GCr15SiMn钢表面激光淬火组织和性能

探讨GCr15SiMn轴承钢840℃油淬火后，分别在260℃、350℃、450℃、550℃回火，得到不同的原始组织，再进行激光淬火。发现260℃回火状态，表面组织为粗大的针状马氏体，硬度值低；而350℃、450℃、550℃回火状态，表面组织为“隐晶马氏体”，硬度值高，其中350℃回火表面硬度值高达Hv=1096，淬硬层深度可达1mm。     

耐冲击工具钢5Cr8MoVSi热处理过程中组织结构的变化

对5Cr8MoVSi钢热处理工艺研究表明，经840℃退火，碳化物类型以M23C6为主，并有少量的MC和M7C3.淬火组织中剩余碳化物以MC和M7C3为主，M23C6型碳化物在淬火加热时大部分溶解．该钢随淬火加热温度升高，淬火马氏体由板条状和针状马氏体混合组织过渡到以板条状马氏体为主．在沉淀硬化的回火温度(485℃)下，淬火针状马氏体仍显示出原马氏体针；而淬火板条状马氏体的板条状方向性几乎被完全切断，显微组织呈均匀化．该钢在1000～1050℃淬火时，残余奥氏体量为10．7％～12．3％，经485℃一次回火时，残余奥氏体量减少不大，因此，应进行二次或三次回火．淬回火HRC硬度最高为58～60．     

高硫钢中硫化物对组织转变的影响

通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱分析对高硫钢组织进行研究.结果表明,铸态组织中球状或纺锤状硫化物分布于珠光体与铁素体枝晶之间,且靠近硫化物处为铁素体;热处理之后基体组织发生了显著的变化,硫化物周围基体碳含量较少,淬火后形成板条状马氏体,且880℃淬火后形成的马氏体较850℃淬火后的粗大;低温回火后基体组织转变成回火马氏体,且随着回火温度的升高,钢的硬度下降.     

深冷及回火处理对高速钢M42组织和力学性能影响

采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜及硬度仪,研究了-196℃深冷处理与常规热处理工艺组合对M42高速钢微观组织及硬度的影响,所采用的组合工艺包括:淬火+深冷处理,淬火+深冷处理+回火,淬火+回火+深冷处理.结果表明:淬火后深冷处理24h的工艺能明显细化晶粒,提高M42高速钢的硬度,促进残余奥氏体向马氏体转变及碳化物析出并弥散分布,并改变了马氏体的形态.在回火前对M42钢进行深冷处理可降低二次硬化回火温度,峰值温度由525℃降至450℃,硬度值为998.2HV,较未深冷处理提高了5.0%.回火后深冷处理工艺对M42高速钢组织及硬度的影响不明显.     

45钢亚温淬火组织及性能研究

45钢是我国目前用量较大的调质钢,通过研究45钢经调质和亚温淬火热处理后的硬度,冲击韧度和金相组织,来寻求合适的45钢热处理工艺.结果表明,45钢仅采用调质处理,不能满足高硬度高韧性的技术要求,采用亚温淬火热处理配合可解决上述问题,得到最优的综合力学性能,考虑经济性时可直接采用770℃淬火500℃回火的热处理工艺.在保证45钢强度和硬度的同时,要提高韧性的最理想的热处理工艺为840℃淬火550℃回火＋770℃淬火500℃回火.     

弹簧钢50CrVA复相组织强韧化机制的研究

以汽车用弹簧钢50CrVA为研究对象,通过等温淬火 低温回火热处理工艺获得适当比例的回火马氏体和下贝氏体的复合组织,并在此基础上比较复相组织和回火屈氏体对弹簧钢50CrVA强韧性的影响.试验结果表明:在弹簧要求的HRC硬度在50~54范围内,在910℃保温30 min 360℃等温20 min淬火 300℃保温60 m in回火工艺得到复相组织的强韧性最好.     

回火方式和时间对高速钢的组织与性能的影响

采用透射电镜、X—射线等手段研究了不同回火方式和时间下 W6Mo5Cr4V2高速纲力学性能与组织的变化。发现淬火该钢经560和630℃多次回火后马氏体内孪晶清晰完整,板条马氏体中仍然存在着以魏氏组织形态分布的 M_3C 型碳化物。证实380℃×(0.5～5)h+560℃×1h×2次的低高温配合回火工艺与560℃×1h×3次的普通回火相比,可使高速钢的硬度、红硬性及冲击韧性提高.采用560℃×(1～3)h×3次的回火工艺时,随每次回火时间延长,高速钢的强度、冲击韧性和断裂韧性提高,红硬性变化不大,但硬度则稍稍下降(约1HRC).     

回火工艺对超深井用V150油套管强韧性的影响

采用力学性能测试、金相组织观察、透射电镜以及扫描电镜观察,研究不同回火工艺对超深井用V150油套管强韧性的影响.研究结果表明:650℃为实验钢最优的回火温度;随着回火时间的延长,实验钢强度和硬度不断下降,塑性和韧性不断提高;当回火时间为15～75 min时,强度满足V150钢级要求;当回火时间大于45 min时,韧度满足V150钢级要求;考虑强韧性的最优匹配,兼顾节能降耗,45～60 min为较合适的回火时间;随着回火次数的增加,油套管强度下降,韧性提高,经过650℃,45 min的2次回火后,淬火应力充分释放,残余奥氏体完全转变为回火组织,回火组织更加细小,实验钢有较好的强韧性配合,0℃横向冲击功超过110J,强度仍能满足V150钢级的要求.     

Q960E超高强钢板控温淬火试验研究与应用

利用宽厚板厂辊式淬火装备，对比分析了控温淬火和常规淬火工艺对不同厚度Q960E工程机械用超高强钢板组织性能的影响，获得了两种淬火工艺下钢板淬火后组织和力学性能.结果显示:20，30和40mm 厚Q960E钢板控温淬火至终冷表面温度40℃，可节约淬火装备用水量40%以上，淬后钢板表面质量优异，钢板平直度≤3mm/m.与常规辊式淬火组织明显不同，控温淬火后，钢板发生余热自回火，其近表面、1/4厚度和1/2厚度位置处均为自回火马氏体组织.Q960E钢板控温淬火后综合力学性能优异，平均维氏硬度≥420，略高于常规辊式淬火，钢板屈服强度>980MPa，抗拉强度>1000MPa，伸长率＞14%，钢板塑性良好，-40℃ 冲击功>44J.     

热处理工艺对T8钢显微组织及硬度的影响

T8钢由于含碳量高,过剩碳化物极多,塑性和韧性差,若热处理工艺不合适,使材料在服役早期出现开裂和破碎的现象。通过SEM,OPM及XRD等试验方法,研究了T8钢组织和性能随球化退火时间、淬火温度及回火温度的变化。结果表明：T8钢在600℃球化退火2 h后,原始组织中的碳化物即可获得充分球化,以粒状形式细小均匀地分布在基体中,延长退火时间不显著改变碳化物的球化效果;试样经（770±10）℃保温,6 min油淬后,获得的隐晶马氏体组织硬度最高;试样经180~210℃回火1 h空冷后,消除了淬火过程中产生的残余应力,最终获得有球状碳化物均匀分布的隐晶马氏体组织,回火试样硬度较淬火态略有下降。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the