The New Detection and the Basic Characteristics of the Structural System of Taiwan Region of China—Using the Earth Satellite''''s Remote-sensing Images to Explain the Structural System of Taiwan Region of China

1 Forewords The Taiwan region is a special geographicunit[1]of China , its western edge is TaiwanStrait,facing Fujian Province of the mainland,and theits eastern edgeisthe Pacific Ocean,andits south edge is near the Bushi Straits ,and itsnorthern edge is connected to the Liuqiu Islands .Taiwan has its special geographical position,bingconnected with the island-chains , tightlydependent on the mainland and closed to theocean,andturns to be animportant harbor and amidway—change-station in f…     

Evaluation of Eco-Environmental Frangibility Based on Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System

The eco-environmental frangibility is studied by choosing the factors of land use class change and vegetation cover rate, and the equation of eco-environmental frangibility and its evaluation system are established based on remote sensing （RS） and geographic information system technology （GIS）. Four different years of TM images are selected to calculate land use change grads and vegetation cover rate, and the relationship between the two factors and eco-environment frangibility index are build, taking Fuzhou as an example. The character of times change and space distribution of eco-environment frangibility are described. The result indicates the area of eco-environment frangibility increased 2.6% in Fuzhou during twelve years, and expands from the region between infield and forest land to forest land in space distribution.     

Ocean primary productivity estimation of China Sea by remote sensing

Ocean primary productivity is a key parameter in the research of globalcarbon cycle, ocean biological resources, and in evaluation of the feature and quality of ocean biological environment. Traditional shipboard measurement which is costly and time-consuming is impossible to obtain the spatial and temporal information on primary productivity on a large scale in a short period of time. Satellite remote sensing is an effective strategy to acquire the ocean information in near real time. Here we propose a model special for China Sea based on the concept of primary productivity using in situ primary productivity and environmental data from 1984 to 1990, and discuss every modeling parameter which can be retrieved by remote sensing in detail. The reliability of this model is tested by in situ data, and the comparison of other primary productivity models is made. We also analyze the temporal and spatial distribution of China Sea primary productivity in 2000. From our analysis the satellite remote sensing data have been proved very useful for ocean primary productivity study.     

Temporal and Spatial Conversion Analysis of Soil Erosion in the Three Gorges Region Based on RS and GIS Technique——A Case Study in Kaixian County

In this paper, Kaixian County, situated in the hinterland of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, was selected for the case study. Factors of soil erosion were obtained based on the technique of remote sensing （RS） and geographic information system （GIS）. Combining with field survey, soil erosion data in the years of 1988, 2000 and 2004 which covered the period from the beginning of the Three Gorges Reservoir Project to nowadays were investigated through the judgment model established on soil erosion intensity. With the function of spatial analysis in the geographic information system, the analysis and appraisal of dynamic soil erosion changes were carried out, and the spatial characteristics of the vicious change were highlighted, and the main causes of the vicious change of soil erosion were explored.     

A preliminary knowledge-driven prediction model of snail distribution in the Poyang Lake region

Present monitoring and prediction of schistosomiasis＇s intermediate parasite, snail, are based on remote sensing image＇s spectral signatures, and the calculation result is in fact an incomplete-constraints solution. TM image of the Poyang Lake region on October 31, 2005 was combined with GIS thematic data （DEM, boundary of the Poyang Lake, vegetation, soil and land use） to make a prediction on snail spatial distribution in the region by remote sensing, geo-informaUcs and knowledge-driven modeling according to mechanism of snail occurrence. Result shows that with change of overall fuzzy membership of snail occurrence from high to low, snail occurrence of the snail samples of validation group goes up to 81% within 10% high fuzzy membership range, denoting high efficiency of the model in predicting snail occurrence.     

Meanders of the Jialing River in China： Morphology and formation

As a fundamental category of river system, comparisons in diverse regions and types with quantitative parameters on meander morphology will help to distinguish different characteristics and approach formations and evolutions. It also can provide scientific basis of geomorphology for their protections and exploitation of the meander resources. Based on the images of Google Earth, meanders＇ parameters are proposed and then measured and calculated. The result suggests that incised meanders in the Jialing River are among the most complex, irregular and sinuous channels. Special river gradient, geological structures, strata and lithology, backwater effect of landform are key factors to shape meanders of the Jialing River. The evolution of meander in the Jialing River obeys the principle of minimum-maximum energy dissipation. Easy acquisitions of remote sensing data make regional and global comparisons possible, and then the differences of formations can be explored. The morphology can probably provide an evidence of antecedent river and demonstrate the channel incisions and crustal uplifts. Meander core in Chinese is named after the isolated hills in the Jialing River. The incised meander is a kind of resource and needs to be protected.     

A test of Snowmelt Runoff Model （SRM） for the Gongnaisi River basin in the western Tianshan Mountains, China

The Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) is one of a very few models in the world today that requires remote sensing derived snow cover as model input. Owing to its simple data requirements and use of remote sensing to provide snow cover information, SRM is ideal for use in data sparse regions, particularly in remote and inaccessible high mountain watersheds. In order to verify the applicability of SRM in an environment of continental climate, a test of SRM is performed for the Gongnaisi River basin in the western Tianshan Mountains, the results show that two SRM average goodness-of-fit statistics for simulations, Nash-Sutcliff coeffident (R2) and volume difference (Dv), are 0.87 and 0.90%,respectively. As compared with the application results over 80 basins in 25 different countries around the world, SRM performs well in the Gongnaisi River basin. The results also show that SRM can be a validated snowmelt runoff model capable of being applied in the western Tianshan Mountains.On the basis of snowmelt runoff simulation, together with a set of simplified hypothetical climate scenarios, SRM is also used to simulate the effects of climate change on snow cover and the consecutive snowmelt runoff. For a given hypothetical temperature increase of 4℃, the snow coverage and snowmelt season shift towards earlier dates, and the snowmelt runoff, as a result, is changed significantly at the same time. The simulation results show that the snow cover is sensitive to changes of climate, especially to the increase of temperature, the major effect of climate change will be a time shifting of snowmelt runoff to early spring months, resulting in a redistribution of seasonally runoff throughout the whole snowmelt season.     

Population information extraction in Chaohu watershed based on RS and GIS

It is always difficult to extract population information of small watershed during the region environment assessment.The report adopted compound areal interpolation to study the population in Chaohu watershed with the GIS technique and landuse interpretation data from remote sensing.The result indicated that the method is effective to extract population information of small watershed.     

Scientific design and preliminary results of three-dimensional variational data assimilation system of GRAPES

The scientific design and preliminary results of the data assimilation component of the Global-Regional Prediction and Assimilation System （GRAPES） recently developed in China Meteorological Administration （CMA） are presented in this paper. This is a three-dimensional variational （3DVar） assimilation system set up on global and regional grid meshes favorable for direct assimilation of the space-based remote sensing data and matching the frame work of the prediction model GRAPES. The state variables are assumed to decompose balanced and unbalanced components. By introducing a simple transformation from the state variables to the control variables with a recursive or spectral filter, the convergence rate of iteration for minimization of the cost function in 3DVar is greatly accelerated. The definition of dynamical balance depends on the characteristic scale of the circulation considered. The ratio of the balanced to the unbalanced parts is controlled by the prescribed statistics of background errors. Idealized trials produce the same results as the analytic solution. The results of real data case studies show the capability of the system to improve analysis compared to the traditional schemes, Finally, further development of the system is discussed.     

Network Garment Style Design System with Remote Information Access and Auto-Connecting Technology

A Network Garment Style Design System （NGSDS） is proposed to enable the remote style structure drawing design of garment. After the development of the system structure based on network that consists of client end and server end at two remote places, a multi-layer part database based on Oracle platform is presented to store information of different parts of garment style. With the acquirement of remote design data at server end using Http technology, the style design is ultimately implemented at the client end using Auto-connecting algorithms. One empirical example is given to show the implementation of the NGSDS.     

Spatial analyzing system for urban land use management based on GIS and multi-criteria assessment modeling

Urban land management requires the integration of a wide range of data on ecological process, environmental process and process on urban planning and development. This paper combined land suitability modeling with remote sensing （RS）, landscape ecological analysis and geographic information system （GIS） to develop a spatial analyzing system for urban expansion land management. The spatial analyzing system incorporates the use of a multi-criteria mechanism in GIS for the suitability evaluation of urban expansion land. Grey relational analysis （GRA） was combined with analytic hierarchy process （AHP） to address the uncertainties during the process of evaluation. This approach was applied to explicitly identify constraints and opportunities for future land conservation and development in Changsha City, China. Validation of the methodology showed a high degree of coincidence with the previous independent studies as regards ecological suitability. The methodology can be useful in environmental protection, land management and regional planning.     

Land cover classification of remotely sensed image with hierarchical iterative method

Land cover classification is one of the most wide ly used applications of remote sensing. The use ofmultitemporal remote sensing data in land cover clas sification is one of the effective methods of obtainingaccurate land cover/land use data. For a particularimage, different land cover types often show a similarspectral response and are difficult to separate. Theadvantage of using multitemporal data is that differentvegetation types show different spectral characteristicsin…     

Fractal Characteristic of Soil in Typical Debris Flow.Triggering Region： A Case Study in Jiangjia Ravine of Dongchuan, Yunnan

The structural features of soil in debris flow-triggering region play an important role in the formation and evolution of debris flow. In this paper, a case study on the fractal of soil particle-size distribution （PSDFs） and pore-solid （PSFs） in Jiangjia Ravine was conducted. The results revealed that the soil in Jiangjia Ravine had significant fractal features and its PSDF and PSF had the same variation trend despite different type of soils in debris flow-triggering region： residual soil （RS） 〉 debris flow deposit （DFD）~clinosol （CL）, their fractal dimension of PSDFs are respectively between 2.62 and 2.96, 2.52 and 2.68, 2.37 and 2.52; and the fractal dimension of PSFs are respectively between 2. 75 and 2.95, 2. 57 and 2. 72, 2.59 and 2.64. The fractal dimension of soil reflected its complexity as a self-organizing system and was closely related to the evolution of soil in debris flow- triggering region.     

A Novel Architecture of Metadata Management System Based on Intelligent Cache

This paper introduces a novel architecture of metadata management system based on intelligent cache called Metadata Intelligent Cache Controller （MICC）. By using an intelligent cache to control the metadata system, MICC can deal with different scenarios such as splitting and merging of queries into sub-queries for available metadata sets in local, in order to reduce access time of remote queries. Application can find results patially from local cache and the remaining portion of the metadata that can be fetched from remote locations. Using the existing metadata, it can not only enhance the fault tolerance and load balancing of system effectively, but also improve the efficiency of access while ensuring the access quality.     

The Dynamic Analysis of Natural Environment Change of the Nuclear Test Field in Lop Nur Region of China

Using earth satellite observation means, remote sensing information distilled technique and regional research production, we have roundly analyzed and made an integrated evaluation about the Lop Nur nuclear test field in western China. This product reveals the rarely-known nuke explosion effect and response events of geology conditions. It also offers us legible and practical first-hand materials about human extreme effects, important engineering environment and intimidating influence process. By excavating and appraising the materials gradually on the natural environment factors changing in the test field through macroscopic elimination and typical filtration, it can supply basic scientific data for security of national nuclear usage, appraising the nuclear environment synthetically and developing nuclear strategy expediently.     

Comments on scaling effect of reciprocity in BRDF study

Reciprocity principle is a common theory in electromagnetics and optics. It is also one of the general principles of the radiation transformation theory. However, in many remote sensing studies, this principle cannot be always supported by experimental data, especially when the scaling effect of the remote sensing image pixel is considered. The debate over the issue of whether the reciprocity principle can be used as a fundamental standard in evaluating the effectiveness of remote sensing observations has lasted for years. Using geometrical optics model, Li and Wan proved the existence of the scaling effect in applying the reciprocity principle to a remote sensing image pixel in 1998. In 2002, Snyder challenged Li's proof, and attempted to prove that reciprocity principle is universally valid without any scale limitation. In this paper, we will argue with Snyder's theory and point out that Snyder's theory had neglected an important condition used in Li's proof and, as a result, drawn the wrong conclusion. Here we will restate Li's condition in his demonstration and offer a further proof to verify that reciprocity principle cannot be applied unconditionally to the study of bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of land surfaces in field or satellite remote sensing observation scale.     

Analysis and Research for the Technology of Remote Transaction Mirror Image

The technology of remote transaction mirror image is a feasible, low-investment and well-effect disaster backup scheme in finance business system. The basic idea, construction, working principles and characteristic of remote transaction mirror image are presented in this paper. We analyze and compare similarities and differences among this disaster backup scheme and others usually used. The technology of remote transaction mirror image have the advantages such as less requiring of software and hardware system platform, low-investment, being able to control and restore lost data, insuring the data consistency and integrity.     

Evolvement of the System Complexity Degree under Different Time Scalings： an Illustration of the Traffic Flow System

It is investigable how the system scaling affects the system complexity degree. The traffic flow system is taken in this paper as an illustration to study this question. First, the Lempel-Ziv algorithm is introduced for accurate depiction of the complexity degree of the traffic flow system. We gain 3 actual sequences and 20 s period traffic flow sequences on the basis of the measure of the traffic flow data; we gain 5 traffic flow sequences whose periods are between 1 - 5 min by simulating the traffic flow system. By calculating the complicacy of the 11 sequences, we obtain two hypothesis： the complicacies of the same system are different under different time scalings; negative correlation exists between the complicacy and the time scaling of the system.     

Land use and land cover change along the topographic gradients and stream corridors in the LRGR

With the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region （LRGR） in the southwestern China as the object, this research studied how land use pattern varies with the complex topographic features. Based on the 1：50000 digital elevation model （DEM） data and the remote sensing images in 1980, 2001, and by using GIS map algebra method, we investigated the relationship between landform （e.g. elevation and stream networks） and land use, especially the correlation of human activities with the spatial arrangement of the stream networks. This paper reveals that land use and land cover changes in valleys with rich water source at lower elevations are characterized by distinct successional gradients from the river to the upland, which was possibly due to the distance and the availability of water resource. And by dividing the region into four vertical zones according to their elevations, we found that the land use and human activities in each zone were significantly different. Finally, it is indicated that the jamming effects of human activities in the LRGR were spatially heterogeneous and thus led to the barrier effect of stream corridors.