高速列车行驶速度对隧道壁面气动压力影响的数值模拟

壁面气动压力长期循环作用是高速铁路隧道衬砌掉块的重要诱因，为研究高速列车行驶速度对壁面气动压力基本特征的影响规律，采用三维数值仿真模拟对隧道典型位置(入口段、洞身段以及出口段)壁面气动压力进行研究。结果表明:列车车头经过使得监测横断面气动压力差异性增强，表现出显著的三维特征。隧道入口段气动压力三维特征主要受压缩空气所占体积大小以及与隧道入口之间距离的影响，气动压力三维特征随着进入隧道入口距离的增加而减弱，并逐渐向一维特征转变。列车车头驶入隧道入口后，车尾驶出隧道出口前，洞身段不同测点位置的气动压力正峰值主要受车头进入隧道入口诱发压缩波的影响，纵轴中断面测点气动压力负峰值与峰峰值大于洞口段。车尾驶出隧道出口后，出口段测点气动压力负峰值大于入口段，正峰值小于入口段。隧道出口段气动压力三维特征与入口段相似，但列车行驶速度以及测点与隧道出口之间距离对气动压力三维特征的影响机制更为复杂。     

气象因素对季冻区超长铁路隧道温度场的影响

寒区隧道温度场研究是揭示隧道冻害机理、优化隧道服役性能的基础。当前多关注工程地质条件对隧道温度场的影响,而气象因素对季冻区隧道温度场影响的相关研究较为少见。本文依托某季冻区隧道工程,引入统计分析方法基于工程区近41年气象数据总结了典型气象条件参数,设置3种不利风向组合,利用三维有限元模拟分析了典型气象条件下不同风向组合的隧道温度场。以隧道出入口负温区长度及温差为评价指标,通过正交试验方法分析了气象因素对隧道温度场影响的敏感性。结果表明：研究区风温服从正态分布,风速及持续时间服从对数正态分布;典型气象条件下隧道入口负温长度约2680m,出口约240m,隧道入口为抗冻设防重点区域;隧道入口温差约7.2℃,出口温差约4.5℃,隧道入口温差大于隧道出口;隧道入口温度场主要受风温、风速影响,出口温度场受风温影响最大;隧道出入口负温长度及温差均随风温的降低逐渐增大,主导风向风速增加入口负温长度增大但温差逐渐减小。     

高密度立交出入口车辆纵向运行特性

为明确车辆在高密度互通立交主线入口、出口以及连接段的纵向运行速度特征,在重庆市选取了5座立交为研究对象,开展了47名驾驶员的小客车实车驾驶试验。通过speedbox和mobileye等实验仪器采集的数据,包括车辆运行速度、纵向加速度等,对数据进行处理并按入口、出口及连接段分类提取数据,绘制出对应的速度曲线图,以明确车辆在高密度互通立交出入口以及连接段的纵向运行特性。分析结果表明：入口处速度趋势有两类,平行式入口是上升—平稳,直接式入口是持续上升,平行式入口速度均值高于直接式,平行式入口速度标准差小于直接式;不同类型入口对驾驶人的加速操作选择具有一定影响;平行式入口在纵向加速度均值上较直接式入口低;出口处速度分布整体呈平稳下降趋势,平行式的运行速度均值低于直接式,但速度标准差却更高;出口速度变化特征点受驾驶人在主线出口减速偏好性影响;平行式出口减速度最大值与均值均大于直接式;相邻立交净距较短时,连接段的速度变化较为平缓,并且不同驾驶人的速度幅值比较接近;而常规净距的相邻立交,连接段的速度波动性大且离散。研究成果为高密度互通立交出入口及连接段的安全性评价以及安全改善提供了理论支撑以及基础数据支撑。     

提示距离和初始速度对高速出口驾驶行为的影响

出口提示距离和初始速度对驾驶行为的影响直接关系到高速公路出口段的交通安全.为了分析二者的不同组合对驾驶行为的影响效应,在设计速度为100 km/h的山区高速公路服务区出口路段进行了3种出口提示距离(700、500和300 m)与3种初始速度(超速状态110 km/h、达速状态100 km/h和未达速状态90 km/h)组合条件下的驾驶行为实车试验,对减速车道渐变段起点处的断面行驶速度、最大减速度、变道初始位置等驾驶行为特征参数进行了采集和分析.试验分析结果表明:出口提示距离和初始速度均会对减速车道渐变段起点处的断面行驶速度造成显著影响,各种组合下减速车道渐变段起点断面行驶速度比主线设计速度降低8～18km/h;最大减速度受初始速度的影响显著,但是受出口提示距离的影响不显著,出口提示距离为700 m时达速和超速状态下车辆会出现不同于其他组合条件下的二次减速现象;出口提示距离是影响变道起始位置的关键因素,出口提示距离为300 m时,初始速度能够影响变道起始位置,随出口提示距离增大,初始速度对变道起始位置的影响变得不明显.文中试验结果可以为深入理解高速公路出口驾驶行为变化规律和优化出口设计提供参考.     

火灾时隧道截面形状对临界风速和烟气分布影响的数值研究

模拟分析了某地铁实际工程中三种区间隧道断面(单线盾构圆形断面、单跨矩形断面和双跨矩形断面)对临界风速的影响,结果表明单线盾构圆形隧道的临界风速最大,双跨矩形隧道对应的临界风速最小.拟合得出了纵向通风速度和逆流层长度的变化关系式,计算得出了10 MW火灾强度下三种隧道的临界风速,并在临界风速条件下对三种截面形状隧道对烟气的温度和浓度分布的影响进行了模拟分析,验证了拟合得出的通风速度和逆流层长度变化关系式的准确性,为地铁区间隧道火灾烟气扩散控制和通风系统设计提供了一定的参考依据.     

山区高速公路隧道群路段安全评价

为提高山区高速公路隧道群路段的行车安全性,通过对隧道群路段特征断面车辆速率及驾驶员心理、生理指标变化特征的分析建立了隧道群路段结构物长度和几何线形指标对车辆速率差以及驾驶员心率增长率的影响关系模型.结果表明,对于由2座隧道组成的隧道群,隧道连接段小型车的最大速率差受前一隧道和连接段的长度影响较大,大型车的最大速率差受连接段的长度以及纵坡影响较大;在第1座隧道的出口,驾驶员心率增长率受前一隧道和连接段长度的影响较大,而在第2座隧道的进口,驾驶员心率增长率受连接段长度以及隧道进口平纵线形综合指标的影响较大.在对关系模型进行验证分析的基础上,结合国内外相关研究成果,提出了基于速率差和心率增长率的隧道群路段安全评价方法.     

匝道车道数变化过渡段设计指标

为了研究匝道车道数变化过渡段长度和渐变率,参照前人研究成果分析匝道车道数变化过渡段的行车特性,提出利用换道模型研究这2个设计指标的方法。首先建立满足过渡段车辆行驶特征的等速偏移余弦曲线换道模型,并应用德国UMRR交通管理传感器的实测数据证明该换道模型的合理性;然后对该模型中最大横向加速度和最大横向加速度变化率2个关键参数进行深入研究;最后依据该模型,提出基于设计速度的匝道车道数变化过渡段长度和渐变率2个设计指标的推荐值,采用CarSim和TruckSim汽车动力学仿真软件分别建立了小汽车和大货车的仿真模型,利用该模型对提出的推荐值和《公路立体交叉设计细则》(JTG/T D21—2014)(下文简称规范)推荐值进行了对比验证。研究结果表明:基于等速偏移余弦曲线换道模型提出的匝道车道数变化过渡段设计指标,能保证车辆在过渡段沿特定最优轨迹安全、舒适行驶;规范推荐值仅能满足设计速度40km/h车辆的换道行为,此时的货车最大横向力系数为0.142;当设计速度在40km/h以下,横向力系数又远低于允许值,过度段长度浪费;当设计速度大于40km/h时,车辆的横向力系数已经超限,速度达到80km/h时,横向力系数超限达到315%,车辆在这种状态下行驶不安全。鉴于此,可以推测规范推荐值仅能满足设计速度40km/h的车辆行驶,高于和低于此速度时,匝道车道数变化过渡段的指标存在不合理性。     

隧道群路段环境光照度与驾驶人瞳孔面积分析

为提高高速公路隧道群路段驾驶人行车安全,采用眼动仪等设备对被试驾驶人的瞳孔变化进行了试验研究,分析了隧道群环境光照度、隧道纵深与驾驶人瞳孔面积的相关关系;提出隧道群路段"6小段"划分方式,构建驾驶人瞳孔面积最大差值与隧道连接段长度之间的曲线模型.结果表明:隧道群路段驾驶人瞳孔面积与环境光照度呈指数变化关系,上游隧道出口视觉明适应水平及连接段长度是影响下游隧道及整个隧道群路段视觉适应的主要因素.最后,提出改善隧道群路段环境光照度的推荐值,建议当隧道间距小于50 m时,设置隧道连接段遮光棚或上游隧道照度渐变式出口;当隧道间距在50~100 m之间时,设置下游隧道照度渐变式进口.     

特长隧道群出入口段驾驶员瞳孔大小变化规律

山区高速公路特长隧道群出入口段是行车风险较高的路段,隧道出入口段的“黑白洞效应”对驾驶员的视觉影响显著,为了研究该路段的驾驶员瞳孔大小随着与隧道洞口距离的变化情况,本文通过实车试验采集了10名男性驾驶员在雅康高速公路喇叭河隧道群路段行驶的瞳孔直径数据,分析了该隧道群路段各个隧道出入口的驾驶员瞳孔直径大小变化数据,采用统计检验和多元线性模型的方法得到了隧道群路段隧道出入口的驾驶员瞳孔直径预测模型。试验表明：在隧道群不同隧道的入口段,驾驶员瞳孔直径呈现后倾向“W形”波动趋势,在出口段则呈现后倾向“M形”波动趋势,在隧道前后的基本路段,驾驶员瞳孔直径处于2.8~3.5mm之间,适应隧道内暗环境后驾驶员瞳孔直径则维持在4.0mm~5.0mm之间。全覆盖设置遮光棚洞时,有利于短间距相邻隧道的平稳过渡,减小驾驶员明暗适应过程中心理负荷波动程度。     

垂直上升气液柱塞流中含气率分布

针对柱寒流含气率分布不明确的问题,在分析现有试验数据基础上,以含气率为标准提出柱塞流新的划分方式,建立柱塞流物理模型.综合考虑含气率径向和轴向的分布,对柱塞流含气率和过渡段长度的分布规律进行研究,并进行误差分析.结果表明:过渡段长度和含气率的分布主要受表观含气率的影响;过渡段长度在径向上的衰减主要由气液两相流速关系决定;含气率以及过渡段长度分布的计算值与试验值符合较好.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the