匀,有利于形成均匀渣层对壁面进行有效保护;四喷嘴切圆进料使得炉内几乎所有熔渣颗粒都沉积在炉膛壁面上,且停留时间较短.     

Texaco气流床煤气化炉内气固两相流动的数值模拟

应用Eulerian-Lagrangian方法对国内某工厂实际运行的Texaco气流床煤气化炉内气固两相流动进行了模拟.采用Realizable k-ε模型计算炉内复杂气体湍流运动,应用颗粒轨道模型追踪煤粉颗粒在湍流气流中的运动轨迹.通过数值计算取得了炉内气相速度矢量、颗粒运动轨迹、颗粒碰撞壁面并沉积于壁面的沉积通量和颗粒在炉内的停留时间分布.揭示了该气化炉的气固两相流动特性,并分析了运行工况对壁面沉积通量分布的影响规律.结果表明:气化炉内的气体流场存在回流,回流延长了颗粒在气化炉内的停留时间,颗粒沉积通量最大的位置为筒体段下部和锥体段上部; 绝大部分颗粒在气化炉内的停留时间在5 s以内,气体流量降低时颗粒在炉内的停留时间减少.     

车身非光滑表面边界层流场特性分析

为了研究非光滑车身表面边界层流场特性,采用大涡模拟与Realizable k-ε湍流模型对车身外部瞬态和稳态流场进行数值模拟计算,对比分析了非光滑模型与光滑模型边界层内速度、粘性底层厚度、壁面剪切力、表面摩擦阻力因数、湍流强度和湍流耗散率等流场参数,解析了非光滑表面对车身流场流动特性的影响.研究结果表明,非光滑模型边界层内速度明显高于光滑模型,边界层厚度、壁面剪切力、表面摩擦阻力因数、湍流强度、湍流耗散率都比光滑模型有所减小.非光滑表面的引入加剧了车身尾迹气流的参混效应,防止外界的高速流对内部低速流的引射作用,从而减少了车身流场能量的损失.     

沟槽壁湍流减阻机理的氢气泡流动显示及数字图像分析

应用氢气泡流动显示和数字图像处理技术,对微型沟槽壁面平板湍流边界层的减阻机理进行了实验研究.对开口循环水槽中沟槽壁面及光滑平板壁面湍流边界层近壁区高低速条带流动结构及其猝发现象进行了氢气泡流动显示,应用"帧间比较"定量分析方法,获得了水平平面内流向脉动速度、展向脉动速度的平面分布,并对沟槽壁面和平板壁面近壁面区域湍流相干结构的氢气泡流动显示图像进行了比较分析,根据流向脉动速度、展向脉动速度的平面分布分析了沟槽壁面及光滑平板壁面湍流边界层近壁区高低速条带结构的展向尺度特征,从壁湍流相干结构控制的角度研究了沟槽壁面平板湍流边界层的减阻机理.     

基于直接数值模拟数据分析的类-1湍流边界层内层律关系

湍流边界层普适统计规律探索一直是湍流研究中的重要课题.本文根据Schlatter和?rlü给出的零压梯度平板湍流边界层直接数值模拟数据,对沿流向存在壁面切应力变化的类-1湍流边界层提出再认识的必要性.首次采用时-空间平均摩擦速度作为尺度描述类-1充分发展湍流边界层内层,给出了对内层不依赖于雷诺数基于双控制参数的数学表达,并对其中两个控制参数进行了深刻的物理剖析.指出该数学表达式可以被视为同时考虑和引入了局部壁面切应力增量(Δ)和线性律适用范围特征量(D)这两个关键影响因子修正,并进一步验证了此修正对内层描述的准确性和有效性.研究获得了类-1和类-2湍流边界层内层的统一表达式及其适用范围,发现在大部分情况下,特别是当局部壁面切应力偏离时-空间平均壁面切应力时,内层数学表达式的适用范围在d*=8.0以上,最高可达到d*≈10.0,而传统线性律的适用范围则均在d*=6.0以下.明确揭示了其物理机制是内层速度的表达可根据边界层内层特点,准确描述近壁黏性底层和内层过渡区(非线性增长区)中的速度剖线发展趋势.此机制的发现为湍流边界层内层律的构建和与外层对数律的衔接,并为进一步发展完整统一的类-1、2湍流边界层壁面律提供坚实数学物理基础.     

湍流边界层雷诺应力和壁脉动压强相位滞后分析

在风洞平板湍流边界层外层引入圆柱尾涡的周期性扰动,在尾流干扰下的湍流边界层内进行测量,对相位滞后关系进行了实验研究,给出了湍流边界层内的雷诺应力和壁面脉动压强相对于边界层内的大尺度结构变形率的相位滞后沿壁面法向的变化趋势,分析结果表明剪切湍流涡粘模式中的涡粘系数应该是随时均流梯度变化的复数形式.     

粗糙壁面Rayleigh-Bénard湍流热对流研究进展

粗糙壁面湍流广泛存在于自然界和工程技术等诸多领域,对其深入研究具有重要的理论价值和现实意义,既可以帮助揭示湍流边界层中的结构生成和动力学过程,又与很多实际应用息息相关.本文主要关注RayleighBénard湍流热对流这一典型的封闭湍流系统,着重评述了近年来粗糙壁面热对流领域内的若干研究新进展,包括粗糙壁面如何增强/减弱系统的整体热输运效率、粗糙壁面是否有利于终极区间的实现等.最后,对今后的研究工作进行展望.粗糙壁面对湍流输运的影响需要更进一步对边界层精细测量研究,粗糙壁面所引发羽流等湍流结构的生成和分离,与大尺度环流的单涡流动结构和多涡流动结构演化发展研究相对较少,粗糙元几何结构导致对称性流动结构的影响研究仍需更深入的探讨.     

方型和矩型环管湍流直接数值模拟分析：I.平均流场,对直管道充分发展湍流边界层的再认识

通过对槽道,方型环管及矩型环管内一系列充分发展湍流的系统直接数值模拟研究,建立直管内充分发展湍流数据库,其中包括详细的湍流统计数据：（1）湍流平均流场,即平均流向速度与湍流驱动平均二次流（史称Prandtl第二类二次流）;（2）湍流雷诺应力场;（3）湍流能量谱.在此基础上,作为系统研究的第一部分,本文对这些流动构型的湍流平均流场,包括平均流向速度,由湍流驱动的平均二次流结构以及平壁-角域剪切应力等,进行仔细剖析,进而总结出具有规律性的重要物理内涵.建立了直管内充分发展湍流边界层的广义壁面律,其中涵盖了von Karman平壁律和Xu90°凸,凹角域律.通过构造广义抑制函数和广义加强函数来定量描述和揭示这些规律之间的数学物理联系.首次提出在广义湍流边界层的框架下,泛型直管道边界层内层底部无量纲壁面切应力可以在一个较为宽广的范围内存在,即w0Ud3.23.5.而传统意义上由von Karman平壁律所支配的单位无量纲切应力,即层流底层关系wUy1,则仅为广义壁面律中的中性情形之特例.广义湍流边界层概念的提出和直管内充分发展湍流广义壁面律的建立,对传统意义上的湍流边界层及其密切相关的平壁律物理机制和相应数学表述进行了重新认识和重要拓展,由此达到对泛型直管内充分发展湍流边界层再认知的目的.     

壁面展向振动的可压缩槽道湍流的大涡模拟

采用大涡模拟对低雷诺数可压缩壁面展向高频振动的槽道湍流进行了模拟,详细研究了湍流相干结构的变化对边界层的温度场和热量输运的影响.首先,将得到的减阻数据和其他学者的结果进行对比分析,验证了该文的大涡模拟方法对展向振动控制的湍流模拟的可靠性.在此基础上,对温度场和热量输运进行了统计和分析,发现了槽道中的速度相干结构和温度结构始终保持高度的一致性;当速度相干结构受到抑制时,边界层中湍流对动量的输运和热量的输运同时下降,并且变化的趋势保持一致.这表明湍流相干结构在动量输运和热量输运中起到相同的主导作用.该文还得到了在合适的参数下,采用壁面展向振动技术可以实现平均壁面热流降低的结论.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the