籼稻93-11和粳稻日本晴DNA插入缺失差异片段揭示的水稻籼-粳分化

碱基的插入/缺失(InDel)引起DNA序列变化并形成了DNA片段长度多态,可以用作遗传标记.为了评价基于籼稻93-11和粳稻日本晴全基因组序列比对获得的差异片段而设计的InDel引物在鉴定籼稻和粳稻两种生态型以及研究稻属不同物种之间亲缘关系的意义,采用45对InDel引物,对来自亚洲10个国家的49份籼稻、43份粳稻品种和24份野生稻进行了检验.结果表明,其中41对InDel引物鉴定籼稻或粳稻品种的准确率高于80%.主成分分析散点图显示:籼稻与粳稻存在明显的遗传分化;含AA基因组的野生稻物种与籼稻品种存在较近的亲缘关系;非AA基因组的野生稻物种不存在明显的籼-粳分化.并且证明了基于籼稻93-11和粳稻日本晴全基因组序列比对获得的InDel差异片段设计的引物可以用于栽培稻籼稻和粳稻品种的鉴定以及籼-粳分化问题的研究,及探索稻属不同物种间的亲缘关系.     

水稻杂种优势利用的技术策略探讨

从3个方面探讨了水稻杂种优势利用的技术策略,认为挖掘水稻的增产潜力是水稻育种的研究热点,亚种间杂种优势的利用有待于寻找新的途径,在多倍性水平有可能找到一系法杂交稻研究的突破口。     

氮素对不同生态型稻种资源苗期氮素利用效率差异性的影响

在低氮(20mg/kg)、中氮(40mg/kg)和高氮(60mg/kg)水平下,测定和比较了不同类型稻种资源苗期氮素利用效率(NUE)的差异。结果表明:随着氮素水平的升高,不同生态型稻种资源苗期NUE呈下降趋势。不同类型稻种资源苗期NUE存在显著或极显著差异,且因氮素水平而异:低氮条件下,陆稻NUE显著高于水稻;中氮和高氮条件下,水、陆稻的NUE未达显著差异;低、中和高氮条件下,古老地方品种NUE显著或极显著高于现代育成品种,杂交组合NUE显著或极显著高于常规品种;低氮条件下,籼、粳稻NUE无显著差异;中、高氮条件下的籼稻NUE极显著低于粳稻。     

Identification and mapping of genes for improving yield from Chinese common wild rice (O. rufipogon Griff.) using advanced backcross QTL analysis

To identify useful genes from wild rice which have been lost or weakened in cultivated rice has become more and more important for modern breeding strategy. In this study, a BC4 population derived from 94W1, an acces-sion of common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) from Dongxiang in Jiangxi Province of China, as the donor, and a high-yielding Indica cultivar (O. sativa L.), "Guichao 2", as the recipient, was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with yield and its components. Based on the analysis for the genotype of BC4F1 population with 87 SSR markers distributed throughout the genome and investigation of the plant height, yield and yield components of BC4F2, a total of 52 QTLs, were detected. Of 7 QTLs associated with grain yield per plant, 2 QTLs on chro-mosome 2 and chromosome 11 for grain yield, explaining 16% and 11% of the phenotypic variance respectively, were identified. The alleles from Dongxiang common wild rice in those two loci could increase the yield of "Guichao 2" by 25.9% and 23.2% respectively. The QTL on chromosome 2 increasing grain yield of cultivar is actually a major gene, which did not coincide with any previously published QTLs in rice.     

The record of cultivated rice from archaeobiological evidence in northwestern China 5000 years ago

Pollen, plant seeds and phytoliths from an AMS dated sediment profile at the Xishanping site indicate that the cultivation of rice might start no later than 5070 cal. a BP in the region of Tianshui, Gansu Province. It continued from 5070 to 4300 cal. a BP. This is so far the oldest and the most northwestern record of cultivated rice in Neolithic China, which extends the known region of prehistoric rice cultivation at least 2° longitude to the west. This finding provides important evidence for reconstructing the cultivation region of rice at 5000 a BP （an important time period）, and its spreading history in East Asia, during the Neolithic.     

转基因水稻与野生稻（Oryza nivara Sharma et Shastry）杂交后代种子萌发率

种子休眠性是野生植物重要的适应性状,通过种子萌发实验可以分析种子休眠性强弱.通过人工杂交获得转抗虫基因栽培稻与一年生普通野生稻三种组合的杂种,对杂种的F3代和F4代种子采用直接萌发、打破休眠后萌发、埋土15 d和30 d 4种不同处理来检测种子活力和萌发率.结果显示转基因杂种后代种子表现出较强的休眠性,转基因对种子活力和休眠性没有明显的影响,种子休眠性有随种子世代的增加而逐渐减弱的趋势,提示水稻转基因逃逸后有在野生稻群体中宿存和扩散的可能性,但这种可能性可能会随世代增加而下降.这为进一步研究水稻转基因逃逸风险提供了参考.     

籼和粳稻及WCVs配组的杂种优势及育性

以广亲和品种轮回422，02428分别与籼、粳稻配组及粳/籼、籼/粳、粳/粳配组，检验杂种F1代的杂种优势与育性，试验结果表明M-201/日本优的每株穗数和单粒株重优势明显，广亲和品种与籼、粳配组能得到具有生物优势而且育性强的杂种F1代，显著提高水稻产量；轮回422为亲梗型的广亲和品种，但02428对籼稻有较强的亲和力.     

Characteristics of the short rachillae of rice from archaeological sites dating to 7000 years ago

The abscission layer formed on a pedicel situated at the basal part of a short rachilla is an important characteristic for discriminating between wild, japonica, and indica rice. The short rachillae of paddy rice grains excavated from the Kuahuqiao, Luojiajiao, and Tianluoshan sites, located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and dating to 7000 years old, were observed. The results showed that the short rachillae could be divided into two types: a wild type and japonica type. These results indicated that the rice had been domesticated, but was a primitive cultivated rice that retained some of the characteristics of wild rice. The results also suggested that the rice was changing to resemble japonica type rice. Based on the ratios of wild and japonica types, it was inferred that rice domestication began 10000 years ago.     

Genetic diversity, geographic differentiation and evolutionary relationship among ecotypes of Glycine max and G. soja in China

The knowledge of origin and evolution of cultivated soybeans is one of the basic issues in both biology and agronomy of the crop. In order to investigate the nuclear and cytoplasmic genetic diversity, geographic differentiation and genetic relationship among geographic ecotypes of cultivated （Glycine max） and wild （G. soja） soybeans, the allelic profiles at 60 nuclear simple-sequence repeat （nuSSR） loci and 11 chloroplastic SSR （cpSSR） loci evenly distributed on whole genome of 393 landraces and 196 wild accessions from nation-wide growing areas in China were analyzed. （i） The genetic diversity of the wild soybean was obviously larger than that of the cultivated soybean, with their nuSSR and cpSSR alleles as 1067 vs. 980 and 57 vs 44, respectively. Of the 980 nuclear alleles detected in the cultivated soybean, 377 new ones （38.5%） emerged, while of the 44 chloroplastic alleles in the cultivated soybean, seven new ones （15.9%） emerged after domestication. （ii） Among the cultivated geographic ecotypes, those from southern China, including South-Central China, Southwest China and South China possessed relatively great genetic diversity than those from northern China, while among the wild geographic ecotypes, the Middle and Lower Changjiang Valleys wild ecotype showed the highest genetic diversity. （iii） The analysis of molecular variance, association analysis between geographic grouping and molecular marker clustering and analysis of specific-present alleles of ecotypes demonstrated that the geographic differentiation of both cultivated and wild soybeans associated with their genetic differentiation, or in other words, had their relevant genetic bases. （iv） The cluster analysis of all accessions clearly showed that the wild accessions from Middle and Lower Changjiang Valleys and South-Central ＆ Southwest China had relatively small genetic distances with all cultivated accessions. The UPGMA dendrogram among geographic ecotypes further showed that the genetic distances between all cultivated ecotypes and the Middle and Lower Changjiang Valleys wild ecotype were smaller than those with other wild ones, including their local wild counterparts. Therefore, it is inferred that the wild ancestors in southern China, especially those from Middle and Lower Changjiang Valleys might be the common ancestor of all the cultivated soybeans.     

云南稻核心种质回交后代糙米GABA含量分析

 为研究云南稻核心种质回交后代糙米GABA含量,实验分别以143份云南籼稻核心种质与滇屯502,241份云南粳稻核心种质与合系35配制的杂种F₆,BC₂F₄,BC₃F₃,BC₄F₂为材料,采用比色法对其糙米GABA含量进行测定分析.结果表明,粳稻回交后代GABA含量高于籼稻回交后代;有色米高于无色米;不同回交世代GABA含量差异较大,籼稻的规律是(mg/(100g)),BC₂F₄(9.50)>BC₃F₃(7.73)>轮回亲本(3.72)>BC₄F₂(3.3);粳稻的规律是,轮回亲本(12.28)>BC₂F₄(8.77)>BC₃F₃(6.11)>BC₄F₂(5.37).可见,在水稻GABA高含量育种方面,对早世代材料选择更易获得高GABA材料.     

《麽经布洛陀》与华南珠江流域的稻作农业——《麽经布洛陀》与稻作农业史研究之一

壮族及其同源的布依、侗、水、仫佬、毛南等民族是华南珠江流域的原始居民。《麽经布洛陀》是壮族麽教经文，其内容涉及稻谷种子的来源、野生稻驯化成为栽培稻、骆田与骆人、野牛驯养、石犁的使用与牛耕的出现、采集农业向稻作农业过渡、水稻种植时令及耕作制度的形成、早期的稻作农业祭祀等远古时代华南珠江流域稻作农业的起源和发展的有关问题。文章认为，从神话学的意义说，黄帝是黄河流域以粟作农业为代表的农业神，炎帝是长江流域以稻作农业为代表的农业神，而布洛陀则是华南珠江流域以稻作农业为代表的农业神，中华民族农业文明的巨流，主要是由这三大农业文明汇集而成的。     

野栽杂交花培育种探讨

采用花药培养技术对普通野生稻白叶枯病广谱抗源RBB16与水稻品种垦系3号等一批杂交后代进行花培育种。接种花药79080个,平均愈伤组织诱导率7.94％,绿苗分化率15.08％,从获得一批野栽杂交后代的花培绿苗中选育出T209-1、14-5两个高产、或高抗白叶枯病的稳定新品系。研究表明野栽杂交花培育种技术是克服野栽杂交后代稳定难,育种周期长与加速野生稻资源利用的有效途径。     

Genetic structure and diversity of Oryza sativa L. in Guizhou, China

Preserving many kinds of rice resources and rich variations, Guizhou Province is one of the districts with the highest genetic diversity of cultivated rice （Oryza sativa L.） in China. In the current research, genetic diversity and structure of 537 accessions of cultivated rice from Guizhou were studied using 36 microsetellite markers and 39 phenotypic characters. The results showed that the model-based genetic structure was the same as genetic-distance-based one using SSRs but somewhat different from the documented classification （mainly based on phenotype） of two subspecies. The accessions being classified into indica by phenotype but japonica by genetic structure were much more than that being classified into japonica by phenotype but indica by genetic structure. Like Ding Ying＇s taxonomic system of cultivated rice, the subspecific differentiation was the most distinct differentiation within cultivated rice. But the differentiation within indica or japonica population was different： japonica presented clearer differentiation between soil-watery ecotypes than indica, and indica presented clearer differentiation between seasonal ecotypes than japonica. Cultivated rices in Guizhou revealed high genetic diversity at both DNA and phenotypic levels. Possessing the highest genetic diversity and all the necessary conditions as a center of genetic diversity, region Southwestern of Guizhou was suggested as the center of genetic diversity of O. sativa L. from Guizhou.     

The genetic diversity of Gaozhou wild rice analyzed by SSR

LOCATED AT 21°42′34″―22°18′48″N AND 110°36′48″― 111°22′45″E IN THE TRANSITION REGION FROM SOUTH SUB- TROPICS TO NORTH SUBTROPICS, GAOZHOU WILD RICE (GWR) IS COMMON WILD RICE (ORYZA RUFIPOGON GRIFF.) AND THE WIDEST WILD RICE POPULATION IN GUA     

Identification and mapping of quantitative trait loci controlling cold-tolerance of Chinese common with rice （O.rufipogon Griff.） at booting to flowering stages

An advanced backcross population of rice was used to identify the quantitative trait locus(QTL) controlling the cold-tolerance at booting to flowering stages.The recipient,Guichao 2(GC2),was a commercial Indica rice;the donor Dongxiang common wild rice,was an accession of common wild rice(DXCWR,Oryza rufipogon Griff.).Three QTLs for cold-tolerance were detected on chromosomes 1,6 and 11.Two of them coming from DXCWR could enhance the cold-tolerance of the backcross progenies.Moreover,one sterility QTL that could reduce the seed set rate of the backcross progenies by 78% was mapped on chromosome5.     

Identification and mapping of quantitative trait loci controlling cold-tolerance of Chinese common wild rice (O. rufipogon Griff.) at booting to flowering stages

Cold injury is an important limitation of rice production. Therefore, screening for cold-tolerant genetic resources and the development of highly cold-tolerant cultivars is crucial for higher yield potential and stable yield of rice. There have been several reports on the genetic analysis and QTL mapping of the cold-tolerance at the booting stage. Toriyama et al.[1,2] and Futsuhara et al.[3,4] reported that 4 or more genes were involved in the cold-tolerance. Several QTLs at the booting sta…     

水稻籼粳杂交F1植株育性与花粉育性的关系

以2个广亲和品种(轮回422，02428)分别与籼、粳稻配组及粳/籼、籼/粳、粳/粳配组，检测了杂种F1代的结实率及镜检亲本F1代的花粉活性.试验结果表明：除测49外，亲本花粉可育性均较高，杂种F1代的花粉育性因亲本不同而有所差异，以广亲和品种与籼、粳稻配组所得的杂种F1代的花粉可育性最高；籼粳杂种F1代的花粉败育率与植株不结实率的相关系数达0.838 0.     

水稻籼粳杂交F1植株育性与花粉育性的关系

以广亲和品种轮回422、02428分别与籼、粳稻配组及粳／籼、籼／粳、粳／粳配组，检测杂种F1代的实率及镜检亲本F1代的花粉活性，试验结果表明：除测49外，亲本花粉可育性均较高，杂种F1代的花粉育性因亲本不同而有所差异，以广亲和品种与籼、粳稻配组所得的杂种F1代的花粉可育性为最高；籼粳杂种F1代的花粉败育率与植株不结实率的相关系数（r）达0.8380。     

水稻的起源与驯化——来自基因组学的证据

 水稻是世界上最重要的粮食作物, 约1 万年前开始被驯化。由于水稻与其祖先野生种存在一定的遗传分化, 水稻的起源和驯化问题长期存在争议。本文综述了水稻起源和驯化方面的研究成果, 特别是近年来基因组学方面的证据, 认为水稻2 个亚种独立起源于野生祖先种内很早就分化的不同类群, 但一些驯化基因--控制重要农艺性状的基因, 可能首先在一个亚种中被驯化, 然后通过基因渐渗, 扩散到另一个亚种中。因此, 水稻驯化的关键是研究驯化基因的起源和扩散方式。随着大规模基因组测序技术的发展和相应数据分析方法的建立, 在全基因组水平对水稻及其祖先进行大规模分析, 已成为揭示水稻起源与驯化之谜的必由之路。     

水稻籼粳杂交F_1植株育性与花粉育性的关系

以2个广亲和品种(轮回422,02428)分别与籼、粳稻配组及粳/籼、籼/粳、粳/粳配组,检测了杂种F1代的结实率及镜检亲本F1代的花粉活性.试验结果表明:除测49外,亲本花粉可育性均较高,杂种F1代的花粉育性因亲本不同而有所差异,以广亲和品种与籼、粳稻配组所得的杂种F1代的花粉可育性最高;籼粳杂种F1代的花粉败育率与植株不结实率的相关系数达0.8380.