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1.
Controlling iron/oxygen chemistry in biology depends on multiple genes, regulatory messenger RNA (mRNA) structures, signaling
pathways and protein catalysts. Ferritin, a protein nanocage around an iron/oxy mineral, centralizes the control. Complementary
DNA (antioxidant responsive element/Maf recognition element) and mRNA (iron responsive element) responses regulate ferritin
synthesis rates. Multiple iron-protein interactions control iron and oxygen substrate movement through the protein cage, from
dynamic gated pores to catalytic sites related to di-iron oxygenase cofactor sites. Maxi-ferritins concentrate iron for the
bio-synthesis of iron/heme proteins, trapping oxygen; bacterial mini-ferritins, DNA protection during starvation proteins,
reverse the substrate roles, destroying oxidants, trapping iron and protecting DNA. Ferritin is nature’s unique and conserved
approach to controlled, safe use of iron and oxygen, with protein synthesis in animals adjusted by dual, genetic DNA and mRNA
sequences that selectively respond to iron or oxidant signals and link ferritin to proteins of iron, oxygen and antioxidant
metabolism.
Received 25 June 2005; received after revision 17 October 2005; accepted 25 November 2005 相似文献
2.
Reddy SV 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2006,63(4):391-398
Paget’s disease of bone is a chronic focal skeletal disorder characterized by increased bone resorption by the osteoclasts.
Paramyxoviral gene products have been detected in pagetic osteoclasts. Paget’s disease is an autosomal dominant trait with
genetic heterogeneity. Several mutations in the ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain of sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62) have been
identified in patients with Paget’s disease. Similarly, mutations in the valosin-containing protein (VCP) gene have been shown
to cause inclusion body myopathy associated with Paget’s disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia. In addition, gene polymorphisms
and enhanced levels of cytokine/growth factors associated with Paget’s disease have been identified. However, the etiologic
factors in Paget’s disease remain elusive. A cause and effect relationship for the paramyxoviral infection and SQSTM1/ p62
gene mutations responsible for pagetic osteoclast development and disease severity are unclear. This article will highlight
the etiologic factors involved in the pathogenesis of Paget’s disease.
Received 6 October 2005; received after revision 2 November 2005; accepted 24 November 2005 相似文献
3.
Staphylococci have two mechanisms for resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. One is the production of β-lactamases, enzymes that
hydrolytically destroy β-lactams. The other is the expression of penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP 2a), which is not susceptible
to inhibition by β-lactam antibiotics. Strains of S. aureus exhibiting either β-lactamase or PBP 2a-directed resistance (or both) have established a considerable ecological niche among
human pathogens. The emergence and subsequent spread of bacterial strains designated as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), from the 1960s to the present, has created clinical difficulties for nosocomial treatment on a global scale. The
recent variants of MRSA that are resistant to glycopeptide antibiotics (such as vancomycin) have ushered in a new and disconcerting
chapter in the evolution of this organism.
Received 2 April 2005; received after revision 15 July 2005; accepted 25 July 2005 相似文献
4.
Improper protein folding (misfolding) can lead to the formation of disordered (amorphous) or ordered (amyloid fibril) aggregates.
The major lens protein, α-crystallin, is a member of the small heat-shock protein (sHsp) family of intracellular molecular
chaperone proteins that prevent protein aggregation. Whilst the chaperone activity of sHsps against amorphously aggregating
proteins has been well studied, its action against fibril-forming proteins has received less attention despite the presence
of sHsps in deposits found in fibril-associated diseases (e.g. Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s). In this review, the literature
on the interaction of αB-crystallin and other sHsps with fibril-forming proteins is summarized. In particular, the ability
of sHsps to prevent fibril formation, their mechanisms of action and the possible in vivo consequences of such associations are discussed. Finally, the fibril-forming propensity of the crystallin proteins and its
implications for cataract formation are described along with the potential use of fibrillar crystallin proteins as bionanomaterials.
Received 13 June 2008; received after revision 29 July 2008; accepted 05 August 2008 相似文献
5.
Moshnikova AB Afanasyev VN Proussakova OV Chernyshov S Gogvadze V Beletsky IP 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2006,63(2):229-234
Currently, chemical bifunctional cross-linkers are regarded as promising therapeutic agents capable of affecting cell metabolism.
Depending on the nature of the active groups and on the length of their mediating spacer, these cross-linkers have been shown
to influence mitochondrial functions, the cell cycle and cell death. The current study was aimed to assay cellular effects
of a cross-linker with ‘zero’-length spacer, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC). When added to cultures
of transformed cells, EDC induced a G2/M blockade followed by cell death. Analysis of the molecular targets revealed that
alteration of the cell cycle was caused by EDC-induced interchain cross-linking within double-stranded DNA. Administration
of EDC to animals with experimental tumors increased their life span. The analysis of tumor cells from EDC-treated mice showed
up-regulation of p21/WAF1, disturbance of tumor cell cytokinesis and, hence, cell death. Thus, both in vitro and in vivo, EDC exhibits cytotoxic activity, which may be of potential therapeutic use.
Received 15 August 2005; received after revision 23 September 2005; accepted 15 November 2005 相似文献
6.
Oxidative stress and hypoxia-like injury cause Alzheimer-type molecular abnormalities in central nervous system neurons 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
de la Monte SM Neely TR Cannon J Wands JR 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2000,57(10):1471-1481
Neuronal loss and neuritic/cytoskeletal lesions (synaptic disconnection and proliferation of dystrophic neurites) represent
major dementia-associated abnormalities in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study examined the role of oxidative stress as a
factor contributing to both the cell death and neuritic degeneration cascades in AD. Primary neuron cultures were treated
with H2O2 (9–90 μM) or desferrioxamine (2–25 μM) for 24 h and then analyzed for viability, mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial function,
and pro-apoptosis and sprouting gene expression. H2O2 treatment causes free-radical injury and desferrioxamine causes hypoxia-type injury without free radical generation. The
H2O2-treated cells exhibited sustained viability but neurite retraction, impaired mitochondrial function, increased levels of
the pro-apoptosis gene product CD95/Fas, reduced expression of N2J1-immunoreactive neuronal thread protein and synaptophysin,
and reduced distribution of mitochondria in neuritic processes. Desferrioxamine treatment resulted in dose-dependent neuronal
loss associated with impaired mitochondrial function, proliferation of neurites, and reduced expression of GAP-43, which has
a role in path-finding during neurite outgrowth. The results suggest that oxidative stress can cause neurodegeneration associated
with enhanced susceptibility to apoptosis due to activation of pro-apoptosis genes, neurite retraction (synaptic disconnection),
and impaired transport of mitochondria to cell processes where they are likely required for synaptic function. In contrast,
hypoxia-type injury causes neuronal loss with proliferation of neurites (sprouting), impaired mitochondrial function, and
reduced expression of molecules required to form and maintain synaptic connections. Since similar abnormalities occur in AD,
both oxidative stress and hypoxic injury can contribute to AD neurodegeneration.
Received 24 May 2000; received after revision 7 July 2000; accepted 27 July 2000 相似文献
7.
Multiple roles of the DSCR1 (Adapt78 or RCAN1) gene and its protein product Calcipressin 1 (or RCAN1) in disease 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The DSCR1 (Adapt78) gene1 is transiently induced by stresses to temporarily protect cells against further potentially lethal challenges. However, chronic
expression of the DSCR1 (Adapt78) gene has now been implicated in several pathological conditions including Alzheimer’s disease, Down syndrome and cardiac
hypertrophy. Calcipressin 1 has been shown to function through direct binding and inhibition of the serine threonine protein
phosphatase Calcineurin. Pharmacological inhibition of calcineurin, by the immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporin A and FK506,
affects a wide variety of diseases. It is, therefore, likely that this endogenous calcineurin inhibitor, calcipressin 1, may
also play a role in a variety of human diseases.
1Please note that the mammalian DSCR1 gene is also called Adapt78 or RCAN1, and its protein products have been named Calcipressin1, MCIP1 and RCAN1. A proposal to adopt a single gene name of RCAN1 and a protein name RCAN1 (for Regulator of Calcineurin) has been endorsed by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, but final
approval must await agreement from a majority of researchers in the field.
Received 2 March 2005; received after revision 27 May 2005; accepted 19 July 2005 相似文献
8.
Parihar MS Parihar A Fujita M Hashimoto M Ghafourifar P 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2008,65(7-8):1272-1284
α-Synuclein is a neuron-specific protein that contributes to the pathology of Parkinson’s disease via mitochondria-related mechanisms. The present study investigated possible interaction of α-synuclein with mitochondria and
consequences of such interaction. Using SHSY cells overexpressing α-synuclein A53T mutant or wild-type, as well as isolated
rat brain mitochondria, the present study shows that α-synuclein localizes at the mitochondrial membrane. In both SHSY cells
and isolated mitochondria, interaction of α-synuclein with mitochondria causes release of cytochrome c, increase of mitochondrial calcium and nitric oxide, and oxidative modification of mitochondrial components. These findings
suggest a pivotal role for mitochondria in oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by α-synuclein.
Received 27 December 2007; received after revision 7 February 2008; accepted 8 February 2008 相似文献
9.
Mollica MP Lionetti L Crescenzo R D'Andrea E Ferraro M Liverini G Iossa S 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2006,63(3):358-366
This study was designed to examine energetic behaviour of skeletal muscle subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar mitochondrial
populations. The data show that subsarcolemmal mitochondria exhibited a lower degree of coupling and efficiency than intermyofibrillar
ones, and can therefore be considered less efficient at producing ATP. In addition, subsarcolemmal mitochondria showed an
increased sensitivity to palmitate-induced uncoupling, in line with high adenine nucleotide translocator content and decreased
oxidative damage. We then determined the effect of 24 h fasting on energetic characteristics of skeletal muscle mitochondrial
populations. We found that fasting enhanced proton leak and decreased the degree of coupling and efficiency, both in the absence
and in the presence of palmitate only in subsarcolemmal mitochondria. Moreover, this mitochondrial population showed lower
oxidative damage, probably due to a counter-regulatory mechanism mediated by uncoupling protein 3. Subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar
mitochondria appear to exhibit different energetic characteristics and can be differently affected by physiological stimuli.
Received 28 September 2005; received after revision 9 November 2005; accepted 28 November 2005 相似文献
10.
Sami Reijonen Jyrki P. Kukkonen Alise Hyrskyluoto Jenny Kivinen Minna Kairisalo Nobuyuki Takei Dan Lindholm Laura Korhonen 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2010,67(11):1929-1941
Accumulation of abnormal proteins and endoplasmic reticulum stress accompany neurodegenerative diseases including Huntington’s
disease. We show that the expression of mutant huntingtin proteins with extended polyglutamine repeats differentially affected
endoplasmic reticulum signaling cascades linked to the inositol-requiring enzyme-1 (IRE1) pathway. Thus, the p38 and c-Jun
N-terminal kinase pathways were activated, while the levels of the nuclear factor-κB-p65 (NF-κB-p65) protein decreased. Downregulation
of NF-κB signaling was linked to decreased antioxidant levels, increased oxidative stress, and enhanced cell death. Concomitantly,
calpain was activated, and treatment with calpain inhibitors restored NF-κB-p65 levels and increased cell viability. The calpain
regulator, calpastatin, was low in cells expressing mutant huntingtin, and overexpression of calpastatin counteracted the
deleterious effects caused by N-terminal mutant huntingtin proteins. These results show that calpastatin and an altered NF-κB-p65
signaling are crucial factors involved in oxidative stress and cell death mediated by mutant huntingtin proteins. 相似文献
11.
Ancient origin of reggie (flotillin), reggie-like, and other lipid-raft proteins: convergent evolution of the SPFH domain 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rivera-Milla E Stuermer CA Málaga-Trillo E 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2006,63(3):343-357
Reggies (flotillins) are detergent-resistant microdomains involved in the scaffolding of large heteromeric complexes that
signal across the plasma membrane. Based on the presence of an evolutionarily widespread motif, reggies/flotillins have been
included within the SPFH (stomatin-prohibitin-flotillin-HflC/K) protein superfamily. To better understand the origin and evolution
of reggie/flotillin structure and function, we searched databases for reggie/flotillin and SPFH-like proteins in organisms
at the base and beyond the animal kingdom, and used the resulting dataset to compare their structural and functional domains.
Our analysis shows that the SPFH grouping has little phylogenetic support, probably due to convergent evolution of its members.
We also find that reggie/flotillin homologues are highly conserved among metazoans but are absent in plants, fungi and bacteria,
where only proteins with ‘reggie-like’ domains can be found. However, despite their low sequence similarities, reggie/flotillin
and ‘reggie-like’ domains appear to subserve related functions, suggesting that their basic biological role was acquired independently
during evolution.
Received 21 September 2005; received after revision 14 November 2005; accepted 21 November 2005 相似文献
12.
The public perception of selenium has changed significantly over the last decades. Originally mainly known for its high toxicity,
it was later recognized as an essential trace element and is now (despite its narrow therapeutic window) almost being marketed
as a lifestyle drug. Indeed, some clinical and preclinical studies suggest that selenium supplementation may be beneficial
in a large number of clinical conditions. However, its mode of action is unresolved in most of these cases. Selenocysteine
– identified as the 21st amino acid used in ribosome-mediated protein synthesis – is incorporated in at least 25 specific, genetically determined
human selenoproteins, many of which have only recently been discovered. Restoration of normal selenoprotein levels may be
– apart from direct supranutritional effects – one possible explanation for the effects of selenium supplements. In this review
we provide a brief but up-to-date overview of what is currently known about these 25 acknowledged human selenoproteins and
their synthesis.
Received 30 March 2005; received after revision 4 July 2005; accepted 13 July 2005 相似文献
13.
Mutations in CLCN5, which encodes the voltage-dependent Cl−/H+antiporter, CLC-5, cause Dent’s disease. This disorder is characterized by low molecularweight proteinuria, hypercalciuria,
nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis. Using a collecting duct cell model (mIMCD-3) in which endogenous clc-5 is disrupted
by antisense clc-5 or overexpression of truncated clc-5, we demonstrate altered expression of the crystal adhesion molecule, annexin A2. Endogenously expressed annexin A2 is intracellular
with limited plasma membrane localization. Following clc-5 disruption, there is both a marked increase in plasma membrane
annexin A2 and an increase in cell surface crystal retention and agglomeration, which may be attenuated using pretreatment
with anti-annexin A2 antibodies or wheat germ agglutinin lectin but not by concanavalin A. We hypothesize that in Dent’s disease,
endocytic failure leads to an accumulation at the plasma membrane of crystal-binding molecules that include annexin A2 leading
to retention of calcium crystals and ultimately nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis.
Received 22 October 2005; received after revision 26 November 2005; accepted 2 December 2005 相似文献
14.
Hammerhead ribozyme design and application 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The emerging knowledge about RNA-based enzymes has already had great impact on our concept of evolutionary history, making
the ‘RNA world’ more likely. It may well have an equally important impact on the diagnostic and therapeutic practices of human
and veterinary medicine in the next decade. We are not quite there yet. This review addresses the design and application of
hammerhead ribozymes, two aspects of a conserved and most commonly studied and used enzymatically active entity among the
RNA enzymes. The emerging picture is one of great diversity. There is at this stage no general cell model nor a clearly preferable
ribozyme structure. Each and every cell line (and tissue) may be unique in that they vary with respect to structural requirements
for optimal uptake, activity and stability of ribozymes. We may have seen only the tip of the iceberg when it comes to RNA-based
enzymes and their roles in biology and medicine.
Received 3 June 1998; received after revision 28 July 1998; accepted 28 July 1998 相似文献
15.
Human skin is permanently exposed to microorganisms, but rarely infected. One reason for this natural resistance might be
the existence of a ‘chemical barrier’ consisting in constitutively and inducibly produced antimicrobial peptides and proteins
(AMPs). Many of these AMPs can be induced in vitro by proinflammatory cytokines or bacteria. Apart from being expressed in vivo in inflammatory lesions, some AMPs are also focally expressed in skin in the absence of inflammation. This suggests that
non-inflammatory stimuli of endogenous and/or exogenous origin can also stimulate AMP synthesis without inflammation. Such
mediators might be ideal ‘immune stimulants’ to induce only the innate antimicrobial skin effector molecules without causing
inflammation.
Received 9 August 2005; received after revision 21 October 2005; accepted 16 November 2005 相似文献
16.
Immunophilins: for the love of proteins 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Barik S 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2006,63(24):2889-2900
Immunophilins are chaperones that may also exhibit peptidylprolyl isomerase (PPIase) activity. This review summarizes our
knowledge of the two largest families of immunophilins, namely cyclophilin and FK506-binding protein, and a novel chimeric
dual-family immunophilin, named FK506- and cyclosporin-binding protein (FCBP). The larger members of each family are modular
in nature, consisting of multiple PPIase and/or protein-protein interaction domains. Despite the apparent difference in their
sequence and three-dimensional structure, the three families encode similar enzymatic and biological functions. Recent studies
have revealed that many immunophilins possess a chaperone function independent of PPIase activity. Knockout animal studies
have confirmed multiple essential roles of immunophilins in physiology and development. An immunophilin is indeed a natural
‘protein-philin’ (Greek ‘philin’ = friend) that interacts with proteins to guide their proper folding and assembly.
Received: 7 May 2006; received after revision 3 July 2006; accepted 24 August 2006 相似文献
17.
The application of fractal dimension-based constructs to probe the protein interior dates back to the development of the concept
of fractal dimension itself. Numerous approaches have been tried and tested over a course of (almost) 30 years with the aim
of elucidating the various facets of symmetry of self-similarity prevalent in the protein interior. In the last 5 years especially,
there has been a startling upsurge of research that innovatively stretches the limits of fractal-based studies to present
an array of unexpected results on the biophysical properties of protein interior. In this article, we introduce readers to
the fundamentals of fractals, reviewing the commonality (and the lack of it) between these approaches before exploring the
patterns in the results that they produced. Clustering the approaches in major schools of protein self-similarity studies,
we describe the evolution of fractal dimension-based methodologies. The genealogy of approaches (and results) presented here
portrays a clear picture of the contemporary state of fractal-based studies in the context of the protein interior. To underline
the utility of fractal dimension-based measures further, we have performed a correlation dimension analysis on all of the
available non-redundant protein structures, both at the level of an individual protein and at the level of structural domains.
In this investigation, we were able to separately quantify the self-similar symmetries in spatial correlation patterns amongst
peptide–dipole units, charged amino acids, residues with the π-electron cloud and hydrophobic amino acids. The results revealed
that electrostatic environments in the interiors of proteins belonging to ‘α/α toroid’ (all-α class) and ‘PLP-dependent transferase-like’
domains (α/β class) are highly conducive. In contrast, the interiors of ‘zinc finger design’ (‘designed proteins’) and ‘knottins’
(‘small proteins’) were identified as folds with the least conducive electrostatic environments. The fold ‘conotoxins’ (peptides)
could be unambiguously identified as one type with the least stability. The same analyses revealed that peptide–dipoles in
the α/β class of proteins, in general, are more correlated to each other than are the peptide–dipoles in proteins belonging
to the all-α class. Highly favorable electrostatic milieu in the interiors of TIM-barrel, α/β-hydrolase structures could explain
their remarkably conserved (evolutionary) stability from a new light. Finally, we point out certain inherent limitations of
fractal constructs before attempting to identify the areas and problems where the implementation of fractal dimension-based
constructs can be of paramount help to unearth latent information on protein structural properties. 相似文献
18.
Igor P. Pogribny Frederick A. Beland 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2009,66(14):2249-2261
The pathogenesis of any given human disease is a complex multifactorial process characterized by many biologically significant
and interdependent alterations. One of these changes, specific to a wide range of human pathologies, is DNA hypomethylation.
DNA hypomethylation signifies one of the major DNA methylation states that refers to a relative decrease from the “normal”
methylation level. It is clear that disease by itself can induce hypomethylation of DNA; however, a decrease in DNA methylation
can also have an impact on the predisposition to pathological states and disease development. This review presents evidence
suggesting the involvement of DNA hypomethylation in the pathogenesis of several major human pathologies, including cancer,
atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and psychiatric disorders.
The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily represent those of the US Food and Drug Administration. 相似文献
19.
Kallmann’s syndrome, a neuronal migration defect 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Infertility and inability to smell are the phenotypical features of Kallmann’s syndrome (KS), a genetic disease which affects
1 in 10,000 males and 1 in 50,000 females, the majority of the cases being sporadic. The molecular pathogenesis of KS is complex
but mainly referable to the impairment of olfactory axon development and of the migration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(GnRH) neurons. Only two different genes have been identified so far as responsible for the disease: KAL1 and KAL2, encoding
anosmin-1 and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), respectively. In this review we focus our attention on insights
evoked by recent studies, which propose a new direct role for anosmin-1 in the migration GnRH neurons, and a fascinating hypothesis
of interactions between anosmin-1 and FGFR1 systems.
Received 23 December 2005; received after revision 31 May 2006; accepted 6 July 2006 相似文献
20.
Dong-Hyung Cho Tomohiro Nakamura Stuart A. Lipton 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2010,67(20):3435-3447
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that continuously undergo two opposite processes, fission and fusion. Mitochondrial
dynamics influence not only mitochondrial morphology, but also mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial distribution within
the cell, cell bioenergetics, and cell injury or death. Drp1 mediates mitochondrial fission, whereas Mfn1/2 and Opa1 control
mitochondrial fusion. Neurons require large amounts of energy to carry out their highly specialized functions. Thus, mitochondrial
dysfunction is a prominent feature in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Mutations of Mfn2 and Opa1 lead to neuropathies
such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A and autosomal dominant optic atrophy. Moreover, both Aβ peptide and mutant huntingtin
protein induce mitochondrial fragmentation and neuronal cell death. In addition, mutants of Parkinson’s disease-related genes
also show abnormal mitochondrial morphology. This review highlights our current understanding of abnormal mitochondrial dynamics
relevant to neuronal synaptic loss and cell death in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s
disease and Huntington’s disease. 相似文献