树木稳定碳同位素比率的方位差异及其机理初步研究

测定了祁连山一棵千年圆柏不同方位上树木稳定碳同位素比率 (δ13 C值 )和光合作用色素 .结果显示 ,树木中 δ13 C值具有明显的方位差异 :北面的 δ13 C值相对较高 ,西面的 δ13 C值相对较低 .树叶中叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量和类黄酮含量的方位变化趋势与δ13 C值类似 .分析表明 ,后者的方位变化是树木对局部环境的光辐射差异长期适应的结果 ,而树木中δ13 C值的方位差异可归咎于光同时引起光合作用和呼吸作用变化的缘故     

雾水和降水的氢氧稳定同位素差异及其影响因素

为深入分析不同陆地系统中雾水和降水的氢氧稳定同位素差异及其主要影响因素,在全球尺度下搜集了雾水和降水的氢氧稳定同位素数据,统计分析了不同地区雾水和降水的氢氧稳定同位素特征及二者差异的显著性。结合雾水的lc-excess值,分类讨论并揭示了同位素差异的主要形成原因及其与雾发生类型的关系。结果表明:整体上,雾水比降水更富集重同位素, δ 2H和 δ 18O的差值分别在10‰~60‰和1.2‰~5.5‰之间。根据雾水lc-excess的特征,各地区雾水和降水氢氧稳定同位素差异可分为3类:lc-excess值近似为0,雾水分布在LMWL的95%置信区间内;lc-excess值大于0,雾水分布在LMWL上方;lc-excess值小于0,雾水分布在LMWL下方;这3类差异的主导因素分别为水汽来源、凝结温度、环境湿度。因地形雾、辐射雾、平流雾对应的水汽条件和冷凝过程不同,因此三者与降水的同位素差异也不同:地形雾与降水的同位素无显著差异;辐射雾与降水的同位素组成差异较大,雾水中重同位素明显富集;平流雾与降水的同位素组成重叠区域较小,雾水中的重同位素明显更加富集。     

Climatic significance of stable carbon isotope in tree rings of Abies spectabibis in southeastern Tibet

The annually cross-dated stable carbon isotope of tree-ring a-cellulose of Abies spectabibis collected from the southeastern Tibetan Plateau is used to examine its rela-tionship with climatic parameters. The residual D13C series in treerings is constructed after removing the effects of age trend and rising CO2. We found a close relationship between D13C in tree rings and the relative humidity of September—November of the previous year measured at the nearby Ny-ingchi Meteorological Station, albeit a strong 搇agged effect? Thus we developed a transfer function to reconstruct the autumn relative humidity for the Nyingchi region, which explained 37.9% of the total variance (p < 0.001). Our results suggest a high frequency and moderate amplitude variance of the relative humidity before 1800, and the variance re-versed afterwards.     

5ka B.P.鄱阳湖地区古气候演化的有机碳稳定同位素记录

根据鄱阳湖沉积岩芯ZK01有机碳同位素以及沉积特征等环境指标的综合分析，并同鄱阳湖湖口地区孢粉组合特征相结合，重建鄱阳湖地区5kaB.P.以来的古气候演变。结果表明：5.0-4.2kaB.P.，气候以暖湿为主；4.2-3.9kaB.P.。以冷湿为主；3.9-3.2kaB.P.，气候转温和，以温偏干气候为主；3.2-3.0kaB.P.，气候凉偏干；3.0-2.8kaB.P.暖偏干气候为主；2.8-2.2kaB.P.,以凉偏湿为主；2.2-1.2kaB.P.，较长时期的温暖湿润气候；1.2-0.2kaB.P.，对应的冷湿气候特征；0.2kaB.P.到现在，气候又开始变得越来越温暖，可能是人类活动的影响所致。     

天津地区大气降水中氢氧稳定同位素特征及影响因素研究

依据国际原子能机构(IAEA)提供的天津地区1988~2001月降雨和同位素资料,分析了该地区大气降水的稳定同位素的组成和变化以及主要影响因素.天津大气降水线与我国东部季风区的局地大气降水线方程较为接近.大气降水同位素组成变化中的温度和降水效应较小,主要受季风以及季节水汽来源不同的影响,有显著的季节效应.     

甘肃中部蛇苔(Conocephalum conicum (L.) Dum)表皮特征与稳定碳同位素组成沿海拔的变化

为了解苔藓植物对环境变化的反应,采集了甘肃中部地区不同海拔的蛇苔植物( Conocephalum conicum(L.)Dum),分析了它的叶状体稳定碳同位素组成(δ13C值)和叶状体表皮特征.结果表明:蛇苔植物δ13C值的范围为-32.399‰～-29.497‰,随着海拔的升高而变大;叶状体表皮细胞面积和空气孔面积均随着海拔的升高而减小.相关分析表明:叶状体δ13C、表皮细胞面积和密度、空气孔面积与海拔的相关性都达到了显著水平(P＜0.05).     

甘肃华亭侏罗系Phoenicopsis(Phoenicopsis) angustifolia Heer的表皮构造与碳同位素特征

描述了甘肃华亭中侏罗世植物化石狭叶拟刺葵Phoenicopsis(Phoenicopsis)angustifolia Heer的角质层微细构造。利用化石的现存最近对应种Ginkgo biloba L。与化石Ph.(Ph.)angustifolia Heer的气孔比率,恢复的华亭中侏罗世的大气CO_2体积分数为1.274×10~(-3),这一结果与邻区兰州窑街银杏属化石植物恢复的中侏罗世CO_2体积分数相一致,表明拟刺葵属植物是恢复大气CO_2体积分数的良好材料。此外,利用Ph.(Ph.)angustifolia角质层碳同位素值估算了其水分利用率为223.0 mmol/mol,明显高于现代银杏的数值,表明当时气候比较湿润。     

胶州湾北岸不同水体水化学及氢氧同位素特征研究

研究不同水体的形成和运移过程,有助于合理开发利用水资源,对地表水与地下水污染协同防治和生态环境保护具有重要意义。以胶州湾北岸地区浅层地下水、河水及海水为研究对象,通过采集水化学和氢氧稳定同位素样品进行测试分析,综合运用统计学和Piper三线图,分析不同水体的水化学特征和影响因素,并结合氢氧稳定同位素特征研究其补给来源和转化关系。结果表明：研究区基岩裂隙水整体以淡水为主,部分点位受海水入侵影响,呈微咸水特征;第四系孔隙水整体为咸水且化学组分较稳定;河水水化学组分变化程度较大,呈微咸水-咸水特征。研究区地表水体间存在相互转化关系,祥茂河河水的主要来源为大气降水;洪江河、墨水河河水为大气降水与海水的混合水,且墨水河受海水混合影响程度大于洪江河;胶州湾海水为河水和标准海水的混合水。研究区地下水和地表水之间存在相互转化,基岩裂隙水来源除大气降水外,还与第四系孔隙水存在密切的水力联系,受海水入侵的影响;第四系孔隙水来源为大气降水与海水的混合水,径流过程中接受地表水体或基岩裂隙水的补给并经历不同程度的蒸发作用。     

Effect of acetazolamide on stable carbon isotope fractionation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chlorella vulgaris</Emphasis>

The effect of extracellular carbonic anhydrase (CAex) on stable carbon isotope fractionation in algae is still unclear. The stable carbon isotope composition and algal growth in the presence and absence of the membrane-impermeable CA inhibitor acetazolamide were compared in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Chlorella vulgaris. The CAex of both algal species contributed about 9‰ of the stable carbon isotope fractionation and exhibited a dosage effect. Therefore, evidence in vivo that CAex leads to a larger carbon isotope fractionation of algae is presented.     

应用碳氮稳定同位素比较养殖鲍鱼食性的空间差异

选择福建省黄岐半岛的皱纹盘鲍、南日岛的杂交鲍和古雷半岛的杂交皱纹盘鲍为研究对象,通过分析三个地点的鲍鱼和其可能的食物来源的稳定性碳和氮同位素比率,利用贝叶斯混合模型分别得出三个地点鲍鱼的食性.研究发现,三地鲍鱼的食性存在差异,黄岐半岛、南日岛和古雷半岛的鲍鱼的食物来源分别有3,5和4种,通过比较鲍鱼的食性比例与投饵比例之间的差异,提出应减小龙须菜占比,增大海带占比的建议.     

Stable carbon isotope compositions of isoprenoid chromans in Cenozoic saline lacustrine source rocks from the Western Qaidam Basin,NW China: Source implications

Although the distribution of mono-,di-and trimethylated 2-methyl-2-(4,8,12-Trimethyltrideeyl) chromans(MTTCs) is well understood as an indicator of water salinity,their origin and formation mechanism are still ambiguous and under debate.In this paper,abnormally high levels of MTTCs were detected in Cenozoic saline lacustrine source rocks from the Western Qaidam Basin.Using a two-step column chromatography method,the MTTCs and naphthalenes were separated from other aromatic compounds and concentrated in one fraction,so that the stable carbon isotope compositions of these compounds could be accurately measured.Similar carbon isotope ratios for the mono-,di-and trimethylated 2-methyl-2-(4,8,12-Trimethyltrideeyl) chromans in a given sample suggest the MTTCs may share the same biological source(s).The MTTCs from the Western Qaidam Basin have similar carbon isotope compositions to primary producer-derived pristane and phytane.However,the ? 13C values for the MTTCs showed significant differences with other primary producers-derived biomarkers(e.g.C27 and C29 steranes),probably indicating a distinct microalgae source from specific niches for the MTTC compounds.We speculate that the MTTCs distribution patterns may be controlled by the water chemistry dynamics in niches,which,in turn,is affected by hypersaline bottom water.     

The carbon isotope study of biomarkers in the Maoming and the Jianghan tertiary oil shale

In terms of the individual carbon isotope data of biomarkers present in the typical freshwater lake sediment (Maoming oil shale) and saline lake sediment lake (Jianghan oil shale) of China, this paper discusses their precursors and depositional environments of biomarkers in both sediment samples. Our studies showed that phytane and pristane of the Maoming oil shale were derived from the phytol side chain of chlorophyll a. By comparing the isotopic composition of 4-methyl sterane with that of sterane and hopane, it is suggested that 4-methyl sterane which has a higher abundance in the Maoming oil shale come from bacteria. The isotopic composition of biomarkers from the Jianghan rock sample (saline lake sediment ) is significantly different from that of the Maoming oil shale (freshwater lake sediment). Gammacerane was derived from haloprotozoan, with δ13C being about -25.8‰, just in consistency with the value reported in previous studies. The isotopic composition of phytane and pristane in the Jianghan rock is similar to that of sterane and 4-methyl sterane derived from phytoplanktons, illustrating their commonprecursors were algae. This paper reported for the first time the carbon isotope data of porphyrin obtained by GC-IRMS techniques. The approximate δ13C of C32DPEP and C31DPEP porphyrin from the Jianghan Basin indicated that the porphyrin was derived from chlorophyll. In the Maomingoil shale C32DPEP was enriched in 13C relative to C32etio and C31DPEP, implying that C32DPEP came from chlorophyll, and C32etio and C31DPEP are of other origins.     

氮和氧含量对HCM2S钢组织和性能的影响

通过对4炉经过正火+回火热处理的HCM2S钢管进行拉伸试验,结合微观组织观察和能谱分析,研究了氮和氧含量对HCM2S钢组织和性能的影响.结果表明:当HCM2S钢中氮的质量分数大于71×10-6时会和硼元素反应生成BN夹杂物,从而使钢中有效硼量减少,降低钢的淬透性,最终影响组织和性能.氮含量不高于71×10-6时,氧的质量分数在14×10-6～49×10-6内变化不会对HCM2S钢组织和性能造成影响.通过在钢中加入少量Ti元素,即使氮含量较高,Ti也可以和氮发生反应生成氮化钛,从而获得全贝氏体组织和优异的力学性能.     

碳稳定同位素比质谱法对海上溢油中燃料油及原油的鉴别

采用稳定同位素比质谱法对船用燃料油和马来西亚、伊拉克和中国大庆原油中正构烷烃单体烃的碳稳定同位素比（δ13 C）进行分析对比,归纳总结两者δ13 C的特征．实验结果显示：船用燃料油的δ13 C为－32．0±0．6,其单体烃的δ13 C波动范围较大;马来西亚原油的δ13 C为－27．0±0．4,伊拉克原油的δ13 C为－27．9±0．5,大庆原油的δ13 C为－31．4±0．4,其单体烃的δ13 C都具有波动范围小的特点．从原油产地的地理位置来看,越靠近赤道,其δ13 C越高．船用燃料油是原油加工出来的成品油,因而根据两者δ13 C平均值的相似性或差异性可推断其是否有亲缘关系．油品中δ13 C特征差异可为海上溢油种类的鉴别和溯源提供一个有效的技术支撑．     

贵州瓮安陡山沱组碳同位素特征及古海洋意义

通过对贵州瓮安含磷岩系剖面进行碳同位素分析,对震旦纪陡山沱期的成磷事件、生物事件及古海洋环境的变化进行了研究。瓮安大塘剖面陡山沱组碳酸盐岩碳同位素值表现为正偏移的趋势,与其他地区同期碳同位素变化趋势相似。这与大冰期后生物生产率的提高有关,其中的负偏移与环境的波动相关,环境的快速变化刺激了生物的进化。穿岩洞剖面上磷矿段的黑色碳质磷块岩获得的较低的有机碳同位素值与浮游生物吸收12 C有关,体现了生物有机质聚磷作用。该时期的碳酸盐岩碳同位素值的正偏移、磷矿的沉积与生物事件之间有一定的关联性,大洋深部的缺氧事件使底水富磷质;随着古海洋流通性的提高,富磷海水随上升洋流运移到浅海沉积成矿,并为生物圈供应营养物质,进而引发生物竞争及推动进化。     

Analysis of carbon isotope in phytoliths from C3 and C4 plants and modern soils

The analysis of carbon isotope in phytoliths from modern plants and surface soils in China shows that the values of carbon isotope are consistent with those from C3 and C4 plants,and the processes of photosynthesis of the original plants can be clearly identified by carbon isotope in phytoliths.The value of carbon isotope varied from -23.8‰ to -28‰,with the maximum distributed in the latitude zone from 34° N to 40° N in North China and East China areas,and the minimum in the Northeast China and South China regions.The values of carbon of phytoliths tend to increase from low to high and then reduce to low value again as the latitude increases.In the same latitude zone,the carbon isotope in phytoliths from grassland soil under the trees is obviously lower than that from grassland soil without any trees with the difference of 1‰-2‰.     

Reconstructing past subsistence patterns on Zhongba Site using stable carbon and oxygen isotopes of fossil tooth enamel

The oxygen and carbon isotopic ratios in human and animal tooth enamel were measured to reconstruct the subsistence patterns on Zhongba Site between 2400 and 4200 aBP.The results indicate that human consumed chiefly C4 resources,such as millet,and the C3 plants,such as rice and wheat,constituted only a small fraction of the human diets,normally no more than 15%.There are significant differences in food sources between human and pig,and the percentages of C3 plants in pig diets were higher than those in human diets.But theδ13C values of pig partially overlap those of human,demonstrating some similarities in their food sources.The differences in water sources between human and pig are significant.There are significant differences in food and water sources between cattle and deer. This indicates that the two kinds of mammals subsisted in different niches.But theirδ13C values also partially overlap each other,suggesting some similarities in their food sources.There are both signifi- cant differences in meanδ13C andδ18O values between the omnivores,human and pig and the herbi- vores,cattle and deer,implying significant differences in food and water sources between the two categories.During the period the dietary habits of human had not changed,but the pig breeding strategies had changed,from breeding in house to breeding in confinement,and the proportion of C3 plants in pig food increased with time.The scope of human migration had been considerably large by the Warring States because of the development of productive forces.     

塔里木盆地奥陶纪碳同位素波动特征与对比

在牙形石生物地层的基础上,利用塔里木盆地塔北隆起钻井全岩碳同位素数据,结合其他学者公布的碳同位素曲线,探讨了塔里木盆地奥陶纪碳同位素波动特征,并与世界其他地区进行对比。塔里木盆地奥陶纪特马豆克阶－达瑞威尔阶早期碳同位素波动较弱,缺乏可全球对比的波动标志。达瑞威尔阶中期和凯迪阶早期发育明显的碳同位素正漂移,分别对应于国际上的中达瑞威尔阶碳同位素正漂移（MDICE）和加顿伯格碳同位素正漂移（GICE）,能够进行全球对比。桑比阶早期牙形石 Pygodus anserinus 带内发育波动幅度达1.4‰的正漂移,其可能仅在部分地区分布,暂时命名为早桑比阶碳同位素正漂移（ESICE）。凯迪阶中后期碳同位素波动特征目前还不清楚,晚奥陶世赫南特阶碳同位素正漂移（HICE）在塔里木盆地也未见报道。MDICE 和 GICE 可作为塔里木盆地中上奥陶统的等时对比标志。