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Electrophoretic analysis of histones and non-histone acid-soluble proteins in active (nuclease sensitive) and inactive chromatin from liver of young and old CBA mice and in age-related hepatocarcinomas showed a higher ratio of NHP:histones in active chromatin in old cells. Some liver- and hepatoma-specific fractions of non-histone proteins have been identified as chromatin matrix proteins. 相似文献
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Reichert N Choukrallah MA Matthias P 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2012,69(13):2173-2187
Class I Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play a central role in controlling cell cycle regulation, cell differentiation, and tissue development. These enzymes exert their function by deacetylating histones and a growing number of non-histone proteins, thereby regulating gene expression and several other cellular processes. Class I HDACs comprise four members: HDAC1, 2, 3, and 8. Deletion and/or overexpression of these enzymes in mammalian systems has provided important insights about their functions and mechanisms of action which are reviewed here. In particular, unique as well as redundant functions have been identified in several paradigms. Studies with small molecule inhibitors of HDACs have demonstrated the medical relevance of these enzymes and their potential as therapeutic targets in cancer and other pathological conditions. Going forward, better understanding the specific role of individual HDACs in normal physiology as well as in pathological settings will be crucial to exploit this protein family as a useful therapeutic target in a range of diseases. Further dissection of the pathways they impinge on and of their targets, in chromatin or otherwise, will form important avenues of research for the future. 相似文献
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Juste Wesche Sarah Kühn Benedikt M. Kessler Maayan Salton Alexander Wolf 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2017,74(18):3305-3315
Arginine methylation of histones is one mechanism of epigenetic regulation in eukaryotic cells. Methylarginines can also be found in non-histone proteins involved in various different processes in a cell. An enzyme family of nine protein arginine methyltransferases catalyses the addition of methyl groups on arginines of histone and non-histone proteins, resulting in either mono- or dimethylated-arginine residues. The reversibility of histone modifications is an essential feature of epigenetic regulation to respond to changes in environmental factors, signalling events, or metabolic alterations. Prominent histone modifications like lysine acetylation and lysine methylation are reversible. Enzyme family pairs have been identified, with each pair of lysine acetyltransferases/deacetylases and lysine methyltransferases/demethylases operating complementarily to generate or erase lysine modifications. Several analyses also indicate a reversible nature of arginine methylation, but the enzymes facilitating direct removal of methyl moieties from arginine residues in proteins have been discussed controversially. Differing reports have been seen for initially characterized putative candidates, like peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 or Jumonji-domain containing protein 6. Here, we review the most recent cellular, biochemical, and mass spectrometry work on arginine methylation and its reversible nature with a special focus on putative arginine demethylases, including the enzyme superfamily of Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases. 相似文献
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Chromatin assembly during S phase: contributions from histone deposition, DNA replication and the cell division cycle 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
During S phase of the eukaryotic cell division cycle, newly replicated DNA is rapidly assembled into chromatin. Newly synthesised
histones form complexes with chromatin assembly factors, mediating their deposition onto nascent DNA and their assembly into
nucleosomes. Chromatin assembly factor 1, CAF-1, is a specialised assembly factor that targets these histones to replicating
DNA by association with the replication fork associated protein, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, PCNA. Nucleosomes are
further organised into ordered arrays along the DNA by the activity of ATP-dependent chromatin assembly and spacing factors
such as ATP-utilising chromatin assembly and remodelling factor ACF. An additional level of controlling chromatin assembly
pathways has become apparent by the observation of functional requirements for cyclin-dependent protein kinases, casein kinase
II and protein phosphatases. In this review, we will discuss replication-associated histone deposition and nucleosome assembly
pathways, and we will focus in particular on how nucleosome assembly is linked to DNA replication and how it may be regulated
by the cell cycle control machinery. 相似文献
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The role of histones and their modifications in the informative content of chromatin 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
V. Tordera R. Sendra J. E. Pérez-Ortín 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1993,49(9):780-788
It is traditionally accepted that the DNA sequence cannot by itself explain all the mechanisms necessary for the development of living beings, especially in eukaryotes. Indeed part of the information used in these processes is stored in other ways, generally called epigenetic, whose molecular mechanisms are mostly unknown. The ultimate explanation for them might reside in the non-DNA moiety of chromatin which may play an active role in heredity (chromatin information). Histones are the universal structural component of chromatin. However, recent studies strongly suggest that histones, and their modifications — especially the reversible acetylation of lysines — may act as a recognition signal for regulatory proteins and they may participate, for this reason, in gene regulation. This type of information could be maintained through its replication and, ultimately, it could form the molecular basis of certain processes related to the development of the eukaryotic organisms. 相似文献
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A. A. Karavanov 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1983,39(9):1015-1016
Summary Specific interaction of a nonhistone protein from mouse spleen chromatin with histones HI, H2A and HMG 14 protein is shown. Some implications of these findings are briefly discussed. 相似文献
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Ignacio Campillo-Marcos Pedro A. Lazo 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2018,75(13):2375-2388
DNA damage causes a local distortion of chromatin that triggers the sequential processes that participate in specific DNA repair mechanisms. This initiation of the repair response requires the involvement of a protein whose activity can be regulated by histones. Kinases are candidates to regulate and coordinate the connection between a locally altered chromatin and the response initiating signals that lead to identification of the type of lesion and the sequential steps required in specific DNA damage responses (DDR). This initiating kinase must be located in chromatin, and be activated independently of the type of DNA damage. We review the contribution of the Ser-Thr vaccinia-related kinase 1 (VRK1) chromatin kinase as a new player in the signaling of DNA damage responses, at chromatin and cellular levels, and its potential as a new therapeutic target in oncology. VRK1 is involved in the regulation of histone modifications, such as histone phosphorylation and acetylation, and in the formation of γH2AX, NBS1 and 53BP1 foci induced in DDR. Induction of DNA damage by chemotherapy or radiation is a mainstay of cancer treatment. Therefore, novel treatments can be targeted to proteins implicated in the regulation of DDR, rather than by directly causing DNA damage. 相似文献
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D Sellos A van Wormhoudt Y Le Gal 《Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des sciences. Série D, Sciences naturelles》1977,284(6):489-492
The chromatin of Palaemon serratus hepatopancreas and testes has been isolated. All the classes of histones are present in the fractions studied so far. However, F1 harbors some characteristics different from that of Calf thymus F1. Moreover a supplementary fraction of low molecular weight can be detected in the testes. 相似文献
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Beyond their role in replication and chromosome end capping, telomeres are also thought to function in meiotic chromosome pairing, meiotic and mitotic chromosome segregation as well as in nuclear organization. Observations in both somatic and meiotic cells suggest that the positioning of telomeres within the nucleus is highly specific and believed to be dependent mainly on telomere interactions with the nuclear envelope either directly or through chromatin interacting proteins. Although little is known about the mechanism of telomere clustering, some studies show that it is an active process. Recent data have suggested a regulatory role for telomere chromatin structure in telomere movement. This review will summarize recent studies on telomere interactions with the nuclear matrix, telomere chromatin structure and factors that modify telomere chromatin structure as related to regulation of telomere movement. 相似文献
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K. Sandman S. L. Pereira J. N. Reeve 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1998,54(12):1350-1364
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A. Shukla P. Chaurasia S. R. Bhaumik 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2009,66(8):1419-1433
Methylation of lysine residues of histones is associated with functionally distinct regions of chromatin, and, therefore,
is an important epigenetic mark. Over the past few years, several enzymes that catalyze this covalent modification on different
lysine residues of histones have been discovered. Intriguingly, histone lysine methylation has also been shown to be cross-regulated
by histone ubiquitination or the enzymes that catalyze this modification. These covalent modifications and their cross-talks
play important roles in regulation of gene expression, heterochromatin formation, genome stability, and cancer. Thus, there
has been a very rapid progress within past several years towards elucidating the molecular basis of histone lysine methylation
and ubiquitination, and their aberrations in human diseases. Here, we discuss these covalent modifications with their cross-regulation
and roles in controlling gene expression and stability.
Received 24 September 2008; received after revision 21 November 2008; accepted 28 November 2008 相似文献