冬灌区黄土压缩性的反复冻融效应

结合宁夏气候和黄土的区域性特点,应用封闭系统一维单向冻融试验方法,研究了冬灌区黄土压缩性的冻融效应,分析了压缩性的冻融效应与冻融变形的相关性。结果表明:冻融引起的压缩系数增量随冻融循环次数的增加而增大,在12次冻融循环前变化剧烈,一定冻融循环后趋于稳定。压缩系数增量达到稳定的冻融循环次数与含水率和初始干密度有关,冻融循环使密实度和含水率对压缩性的冻融效应增大。含水率为定值14.0%时,压缩性的冻融效应随初始干密度的增大而增大。初始干密度为定值1.45 g/cm3时,压缩性的冻融效应随含水率的增大而提高。压缩系数增量与冻融变形率间存在良好的线性相关性,可用二者间的相关性模型预测宁夏黄土压缩性的冻融效应。     

非补水条件下同心压实黄土的冻融特性

为揭示宁夏压实黄土在非补水条件下的冻融特性,结合当地地域特点,设计正交试验方案,采用封闭系统一维单向冻融试验方法,研究了宁夏压实黄土的冻胀融沉变形随压实度、饱和度和冻融循环次数变化的规律,建立了冻胀率、融沉系数与压实度、饱和度和冻融循环次数的关系模型。结果表明：非补水条件下,冻融循环对压实黄土的冻融变形有明显影响,饱和度越大,影响越明显;饱和度<40%时,试样表现为冻缩融胀现象,且压实度越大,冻缩融胀越明显;冻胀率与融沉系数均随压实度的增大而减小,随着饱和度的增大呈非线性增大;压实度和饱和度对冻融变形的影响非常显著,尤其是饱和度的影响,饱和度由40%增加至85%,冻胀率最大增量约5%;建立的冻胀率和融沉系数的模型显著性高,与各因素有很好的相关性,可用于预测封闭系统非补水条件下压实黄土的冻融变形。     

宁夏饱和黄土的冻胀融沉特性

结合宁夏当地气候和黄土的区域特点,以初始干密度、冻融循环次数为因素,研究了宁夏饱和黄土在不同补水条件下的冻胀和融沉特性,分析作用规律和机理,建立了冻胀率、融陷系数与冻融循环次数和初始干密度的关系模型,为黄土地区的工程冻害防治提供理论和技术支撑。试验结果表明:宁夏饱和黄土的冻胀性大,有外界补水时冻胀率高达14.0%;无外界补水时冻胀率也在4.0%以上。冻胀率随初始干密度变化的规律与补水条件和冻融循环次数有关;有外界补水时,试样的融沉系数大,但随冻融循环次数的变化小,融沉系数随冻融循环次数的变化规律与初始干密度有关。冻融变形达到稳定时的冻融循环次数多,有外界补水时更多;建立的冻胀率、融沉系数关系模型预测结果准确,可信。     

非充分补水条件下冬灌区压实黄土的冻融变形特性

结合宁夏的气候和黄土区域特点,以压实度和饱和度为因素,设计正交试验方案,用维持饱和度不变的一维单向冻融试验方法,研究压实黄土在非充分补水条件下的冻胀和融沉特性,分析其作用规律,建立冻胀率、融沉系数与饱和度、压实度及冻融循环次数间的关系模型.结果表明,非充分补水条件下,压实黄土的冻胀率和融沉系数均随冻融循环次数的增加而增大,在约12次时趋于稳定,且冻融循环效应随压实度或饱和度的增大而提高.冻胀率随饱和度的增大而增大,随压实度变化的规律与冻融循环次数有关,在7次冻融循环内随压实度的增大而减小,之后随压实度的增大而增大.融沉系数随压实度的增大而减小,随饱和度的增大而增大.压实度和饱和度对压实黄土的冻融变形影响显著,均是重要的影响因素.建立的关系模型预测结果准确,可用于预测非充分补水条件下压实黄土的冻融变形.     

补水条件下压实黄土的二维冻融变形特性

为探索压实黄土的二维补水冻融变形特性,固定饱和度为60%,变化压实度依次为0.86、0.90、0.94和0.98,及固定压实度为0.94,变化饱和度依次为30%、40%、50%和60%,用定饱和度法进行了压实黄土在20次冻融循环内的二维补水冻融试验。二维补水冻融试验结果表明:试样竖向为冻胀和融沉,水平向为冻胀和融胀;随冻融次数的增加,试样冻结后的高度呈先迅速增大后缓慢减小的趋势,竖向融沉由小于竖向冻胀逐渐转化为大于竖向冻胀,数次冻融后试样的高度小于初始高度,试样的宽度持续增大,水平融胀是竖向融沉增大的主要原因;相同饱和度条件下,试样的冻胀率、融沉系数和体变率在某冻融次数前随压实度增大而减小,之后随压实度的增大而增大,压实度可以延滞冻融变形的发展,但会加大冻融变形的稳定值;相同压实度条件下,试样的冻胀率、融沉系数和体变率随饱和度的增大而增大,但体变率随着循环冻融次数的增加有趋同性;压实度不仅影响体变率达到稳定值的冻融循环次数,而且影响稳定值的大小,饱和度仅影响体变率达到稳定值的冻融循环次数。研究结果对季节性冻土地区压实黄土岸坡工程的冻害评价与防治有重要意义。     

冬灌区黄土湿陷性的反复冻融效应

为了探索冻融循环对冬灌区黄土湿陷性的作用规律,结合宁夏气候和黄土区域性特点,应用封闭单向冻融法,试验研究了冬灌区黄土湿陷性的反复冻融效应。试验结果表明:冻融使黄土的湿陷性增大,冻融引起的湿陷系数增量随冻融循环次数的增加而增大,在冻融循环12次后基本达到稳定,二者间存在相关性很好的双曲线关系。在含水率为定值14.0%时,黄土湿陷系数的冻融效应随干密度的增大逐渐增大;在干密度为定值1.45 g/cm~3时,黄土湿陷系数的冻融效应随含水率的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势,最不利含水率约为22.0%。湿陷系数的冻融效应存在最不利含水率,黄土工程应尽量避免在最不利含水率下受冻,尤其是密实度大的压实黄土。     

人工冻土融沉特性试验研究

为促进人工冻结技术在城市地下工程中的推广应用,利用自制的冻胀融沉试验装置,对南京地区典型土质进行了融沉特性室内试验.结果表明:并非所有含水土体都产生融沉.只有当土体含水率超过起始融沉含水率后才会融沉.土体融沉系数随含水率增大而增大.且淤泥质黏土、粉质黏土融沉系数随含水率增大而分段线性增大.对于非饱和土,融沉系数与干密度变化规律中存在一个临界干密度,临界千密度对应土体最小的融沉系敷.开敞型冻融时,融沉系数随温度升高而增大,封闭型冻融时,融沉系数随温度升高而减小.粉砂相对于淤泥质黏土和粉质黏土属于非冻胀融沉敏感土.     

封闭系统条件下压实黄土的二维循环冻融变形特性及其评价

道路、渠道和土石坝等工程的冻融为二维冻融,为探索土在二维循环冻融作用下的变形规律和评价方法,以宁夏同心黄土为对象,压实度和饱和度为因素,试验研究了压实黄土在封闭系统条件下的二维循环冻融变形特征,变化规律,分析了因素的作用机理和显著性,提出了二维冻融变形评价方法。试验结果表明:封闭系统条件下,压实黄土的二维循环冻融变形以水结冰膨胀效应为主导,竖向表现为冻胀和融沉,水平表现为冻胀和融胀。水平和竖向冻胀变形的比值随冻融循环次数的增加而增大,最大比值约2倍。水平融胀明显地小于竖向融沉,二者的比值平均约0. 43。较一维封闭系统竖向冻融,二维冻融的竖向融沉变形占竖向冻胀变形的比例大,竖向冻融变形波动明显,且冻融体变率高。压实度和饱和度对压实黄土二维冻融变形的影响均非常显著,是主控因素。评价指标合理,能直接或间接表征冻融对土的几何、物理和力学性能的影响。研究结果对宁夏压实黄土岸坡工程的冻害评价与防治具有重要的现实意义,对土二维冻融效应的深入研究具有引导和促进作用。     

淮南弱膨胀土冻胀融沉特性

采用自行研制的冻胀融沉试验系统,对淮南弱膨胀土进行不同含水率、冷端温度等条件下的室内冻胀和融沉试验。结果表明:土体冻胀率随含水率、冷端温度和干密度的升高而增大;而随着含盐率的增加,冻胀率呈现减小的趋势,冻胀率与时间关系的可用指数函数y=a(1-e~(-bt))描述。通过温度和水分变化规律可知,距离冷端越远,温度下降速率越慢,达到稳定状态的时间越长。土体冻结深度随温度降低而增加,且与温度场发展规律一致。由于冻结过程中的水分迁移,使冻结区的含水率普遍大于初始含水率,而未冻区含水率则小于初始含水率,在冻结缘附近含水率达到最大,水分在此处集聚形成分凝冰夹层。另外,融沉试验的结果说明了土体融沉量会随含水率升高和温度降低而增大,由各级荷载下的融沉量确定融沉系数和体积压缩系数,为冻土沉降计算提供参数。     

考虑土体结构劣化的高原山区桩-土体系数值分析

高原山区土体常年受冻融循环作用,结构不断劣化,导致桩-土界面作用削弱,对 构筑物稳定性产生不利影响 . 本文开展室内试验结合数值模拟,构建了土体在冻融循环作用 下的结构劣化模型,建立了考虑土体结构劣化的水-热-力耦合数学模型并验证了其可靠性 . 基于此,对服役期内高原山区桩-土体系稳定性进行了数值分析 . 试验结果表明,冻融循环条 件下,土体渗透系数及孔隙比随冻融次数增加呈对数型增大,土体黏聚力随冻融次数增加呈 指数型减小,内摩擦角随冻融次数增加呈对数型增大. 服役期内,桩周土体最大冻胀位移随服 役年限增加逐渐减小,最大融沉位移逐年增大,桩周土体整体呈融沉趋势;桩基冻胀位移随服 役年限增加逐渐减小,融沉位移逐年增大,冻胀融沉增长速率不断减小,但桩基融沉位移大于 其冻胀位移. 试验结果可为高原山区桩基础设计提供技术支持与理论指导.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.